Perception Items Research Articles

Assessing the Reliability of the Sexual Violence Questionnaire in Sport among Spanish-Speaking Athletes.

The prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse in school sport, specifically by coaches against their athletes, remains a concerning and pervasive issue. In an attempt to better understand and prevent specific coach-behaviours associated with such sexual misconduct, researchers have developed the Sexual Violence Questionnaire in Sport. While the reliability of this measurement tool has been tested in Anglo-Saxon cultural contexts, it is not known whether the questionnaire is applicable to other cultural contexts. This study aimed to analyse the internal consistency and reliability of the questionnaire on sexual harassment in sport, originally designed and developed in English. A sample of 146 (52 female, 94 male) undergraduate students from a university in the Basque Country participated in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was administered twice over a two-week period to assess test-retest reliability. The internal consistency of the Sexual Violence Questionnaire in Sport was high, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.891 for perceptions and 0.813 for experiences across all participants. Gender-specific analysis showed similar reliability, with females having slightly lower alpha values for perceptions. Although significant differences were observed between the test and the retest on eight perception items and one experience item, Cohen's kappa analysis indicated agreement on all items; however, some of them were low (e.g., 0.13). In conclusion, the study highlights the questionnaire's overall reliability and suggests its effectiveness as a tool for measuring sexual violence in sport within the Spanish context. Nonetheless, the findings of this study underscore the need for further research to enhance the instrument's stability and to better understand gender differences in perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in sport contexts.

Illness perceptions, cognitive and behavioural responses to chronic breathlessness in individuals living with advanced respiratory disease: an observational study.

Understanding the complexity and multidimensional nature of chronic breathlessness is key to its successful management. The aim of this study was to explore illness perceptions, cognitive and behavioural responses to chronic breathlessness in individuals living with advanced respiratory disease. This was a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from a feasibility randomised control trial (SELF-BREATHE) for individuals living with chronic breathlessness due to advanced disease. All participants completed the following questionnaires: numerical rating scale (NRS) breathlessness severity, NRS distress due to breathlessness, NRS self-efficacy for managing breathlessness, Dyspnea-12 (D-12), Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ), Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) and the Cognitive and Behavioural Responses Questionnaire, short version (CBRQ-S). The associations between the Brief IPQ and CBRQ-S with NRS breathlessness severity, distress and self-efficacy, D-12 and CRQ were examined using Spearman's rho correlation coefficient rs. A Spearman's rs of ≥0.50 was predefined as the threshold to denote important associations between variables. A p-value of <0.008 was considered statistically significant, to account for the number of comparisons performed. The illness perception items consequences, identity, concern and emotional response were associated with increased breathlessness severity, increased distress, reduced breathlessness self-management ability and lower health-related quality of life. Symptom focusing and embarrassment avoidance were identified as important cognitive responses to chronic breathlessness. Interventions that directly target illness perceptions, cognitive and behavioural responses to chronic breathlessness may improve symptom burden, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life.

Development and validation of fall risk perception scale for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Perception assessment plays an important role in fall risk awareness and fall prevention. Parkinson's disease patients with motor dysfunction are at high risk of falling. Currently, no instrument has been explicitly crafted to assess the risk perception of fall in PD patients. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the fall risk perception scale for PD patients (FRPS-PD), providing healthcare professionals with a effective assessment tool to enhance proactive fall prevention initiatives. Based on the Proactive Health theory and Risk Perception Attitude (RPA) Framework, the questionnaire was developed through literature review, semi-structure interview, expert consultation and pilot testing. A total of 428 patients with PD from Grade A tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, Hangzhou and Anhui from January 2023 to July 2023 were recruited. The items and dimensions in the scale were explored and confirmed using item-analysis, content validity, exploratory factor analytical (EFA), confirmatory factor analytical (CFA), internal consistency and test-retest reliability analysis. A total of 16-items, 2-dimensions structure were identified, including 12 items of risk perception and 4 items of self-efficacy dimension. The cumulative variance of EFA model was 73.669%, further CFA showed that acceptable model fit (χ2/df = 2.226, RMSEA = 0.074, NF = 0.928, TLI = 0.951, CFI = 0.959, GFI = 0.887 and AGFI = 0.848). The content validity index was 0.956. The reliability of the scale was 0.952 using Cronbach's α coefficient method. The test-retest reliability was 0.944. The FRPS-PD is a valid and reliable measurement for evaluating fall risk perception level for individuals with PD in mainland China.

