Risk Perception In Relation Research Articles

Variation in Relative Risk Perceptions and Tobacco Use by Race and Socioeconomic Status among Older Adults who Smoke: Evidence from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Older adults who smoke face significant risk of tobacco-related disease and hold misperceptions about health risks posed by nicotine product use. This study examined whether socioeconomic status and race are associated with variation in cigarette/e-cigarette relative risk perceptions, whether relative risk perceptions are associated with tobacco use behaviors, and whether socioeconomic status and race moderate associations between perceptions and use behaviors. Five waves of PATH Study yielded data from 1,879 adults >55 who smoked within the past 30 days during Wave 1. Adjusted longitudinal logistic models estimated associations between higher vs. lower SES ("low-SES": less than high school diploma/GED. and annual household income<$25,000) and race (White vs. Black/African American; AA) and e-cigarette/cigarette relative risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, and e-cigarette use. Lower-SES adults were more likely to report e-cigarettes were very/extremely harmful to health (AOR: 1.74, p<0.01) and less likely to report e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes (AOR: 0.65, p<0.01). Black/AA adults were less likely to report that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes. Participants rating e-cigarettes as equally/more harmful than cigarettes exhibited lower odds of intending to quit smoking or switch to e-cigarettes. Finally, Black/AA adults who also perceived e-cigarettes equally/more harmful than cigarettes exhibited greater odds of trying to reduce rather than quit smoking (AOR: 1.58, p=0.02). Many older adults who smoke perceive e-cigarettes as equally or more harmful than cigarettes, particularly low-SES and Black/AA older adults. Differences in relative risk perceptions among high priority populations could negatively influence cessation attempts and switching behaviors. This study found that Black/AA and low-SES older adults who smoke cigarettes were more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as harmful or more harmful than cigarettes. The absence of accurate, evidence-based information regarding the relative health risks associated with the long-term use of various tobacco products may impede policy efforts to reduce disparities in smoking-related disease through increased cessation and/or harm reduction.

Derived psychoactive cannabis product perceptions and use among a sample of US young adults

AimsTo characterize derived psychoactive cannabis product (DPCP) perceptions and use among US young adults. MethodsWe analyzed 2023 survey data among 4,031 young adults (ages 18–34), comprising ∼ 50 % reporting past-month cannabis use. Multivariable regressions examined sociodemographics, cannabis use, and DPCP risk perceptions in relation to: 1) past-month DPCP use (yes/no), 2) past-month number of DPCP use days, and 3) among those reporting no past-month DPCP use, future likelihood of DPCP use. ResultsIn this sample (Mage = 26.3, 59.8 % female, 64.9 % White, 19.4 % Hispanic), DPCP awareness (67.5 %), lifetime use (41.7 %), and past-month use (24.4 %) differed by past-month cannabis use versus nonuse (87.0 % vs 48.8 %, 68.7 % vs 15.9 %, 45.6 % vs 4.2 %, respectively). Those aware learned about them mainly from friends/family (44.5 %) and believed DPCPs were required to be tested and approved to be safe (70.3 %) or were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (59.0 %). Those who ever used DPCPs most often used delta-8 (69.7 %) and delta-9 (44.4 %) THC and for curiosity (55.5 %), belief of federal legality (34.1 %), and friends’ suggestion (34.0 %). Correlates of past-month DPCP use, using more frequently, and higher likelihood of future use were: lower DPCP perceived harm and higher perceived addictiveness. Living where non-medical cannabis was illegal, higher perceived social acceptability, being Black (vs. White), and past-month cannabis use were also correlated with past-month use (but not frequency) and future likelihood of use. ConclusionsEfforts are needed to better understand DPCPs’ risks and correct consumer misperceptions. Relatedly, DPCP regulation, including marketing and distribution, is crucial.

