Perception Of Imbalance Research Articles

Counterclaims and legitimacy in investment treaty arbitration

Abstract Investor-State dispute resolution (ISDS) is currently facing a crisis of legitimacy, notably because of its perceived asymmetry as well as the difficulties it is faced with when trying to reconcile investor rights with human rights. This article wishes to explore the possibility for respondent States to present counterclaims to investment arbitral tribunals as a way of dealing with these criticisms. Even though some rare awards have entertained them favourably, the majority of arbitral tribunals have declined to hear counterclaims. The author, therefore, examines the obstacles existing in investment case law to the admissibility of counterclaims, both from a procedural as well as from a substantive point of view. The analysis then focuses on the beneficial and adverse consequences that would stem from the hypothetical adoption of a set of rules more favorable to the filing of counterclaims by respondent States in investment arbitration. The essay concludes that such an adoption would be warranted and reinstitute a measure of procedural fairness in a framework that has been suffering from a perception of imbalance and a lack of legitimacy.

Number of falls in elderlies and adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA)

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> to identify the number of falls in elderlies and adults with KOA; to analyze the perception of imbalance or knee instability; and to evaluate de function impairment of these patients. <h3>Design</h3> A cross-section survey study where patients with KOA answered a questionnaire about socioeconomic, number of falls, perception of imbalance or knee instability and function impairment analyzed by "Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index" (WOMAC). <h3>Setting</h3> General community of Macapá-AP, Brazil. <h3>Participants</h3> Eighteen KOA patients, from general community of Macapá-AP, Brazil, with 18 years or older have answered the questionnaire between March and June 2021. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Number of falls in the last 6 months, function impairment and perception of imbalance or knee instability. <h3>Results</h3> Data were collected from 18 subjects with KOA. There were 9 elderlies with a mean age of 72.2 years (±8.6) and 9 adults with a mean age of 41.1 years (±9.1). From this sample 44.4% of adults and 88.9% of elderlies with KOA reported episodes of falls. About perception of imbalance or knee instability, 77.8% of adults described have imbalance or knee instability, while 100% of elderlies have this perception. Adults with KOA had a score of function impairment of 30 (±13.5) and elderlies with 33.62 (±16.6) on the WOMAC function subscale (0-68 points), where higher scores indicate better physical function <h3>Conclusions</h3> Adults with KOA have a relevant percentage of falls and perception of imbalance or knee instability, and similar function impairment when compared with elderlies with KOA, showing that OA could be impairing knee joint proprioception and reducing balance and activities of daily living even in earlier ages with KOA. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors declared no conflict of interest.

The Wild Atlantic Way: A Tourism Journey

The Wild Atlantic Way is possibly the most celebrated, high profile tourism initiative to be launched in Ireland in recent years. It consists of a defined touring route along the western seaboard, one of the most scenic, remote, and sensitive stretches of Irish landscape. This paper presents the principal findings from a survey of 341 tourism and hospitality product providers along the Wild Atlantic Way. The main aim of the research was to investigate the perceived impacts (economic, environmental, and socio-cultural) of this new tourism initiative on the local areas through which it passes. The results paint a generally positive picture of the effects of the route so far. However, a number of significant issues are of concern to many of the respondents; these include insufficient or inappropriate infrastructure, heightened traffic problems, increased pressure on local facilities and the perception of imbalance with regard to the dispersal of economic gain from the route. The importance of striking a balance between accessibility and sustainability is a key message which can be taken from the study.

The Wild Atlantic Way: A Tourism Journey

The Wild Atlantic Way is possibly the most celebrated, high profile tourism initiative to be launched in Ireland in recent years. It consists of a defined touring route along the western seaboard, one of the most scenic, remote, and sensitive stretches of Irish landscape. This paper presents the principal findings from a survey of 341 tourism and hospitality product providers along the Wild Atlantic Way. The main aim of the research was to investigate the perceived impacts (economic, environmental, and socio-cultural) of this new tourism initiative on the local areas through which it passes. The results paint a generally positive picture of the effects of the route so far. However, a number of significant issues are of concern to many of the respondents; these include insufficient or inappropriate infrastructure, heightened traffic problems, increased pressure on local facilities and the perception of imbalance with regard to the dispersal of economic gain from the route. The importance of striking a balance between accessibility and sustainability is a key message which can be taken from the study.