The Perceptions and Attitudes of Saudi EFL Students Toward the Use of Communicative Language Teaching in Oral Communication Classes

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is widely and extensively practiced in language teaching, especially in EFL classes. In fact, most educators consider it to be the most effective and practical approach to language teaching. Early studies indicated that the positive or negative attitudes of learners toward CLT can affect their language learning process. As a result, the current study aims to unveil the perceptions and attitudes of Saudi college and graduate students toward the implementation of CLT to enhance their speaking and listening skills. Furthermore, gender role is also considered since Saudi has a segregated system of education. Questionnaire items adopted from Komol et al. (2020) were rated on a Likert scale which ranged from “Strongly Disagree” (1, very low) to “Strongly Agree” (5, very high). Mean Likert scale scores were used to evaluate the responses of participants along with the standard deviation (SD). The study found that Saudi participants displayed a higher perception of CLT activities when compared to their attitude. Moreover, females showed a higher perception and attitude toward CLT activities than males did. The highest mean scores of perception items among females are “Making a short video” because it allows them to get more exposure to English use while males have chosen “Teacher’s instruction on class CLT activities” as more significant. Concerning attitudinal items, males believe in using CLT activities to promote their language proficiency. In contrast, females believe in using role-play activities to improve their language proficiency. Finally, females showed less preference for CLT group or class activities than males did.

Perceptions of COVID-19 Risk: How Did People Adapt to the Novel Risk?

There is limited understanding of how risk perceptions changed as the US population gained experience with COVID-19. The objectives were to examine risk perceptions and determine the factors associated with risk perceptions and how these changed over the first 18 mo of the pandemic. Seven cross-sectional online surveys were fielded between May 2020 and October 2021. The study included a population-weighted sample of 138,303 US adults drawn from a market research platform, with an average 68% cooperation rate. Respondents' risk perception of developing COVID in the next 30 days was assessed at each time point. We examined relationships between 30-day risk perceptions and various factors (including sociodemographic features, health, COVID-19 experience, political affiliation, and psychological variables). COVID risk perceptions were stable across the 2020 surveys and showed a significant decrease in the 2021 surveys. Several factors, including older age, worse health, high COVID worry, in-person employment type, higher income, Democratic political party affiliation (the relatively more liberal party in the United States), low tolerance of uncertainty, and high anxiety were strongly associated with higher 30-d risk perceptions in 2020. One notable change occurred in 2021, in that younger adults (aged 18-29 y) had significantly higher 30-d risk perceptions than older adults did (aged 65 y and older) after vaccination. Initial differences in perception by political party attenuated over time. Higher 30-d risk perceptions were significantly associated with engaging in preventive behaviors. Cross-sectional samples, risk perception item focused on incidence not severity. COVID risk perceptions decreased over time. Understanding the longitudinal pattern of risk perceptions and the factors associated with 30-d risk perceptions over time provides valuable insights to guide public health communication campaigns. The study assessed COVID-19 risk perceptions at 7 time points over 18 mo of the pandemic in large samples of US adults.Risk perceptions were fairly stable until the introduction of vaccines in early 2021, at which point they showed a marked reduction.Higher COVID-19 30-d risk perceptions were significantly associated with the preventive behaviors of masking, limiting social contact, avoiding restaurants, and not entertaining visitors at home.

I don’t know my child’s asthma risk: evidence against satisficing as an explanation for ‘don’t know’ responses

Several studies suggest that ‘don’t know’ (DK) responses to risk perception items may represent meaningful expressions of uncertainty about disease risk. However, researchers are often discouraged from including a DK response option in survey items due to concerns about respondents overusing it to minimize cognitive effort—a phenomenon often referred to as satisficing. Our objective was to investigate whether patterns of DK responses to risk perception survey items were consistent with satisficing behavior. We conducted a secondary analysis of survey data from 814 parents and guardians (hereafter caregivers) of children with asthma. Caregivers answered 18 items assessing their perceived risk of their child experiencing two types of poor asthma outcomes: asthma exacerbation, and low asthma control. We examined differences in the frequency and distribution of DK responses across all 18 items and by type of risk perception item (i.e. 2 vs. 5 response options, absolute vs. comparative risk). We found that 32% (n = 548) of respondents marked DK at least once. Of the 266 caregivers who provided any DK response, most did so for only 1 or 2 items (51.9%, n = 138), and only 6% (n = 15) answered DK to more than half of the items. Using random coefficient Poisson models, we found more DK responding for dichotomous absolute (30.1%) than ordinal absolute items (5.3%), b = 1.72, p<.001. We also found fewer DK responses to the ordinal absolute items than the comparative items (8.2%), b=-0.49, p<.001. Using Chi-square tests, we found that inattentive responding was not associated with responding DK. Our findings suggest that satisficing is unlikely to completely explain DK responding to perceived risk survey items. Researchers who exclude DK response options from risk perception survey items may obtain an incomplete understanding of their study sample’s beliefs about risk.