Shifts in motivation to quit cigarette smoking associated with IQOS use

IntroductionIQOS, a heated tobacco product (HTP), is among a growing number of noncombustible nicotine delivery alternatives marketed to people who smoke combustible cigarettes and are interested in less harmful alternatives. Little is known regarding whether IQOS use and IQOS-associated effects impact motivation to quit cigarette smoking. MethodsNon-treatment-seeking adult daily smokers (n = 87) completed a within-subjects study consisting of a baseline ad-lib smoking period (days 1–5), two laboratory visits (days 6–7) involving IQOS exposure, and a two-week period where participants were instructed to switch from smoking cigarettes to using IQOS (days 8–21). Motivation to quit smoking was measured on days 1 and 22. ResultsA generalized linear model revealed a significant increase in motivation to quit smoking across the 14-day switch phase with an increase of 1.47 ladder steps (Δ=1.47, sd = 1.98, t(86) = 6.92, p < 0.0001), increasing from 5.30 to 6.80. Candidate predictors were identified through a stepwise selection procedure, which resulted in a final model with two predictors, the standardized HeatStick substitution rate (b = 0.54, (CI95% 0.13–0.95), p = 0.01) and standardized relative risk perception score (b = 0.45, (CI95% 0.04–0.85) p = 0.03), ConclusionsAmong those uninterested in quitting cigarette smoking within the next month, IQOS use was associated with increased motivation to quit. Motivation to quit smoking may not be a necessary prerequisite for promoting smoking behavior change but rather bolstered by smoking behavior change in the context of HTP use. Greater perceptions of risk reduction may ultimately aid the transition from combustible to noncombustible tobacco products.

Integrating Law in Flood Management in India: A Case Study of Flood Awareness and Risk Perception in Mumbai

Globally, floods are increasing in frequency and velocity. The position in India is no different with floods emerging as a complex, recurring problem leaving behind a trail of death and destruction. Although floods cannot be completely eliminated solely through law, law can be an important tool to mitigate its consequences and reduce its risks. Using a mixed doctrinal and non-doctrinal methodology, this study investigates the efficacy of the legal, policy and institutional mechanism on flood management in India. Moreover, with the recent thrust on disaster risk management and reduction, risk perception of natural disasters of the public at large is also emerging as a vital component of the disaster management process. In the present research, a case study of flood risk perception in Mumbai has been undertaken wherein participants from Greater Mumbai and Mumbai suburban districts participated in a survey on their awareness and perception of floods and related risks. The research findings indicate that while majority have experienced floods, have awareness on its causes and dangers, they do not know about challenges in terms of the efficacy of law. It is argued that as continuous neglect of community is likely to be catastrophic, a robust legal framework ought to be built that secures Government-community partnership for effective flood management.

The Influence of Attitude and Perceived Risk to Optimize Intention to Adopt Based on Theory of Planned Behavior in Generation Z

This study aims to determine the effect of attitude and perceived risk on intention to adopt based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in Generation Z. This study employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing a purposive sampling technique. The data utilized in this study is primary data, which was collected through the distribution of questionnaires. The study has a sample size of 210 respondents. The data was evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis with the use of AMOS 24 Graphics software. The findings of this study indicate that attitude is significantly influenced by perceived utility, perceived trust, and subjective norm. Furthermore, attitude significantly impacts the intention to adopt. The study's recent discoveries indicate that perceived danger exerts a detrimental and noteworthy impact on attitude, while perceived ease of use exerts a detrimental but inconsequential impact on attitude. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of comprehending customer risk perceptions in relation to service utilization. Companies should take into account the factors that impact consumer opinions. This can be accomplished by implementing effective marketing techniques, enhancing customer service, or providing an optimal user experience. This study provides an update on the variables by including the perceived risk variable to assess the perceived risk experienced by consumers.

Who is using ChatGPT and why?: extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model

Introduction. Since its public launch, ChatGPT has gained the world's attention, demonstrating the immense potential of artificial intelligence (AI). Method. To explore factors influencing the adoption of ChatGPT, we ran structural equation modelling to test the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model while incorporating relative risk (vs. benefit) perception and emotional factors into its original form to gain a better understanding of the process. Analysis. This study utilized partial least squares–structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS4. Results. The findings revealed that in addition to individuals' technology-specific perceptions (i.e., performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions), relative risk perception and emotional factors play significant roles in predicting favourable attitude and behaviour intentions towards ChatGPT. Conclusions. Our extended model fits the data well, suggesting that it is not merely a matter of convenience but also of people's reservations, expectations, and emotions toward technology, which significantly influence their willingness to adopt ChatGPT.