Job satisfaction, distributive justice, perceived absence legitimacy and the role of turnover intentions: an exploratory study in Ghana

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and distributive justice on employee perceptions of absence legitimacy. This paper also examined the moderating effects of turnover intentions on the relevant relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used convenience sampling to collect data from 298 employees working in private and public sector organizations in the manufacturing and service sectors in Ghana. Drawing on institutional theory, this study investigates the effects of employee perceptions of the legitimacy of absenteeism on their attitudes toward their job and pay. Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and moderation effects.FindingsJob satisfaction and perceived distributive justice were found to be significantly related to the absence of legitimacy. Additionally, turnover intentions moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and absence legitimacy; however, unexpectedly, this was associated only marginally with distributive justice.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study was that it was cross-sectional, but the analysis did not show a common method bias. This study was conducted in a developing country where valid and accurate absence data are non-existent. The hypotheses were supported. When employees felt a sense of inequity and were dissatisfied with their jobs, they were likely to perceive absenteeism as legitimate behavior. These relationships were more pronounced when employees intended to leave their organizations.Practical implicationsFrom a practical standpoint, as employees are likely to engage in absenteeism as a means to reduce their perceptions of imbalance and because absenteeism is a costly behavior, it would be in the employer’s best interest to mitigate these high costs. It behooves employers to comprehend the factors that lead to the legitimization of absences. Doing so, they would be able to implement attendance management systems and strategies that would delegitimize some of these factors, thus improving attendance and potentially increasing productivity and job satisfaction and reducing turnover intentions.Originality/valueThis study contributes to absenteeism research because, unlike most studies in the area, it examined employee cognitions of the behavior. Such cognitions should provide insights into how employee perceptions of the legitimacy of absences would affect attitudinal variables such as job satisfaction, feelings of equity and turnover intentions. Moreover, even though the study was conducted in Ghana, absence legitimacy can be investigated in different settings at different levels of analysis. This is because it is free from contamination such as, dissimilar absence reporting systems within and across organizations and nations that affect the validity and accuracy of absence data.

A cognitive perspective on counterproductive work behavior. Evidence from a two-wave longitudinal study

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is costly for organizations and their members. In this study, we adopted the theory of planned behavior and the effort-reward imbalance model to understand how behavioral intention relates to actual CWB, how such a relationship arises from personal beliefs and social norms, and whether perceptions of imbalance between efforts and rewards contribute to explain CWB. Two-wave data with a time lag of 12 weeks were collected among 80 Italian employees working in a large production plant of a private company operating in the manufacturing sector in Italy. Self-reported measures of attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions and CWB, perceived efforts and rewards, as well as control variables were collected. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control were indirectly related to CWB via behavioral intention. Effort-reward imbalance was not related to CWB. Our findings suggest that attitudinally controlled intentions, which have an internal locus of causality, are associated with greater likelihood of CWB performance, and that individual perceptions of control over CWB are key predictors of such a negative, volitional organizational behavior.

A Value Analysis of Lean Processes in Target Value Design and Integrated Project Delivery.