Application of Cognitive Enhancement Protocol Based on ICT Program to Improve Cognitive Level of Older Adults Residents in Small‐sized City Community: A Pilot Study

AbstractBackgroundA home‐based ICT program to elderly people aged 65 years or older to confirm the effect of the cognitive enhancement program and explore the possibility of remote rehabilitation.MethodThis study from August to October 2022, three subjects were selected and the intervention was conducted for about two months. This intervention was conducted using the Korean version of Mini‐Mental State Examination(MMSE‐K), the Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA‐K), the Computer Cognitive Senior Assessment System(CoSAS), and the two shorter form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale(CESD‐10‐D) to evaluated cognitive improvement before and after the program. The therapist remotely set the difficulty lever of cognitive training suitable fore the level of the subject through weekly feedback, and during the program. Interviews were conducted for additional opinions on the cognitive enhancement program.ResultAfter the intervention, all subjects showed improved scores in most items of the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment conducted before and after the intervention. In addition, among the items of CoTras, upper cognition, language ability, attention, visual perception, and memory were improved. In addition, subjective satisfaction with the cognitive improvement program was high.ConclusionCognitive rehabilitation training using a home‐based ICT program not only prevented dementia but also made it habitual. Through this study, it was confirmed that remote rehabilitation for the elderly could be possible.

ASSESSING UNDERGRADUATES’ MISCONCEPTIONS ON CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY USING A 3-TIER DIAGNOSTIC TEST

Misconceptions can hinder students’ learning of biology, especially in the central dogma of molecular biology due to its connection with other topics. Studies have shown that Philippine high school students harbour significant misconceptions regarding genetics, including the central dogma. This study aims to develop a three-tier diagnostic test to identify misconceptions carried forward to undergraduate students enrolled in biologically related courses, leading to the development of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Questionnaire (CDMBQ). This study found that the CDMBQ has very good reliability (a = 0.88) and moderately positive construct validity (r = 0.4). It also revealed that the respondents have a low understanding of the central dogma (mean = 4.76), and they have acquired misconceptions pertaining to transcription, types of RNA, and translation. Lastly, perception items showed students have forgotten central dogma concepts, display confusion about the topic, and maintain neutral sentiments about their science teacher as well as have neutral feelings about their understanding of the central dogma. Nonetheless, they expressed interest in studying its concepts. These results confirm the reliability andvalidity of the CDMBQ for assessing misconceptions surrounding the central dogma of molecular biology.

COVID-19 risk perception measures: factoring and prediction of behavioral intentions and policy support

Although early concepts of risk perception measures distinguished cognitive from affective items, until recently multi-dimensional taxonomies were absent from risk perception studies, and even more from tests of their association with behavior or policy support. Six longitudinal panel surveys on U.S. COVID-19 views (n = 2004 February 2020, ending April 2021) allowed testing of these relationships among ≤ 10 risk perception items measured in each wave. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed consistent distinctions between personal (conditioning perceived risk on taking further or no further protective action), collective (U.S., global), affective (concern, dread), and severity (estimates of eventual total U.S. infections and deaths) measures, while affect (good-bad feelings) and duration (how long people expect the outbreak to last) did not fit with their assumed affective and severity (respectively) parallels. Collective and affective/affect risk perceptions most strongly predicted both behavioral intentions and policy support for mask wearing, avoidance of large public gatherings, and vaccination, controlling for personal risk perception (which might be partly reflected in the affective/affect effects) and other measures. These findings underline the importance of multi-dimensionality (e.g. not just asking about personal risk perceptions) in designing risk perception research, even when trying to explain personal protective actions.

Clinical study on the comparison of dermoscopic images using two wavelengths of near‐ultraviolet‐visible light

AbstractBackgroundLight absorption by melanin is greater in the ultraviolet spectrum than in the visible light spectrum. Purple light in the near‐ultraviolet–visible region (380–430 nm) also corresponds to a highly absorptive wavelength of melanin. Therefore, images captured under purple light are remarkably suited to detect subtle alterations in skin pigment contents.ObjectivesWe compared two prototype dermoscopy cameras (DZ‐D100; Casio Computer Co., Ltd.): one with a 385 nm light (P385) and the other with a 405 nm light (P405), to clarify which wavelength could more clearly show dermoscopic structures.MethodsSixteen Japanese patients with 19 lesions, who visited our department were photographed with the P385 and P405 cameras under the same conditions. We evaluated the visual perception of lines, dots/clods, lesion borders and background around the lesion, as well as exposure, including appropriate brightness and underexposure, using the scores.ResultsUnderexposure was significantly less in the P385 image than in the P405 image (p &lt; 0.0001), while lines (p &lt; 0.01) and lesion borders (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly more distinct. Furthermore, visual perception of lines (p &lt; 0.01) and lesion borders (p &lt; 0.05) were significantly better in the P385 images. However, other visual perception items showed no significant differences between the two images. One exception was with the dermoscopy of melanocytic naevus in a patient with albinism, where the lines and dots/clods were clear in the P405 image but blurred in the P385 image.ConclusionsWhen used as a complement to conventional dermoscopy images, the P385 images are thought to be less underexposed and easier to use in diagnosing lesions in slightly pigmented skin types, including in the Japanese who were the participants of this study. Meanwhile, the P405 images are potentially useful in the evaluation of light skin‐type lesions.