Public knowledge, sentiments, and perceptions of low dose radiation (LDR) and power production, with special reference to reactor accidents

Abstract People’s perceptions concerning radiation inform decision making in relation to nuclear power production. There have been extensive studies of people’s perceptions of radiation including in relation to the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear events. This paper reports on a social science literature review study and is concerned with public responses to low dose radiation (LDR) and nuclear facilities, particularly in the marine environment. This review confirms that people with little knowledge about radiation have the highest risk perceptions in relation to nuclear power; conversely people with a broader knowledge have lower risk perceptions and are more favourable to nuclear power. Education can increase positive perceptions, but the influence of underlying experience of feeling, emotion, attachment, or mood may dampen this effect. This paper reports studies which document anxiety within the Japanese community in relation to the Fukushima nuclear accident. Literature concerning specific radionuclides released is described. While there are uncertainties about the presence of health impacts following LDR exposures, public attitudes are not in line. There is a need for better dialogue between nuclear professionals and scientists to achieve better nuclear education and public communication outcomes; more specific communication surrounding multi-isotopes, and multi-elements of nuclear power plant disaster releases is warranted. Trusted communicators should include nuclear and social scientists as well as regulators. Given the importance of decarbonization in the context of climate change, this is increasingly important.

Health status associated with SARS-CoV-2 risk perceptions in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe

Background &amp; Aims. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on health in countries of every income level. While much is known about risk factors for COVID-19 severity, less is known about the relationship between COVID related risk perceptions and behaviors, particularly in low-income settings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between existing health status and COVID-19 risk perceptions and behaviors in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. Methods. Data for this study came from a cross-sectional survey conducted simultaneously among 1158 adults in Sierra Leone and 1154 in Zimbabwe during July and August of 2022. Respondents were recruited from among communities served by the Christian Health Association of Sierra Leone (CHASL) and Zimbabwe Association of Church-Related Hospitals (ZACH), both members of the Africa Christian Health Associations Network (ACHAP). Results. The relationship between health status and COVID-19 risk perceptions and behaviors varied significantly by health condition. Cardiovascular disease was significantly associated with heightened perceptions of COVID-19 risk, heightened perceived safety of COVID vaccines, and subsequent greater vaccine acceptance while cancer was likewise statistically significant in each of lower perceived susceptibility, perceived safety, and vaccination uptake. Similarly, obesity was associated with both lower perceived susceptibility of COVID-19 and decreased perceived safety of COVID vaccines. Conclusion. Results suggest that the association between health conditions and COVID perceptions and behaviors is neither clear nor consistent across a variety of NCDs. Hence, findings from this study may inform public health interventions aimed at reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, including increasing vaccine acceptance and uptake in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. Further, findings potentially have broader implications for understanding how health status is associated with COVID-19 risk perceptions in other LMICs.

Exploring vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in the general population of Pakistan: Insights into COVID-19-related distress, risk perception, and stigma

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused several impacts. Focusing on 360 participants (178 males, 182 females), this study explored the association between COVID-19 related distress, risk perception, stigma, and vaccine hesitancy and acceptance in the general population. Measures used included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and COVID Stress Scale (CSS) to evaluate anxiety, depression, and COVID-19 related distress, the COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale and COVID-19 Stigma Discrimination Scale to assess risk perception and stigma, and the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale and Vaccine Acceptance Instrument to measure vaccine hesitancy and acceptance. The findings revealed that 66.9% of participants exhibited vaccine hesitancy, and stress and risk perception were significant predictors of both vaccine hesitancy and acceptance, even after controlling for demographic factors. This study highlights the importance of understanding the factors mentioned above that will contribute to vaccine hesitancy and acceptance, which will contribute to promoting vaccine acceptance.