To investigate what key stakeholders consider to be the advantages and the opportunities for improvement in using lean thinking and tools in the integrated project delivery (IPD) process. A detailed literature review was followed by case study of a Lean-IPD project. Interviews with members of the project leadership team, focus groups with the integrated team as well as the design team, and an online survey of all stakeholders were conducted. Statistical analysis and thematic content analysis were used to analyze the data, followed by a plus-delta analysis. (1) Learning is a large, implicit benefit of Lean-IPD that is not currently captured by any success metric; (2) the cardboard mock-up was the most successful lean strategy; (3) although a collaborative project, the level of influence of different stakeholder groups was perceived to be different by different stakeholders; (4) overall, Lean-IPD was rated as better than traditional design-bid-build methods; and (5) opportunities for improvement reported were increase in accurate cost estimating, more efficient use of time, perception of imbalance of control/influence, and need for facilitation (which represents different points of view). While lean tools and an IPD method are preferred to traditional design-bid-build methods, the perception of different stakeholders varies and more work needs to be done to allow a truly shared decision-making model. Learning was identified as one of the biggest advantages.

The global alignment in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: our experience using the EOS full-body images.

Lumbar stenosis is frequently observed and treated by spine surgeons. The extent of neurological decompression and the potential spinal fixation are the basic concerns when surgery is planned. But this segmented approach to the problem is sometimes insufficient due to the complex functional situations induced by a sagittal imbalance of the patient and the combination of pathologies known as hip-spine or knee-spine syndromes. A total of 373 consecutive patients included from our EOS and clinical data base. Patients were divided in two groups. Group A included patients presenting exclusive spinal issues (172 cases) out of whom 117 (68%) had sagittal imbalance. Among 201 patients with associated lower limbs issues (group B), 122 (61%) had sagittal imbalance. The perception of imbalance was noticed in 54% (93 cases) in group A and 57% (115 cases) in group B. In the global series of 239 imbalanced cases, the key point was a spine issue for 165 patients (the 117 patients with only spine problems and 48/122 cases with combined spine and lower limbs problems). But in the patients with combined spine and lower limbs problems, we individualized hip-spine syndromes (24/122 patients) and knee-spine syndromes (13/122 patients). In some cases, (37/122 patients) the anatomical and functional situations were more complex to characterize a spine-hip or a hip-spine problem. The EOS full-body images provide new information regarding the global spinal and lower limbs alignment to improve the understanding of the patient functional posture. This study highlights the importance of the lower limb evaluation not only as compensatory mechanism of the spinal problems but also as an individualized parameter with its own influence on the global balance analysis. Level of evidence IV diagnostic case series.

Reciprocity in Intergenerational Support: A Comparison of Chinese and German Adult Daughters

This study investigates how Chinese and German adult daughters evaluate the norm of reciprocity and the unbalanced exchange of support in relation to their aging parents. Women from rural and urban China ( n = 292) and from Germany ( n = 264) have participated in this study. Results show that for the German daughters, differently from rural Chinese daughters, perception of imbalance is strongly related to their intention to support their elderly parents. The results for the urban Chinese daughters are closer to those of the German sample than those of the rural Chinese daughters. The results are discussed in light of theoretical approaches to intergenerational relations taking into account the Confucian concept of filial piety and influences of social change.

City Intervention

City governments are actively involved in enhancing the development potential of their territories. They mobilize public capital to influence development. In this article, a conceptual framework is constructed around two factors that trigger the mobilization of public capital: (1) a perception of imbalance between a city's competitive tax burden and service-delivery levels and (2) city officials' vision of the appropriate place for their city amid what they consider to be relevant cities. Trigger mechanisms produce four city-level orientations to development that are labeled survivalist, market, expansionist, and maintenance. In an application of the conceptual framework, data are presented from representative cities.

Communal Orientation and the Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses1

In the present study, burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) were hypothesized to occur among male and female nurses who are low in communal orientation and feel they invest more in their relationships with patients than they receive in return. Communal orientation refers to the desire to give and receive benefits in response to the needs of and out of concern for others. Furthermore, it was expected that the perception of imbalance would be more strongly related to depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment among women than among men. The sample consisted of 194 full time working nurses (48.5% males, 51.5% females). Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The results show that the burnout syndrome is more widespread among: (a) subjects, particularly women, who perceive an imbalance in their relationships with patients; (b) subjects low in communal orientation; and (c) subjects who both perceive an imbalance and are low in communal orientation. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical and practical implications.