Citizens’ satisfaction on the urban environmental quality

The research goal was to estimate public satisfaction with ambient air quality in an industrial city in Russia and describe certain peculiarities in the perception of related health risks. The resulting estimates were used as grounds for describing urban environmental quality. The empirical base of the research was provided by the results of a social study performed in a Russian city with over a million inhabitants. That city was included into the “Clean air” Federal project. The data were collected by conducting an internet survey (n=544). Having analyzed these data, we detected that public satisfaction with ambient air quality was rather low (not more than 11% of the participants chose the variants “quite satisfied” or “fully satisfied”). Most respondents estimated ambient air quality as being “poor” or “very poor” (giving a 3-score estimate or even lower according to a 7-score scale). They also believed that air pollution produced negative effects on their health. People living in an industrial city tend to have alarmist perception of health risks. These risks seem uncontrollable and involuntary to them. Women are a more risk-sensitive group in comparison with men. These obtained data corroborate a hypothesis about a direct relationship between actual and perceived environmental pollution.

Contract Violations in the Construction Projects: How Contractual Obligations are Reached Affects Contractual and Reputational Enforcement

Contract violations are frequent due to the high uncertainty and complexity of construction projects. However, enforcement after a violation has received limited attention. This study distinguishes between three types of violations, i.e., letter violations, mutually agreed spirit violations, and unilaterally assumed spirit violations, based on the documentation and mutuality dimensions. By using the data collected from Chinese general contractors, this study concludes that compared with unilaterally assumed spirit violations, violations of high mutuality of obligations (the first two violations) will lead to more severe contractual and reputational enforcement while with high mutuality, whether the violated obligations are written in the contract or not (corresponding to the first two violations, respectively) does not significantly affect the severity of enforcement. The mediating effects of relational risk perception on the aforementioned effects are empirically supported. This study contributes to the enforcement literature by exploring the effects of the characteristics of violations, especially violations of undocumented elements of contracts, on enforcement and fills the gaps in the scarce literature on reputational enforcement and its antecedents. Project managers can benefit from this study by recognizing the application of reputational enforcement and making better alignment between different types of violations and enforcement.

Disaster Health Literacy, Risk Perception, and Preparedness towards Resilience in a Volcano-Prone Community: A Cross-sectional Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Communities residing in proximity to volcanoes face inherent risks from lahars. The eruption of Indonesia's Merapi volcano in 2010 had far-reaching consequences, impacting multiple districts and leading to 386 fatalities, as well as substantial financial losses amounting to approximately US$403 million. In order to bolster disaster response and mitigation efforts, resilience plays a crucial role by considering hazards, risks, vulnerability, and capacity. This research aimed to examine the relationship between disaster health literacy, risk perception, and preparedness, with the ultimate goal of enhancing resilience within a community susceptible to volcanic activities. The study utilized a cross-sectional design, involving 258 participants residing in hazard zone III areas near Yogyakarta's Merapi mountain, selected through proportional clustered sampling. Between January and February 2023, the researchers employed several assessment tools, including the Indonesian versions of the communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART-AS), disaster health literacy mitigation and preparedness questionnaire (DHLQ), disaster risk perception questionnaire (DRPQ), and disaster preparedness questionnaire (DPQ). The collected data underwent analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation test. The results unveiled disaster health literacy (β=0.22, p&lt;0.001), risk perception (β=0.26, p&lt;0.001), and preparedness (β=0.38, p&lt;0.001) were all significant predictors of disaster resilience in a volcano-prone community. In conclusion, this study underscores the significant interplay between disaster health literacy, risk perception, and preparedness in relation to disaster resilience. It emphasizes the significance of fortifying disaster health literacy, fostering accurate risk perception, and promoting preparedness measures to enhance overall resilience in the face of disasters. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted interventions and educational programs aimed at augmenting disaster health literacy, improving risk perception, and enhancing preparedness levels within communities, thereby bolstering their resilience and response capabilities effectively.

The Influence of Cognitive Bias on Risk Decision-making under Uncertain Conditions: A Case Study of 1986 Challenger

Decision-making is full of our lives, but any decision is risky. Every single decision-making mistake may bring losses that are unpredictable. How to make rational decisions and reduce the decision loss is the hot topic in dis-cussion. Although the cognitive biases have been widely studied in many fields, the mechanism of each cognitive biass impact on risk decision-making has not been fully researched. In addition, the relevant risk decision research is mainly focused on the financial management, and the relevant theories have not been applied to the risk decision in daily life. Therefore, this paper will focus on 3 types of cognitive biases including confirmation bias, overconfidence and frame effect. After researching related theories, ex-pected return and risk perception are considered as two main intermediates between cognitive biases and risk decision-making. And then the paper will apply relative theories and analyze 1986 Challenger launch decision case to explain the way cognitive biases acting on risk-decision making behaviors. Finally, the paper will give reasonable suggestions for both individuals and groups to make better risk decision and reduce decision errors.

Risk Amplification, Risk Preference and Acceptance of Transgenic Technology

Consumer preferences and attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food have been widely studied, yet there is little research on the aspects of farmers and risk amplification. Based on both a field survey and an experiment conducted in villages in China’s eastern provinces of Shandong, Shanxi and Henan in 2021, we explore the impact of producers’ risk amplification and risk preferences on the acceptance of transgenic technology. Results show that only 37.3% of participants from the whole sample did not amplify the risk associated with GM products. In terms of regions, the percentages of participants in Henan, Shanxi and Shandong who amplified the risk associated with GM products were 65.3%, 62.4% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, the results of the economic experiment on risk preference indicate that over two-thirds of farmers proved to be risk-averse. Finally, full sample estimation results using ordered logit and Poisson models showed that risk amplification, relative risk aversion and risk perception all have negative impacts on producers’ response to GM plant seeds, including participants’ acceptance intention, purchasing intention and recommendation intention.

Associations between Risk Assessments of COVID-19, Golf Club’s Risk Management, and Golf Participation

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on leisure and sport consumption. While many sports and recreational activities, including sports, were suspended to contain the spread of the virus, golf presented an opportunity for individuals to engage in outdoor activity where social distancing was possible. We investigated the importance of risk perception and safety management practices in relation to repeated leisure activity participation among recreational golfers via online survey (N = 268). The results indicated that recreational golfers’ perceived risk of leisure activity participation and perceived managerial safety climate had a significant effect, while cognitive and affective COVID-19 risk perceptions did not have a significant influence on recreational golfer’ revisit intention. The findings provide empirical evidence on how recreational golfer perceived the domain-specific risks associated with COVID-19 and managerial safety climate influence their sports and recreational activity consumption decision making.

A causal link between mental imagery and affect-laden perception of climate change related risks

Previous studies have shed light on the importance of affect in risk perception and the role of mental imagery in generating affect. In the current study, we explore the causal relationship between mental imagery, affect, and risk perception by systematically varying the level of mental imagery in three levels (i.e., enhanced, spontaneous, or prevented). In light of the increasing environmental risk of adverse events caused by climate change, we operationalize risk as participants' perceived risk of climate change. One-thousand-fifty-five participants were recruited online and randomized to one of three levels of mental imagery. As predicted, we found a causal link between the level of mental imagery, affective experience, and perceived risk of climate change, in that enhanced mental imagery caused a larger decrease in positive affective valence and a larger increase in perceived risk of climate change. We argue that mental imagery enhances the negative affect associated with the risk event by creating a perceptual experience that mimics seeing the environmental risk events.

Play to Learn: A Game to Improve Seismic-Risk Perception

A board game designed by psychologists and geologists to improve seismic-risk perception is presented. In a within-subjects repeated-measure study, 64 Italian high-school students rated their perception of seismic risk in relation to the hazard, vulnerability and exposure of the area in which they lived, before and after the game. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), which considered perception of seismic risk as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable, revealed that the board game affected the dependent variable, particularly the perception of hazard and vulnerability. The results confirm the effectiveness of the game in changing participants’ seismic risk perception, properly because the game was built with consideration of the variables that make up seismic risk. The board game proved to be an effective and fun educational tool to be used in future earthquake risk prevention programs.

Knowledge, Perceptions and Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among Health Professionals

In the developing era we are facing increasing prevalence of tobacco use and rapid increase of e-cigarette. Health professional are no longer found to abstain from e-cigarettes. The growing interest of vaping in our society leads to us a debate that e-cigarette are the tools to refrain from smoking or these are provoking people towards more smoking. Objectives: to evaluate the knowledge and concepts of e-cigarettes. And how the health professional perceive the use of vaping over smoking tobacco? What are the attitudes of vaping in health care professional? Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study based on questionnaire filling survey, filled by 350 health professionals working in Jinnah hospital Lahore. The questionnaire compromises on four parts; demographic data, knowledge and attitudes toward vaping behavior, interest and trend of e-cigarettes, and perception of harms and health related risks. Results: data collected from 350 individuals. Average age of health professionals included in study was 30.6(2.60). A large percentage was found for former smokers 22% and current smokers 39%. Vape users also found in increasing percentages.so far the mass media roles were evaluated in smoking cessations. A cumulative percentage of 42%, electronic cigarettes were supported by the health professionals. Despite of good knowledge most of the professional had opinion in support of e-cigarettes upto 64% and the results were significantly proven by p-value 0.03. the knowledge and attitudes that e-cigarettes is less harmful than combustible tobacco smoking with and cumulative percent of 76% . Conclusion: health care professionals working in Jinnah hospital Lahore have favorable attitudes towards vaping or e-cigarettes perceived thought of vaping is less harmful than tobacco smoking is also highlighted. The need of the hour is to highlight the health related problems by e-cigarettes in our society to control the behaviors of population towards e-cigarettes.

COVID-19 related risk perception and altruistic response amongst undergraduates on reopening of educational institutes.

To determine the coronavirus disease-2019-related risk perception and altruistic response among undergraduate medical students post-lockdown. The analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, at the Baqai Medical University, Karachi, and comprised undergraduates aged 16 and above, studying in medical, dental, physiotherapy, pharmacy and Information technology departments. Data was collected using a structured and standardised online questionnaire. Positive responses led to a perceived risk score ranging 0-9, with a higher score indicating a greater perception of risk. The score was corelated with demographic variables. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 743 subjects, 472(63.5%) were females. The overall mean age of the sample was 21.34±1.8 years. The mean risk perception score was 3.8±2.5, and it was significantly associated with disease exposure (p<0.001). Altruism had a strong association with the perceived risk score (p<0.001), indicating lower risk perception. The risk perception among the students was low, pointing towards a need of psychological assistance programme for the students.

Subjective experiences, contexts, and risk perceptions of very low nicotine content cigarettes and electronic cigarettes among people with depression and anxiety disorders who smoke

BackgroundA low-nicotine product standard is currently under consideration by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This standard may be more effective if alternative, non-combusted sources of nicotine are concurrently available. This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of people with depression and anxiety disorders who used very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes with or without e-cigarettes during a randomized controlled trial. MethodsWe conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with participants (n = 20) as they completed a 16-week blinded trial of VLNC cigarettes with or without electronic cigarettes. Interviews explored 1) experiences with these products, 2) social and environmental contexts for use and 3) relative risk perceptions. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic analysis. ResultsConcurrent access to e-cigarettes helped to ease the transition from usual-brand cigarettes to VLNC cigarettes. Some participants held misperceptions that VLNC cigarettes could reduce cancer risk whereas others did not. Participants expressed skepticism about the safety of e-cigarettes and the authenticity of the VLNC cigarettes. Smoking restrictions influenced e-cigarette use in some instances, but product preference was the overriding factor that influenced use. Participants did not note effects on psychiatric symptoms. ConclusionsShould a nicotine reduction policy be implemented with e-cigarettes concurrently available on the market, tailored messaging for people with anxiety and depression disorders may be necessary to educate people about and the availability of alternative sources of nicotine, such as e-cigarettes, as well as the relative risk of VLNC cigarettes and e-cigarettes.