Perceptions of Physiotherapy students about their teaching environment at Kamuzu University of Health Sciences in Malawi.

The learning environment is defined as an environment where teaching is taking place, as perceived by both students and teachers. A conducive learning environment is critical for successful curriculum implementation, which also affects students' academic performance. There have been initiatives introduced to improve the learning environment at Kamuzu University of Health Sciences (KUHeS). The purpose of this study was to ascertain physiotherapy final year students' perceptions of their learning environment at KUHeS in Malawi. This study was conducted at KUHeS among final-year physiotherapy students. A retrospective, quantitative cross-sectional design was used. The study utilised secondary data on education environment which had already been collected using Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) forms. There were 26 completed DREEM forms for 2019/2020 academic year. Demographic data were captured. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyse the DREEM scores. Inferential analysis was conducted with p-value set at ≤ 0.05. The total DREEM mean score was 120/200 which represented a positive perception of students learning environment. Students' academic self-perception scored the highest (69.13%), followed by students' perception of learning (61.94%), students' social self-perception (59.46%), students' perception of atmosphere (56.25), and students' perception of teachers (55.50%). Married students had negative perceptions (p-value = 0.05) of their teachers and students with previous college experience had positive perceptions of their academic performance (p-value = 0.02). Many statements under items of perception of teachers (mean score = 24) and social self-perceptions (mean score = 16) were considered negatively. Students in their final year of physiotherapy had positive perceptions of their learning environment. However, students' perceptions of their teachers and social life were low. The learning environment had a significant impact on married students and those who had no prior experience with college life. Faculty development initiatives should aim to improve these critical areas.

A-09 Youth Athlete Concussion-Related Anxiety Perceptions

Abstract Purpose To describe the prevalence of concussion-related anxiety in youth athletes, and determine what factors (e.g., sex, sport, concussion history, concussion education, parental concussion anxiety) were associated with greater anxiety. Methods Youth athletes participating in football, soccer, ice hockey, lacrosse (n=411; males=185, females=282; age=11.04±1.8 years) completed a cross-sectional survey. Participants completed demographic items and the Illness Perception Questionnaire, altered to be concussion-specific. We focused on the following four anxiety perception items scored on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree): “The thought of getting a concussion is upsetting to me.”, “I am afraid of getting a concussion.”, “The thought of me having a concussion makes me feel anxious.”, and “Concussions do not worry me [reverse].” The sum of items produced an overall anxiety composite score (20 possible points) with higher values indicating greater anxiety. Results Overall, 46.72% (n=192/411) of youth athletes were upset, 46.72% (n=196/411) afraid, or 29.0% (n=119/453) anxious at the thought of sustaining a concussion. Additionally, 49.9% (n=205/411) indicated concussions worry them. The sample mean anxiety perception composite score was 12.48±3.84. Participating in soccer (β: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.35, 2.62), being a girl (β: 1.40, 95% CI: 0.55, 2.26), and having a parent with higher concussion anxiety (β: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.32) were associated with greater youth athlete concussion-related anxiety perceptions. Conclusions Concussion-related anxiety perceptions are fairly prevalent in youth athletes. More research is needed to determine how these beliefs may influence avoidance of risky sport behavior, intention to report a suspected concussion, and post-injury recovery outcomes.

Virtual reality simulation of panoramic radiographic anatomy for dental students.

This work aimed to utilize virtual reality (VR) in dental radiographic anatomical interpretation in junior dental students and test if it can enhance student learning, engagement, and performance. VR software for panoramic anatomy was developed. Sixty-nine first-year dental students were divided into a control group (lecture-based) and an experimental group (VR) to learn panoramic radiographic anatomy. Both groups were then tested on knowledge via a 20-question quiz. Student feedback on VR experience was collected via an online survey. There was a statistically significant difference between lecture-based and VR students in the correct identification of anatomical landmarks. Lecture-based students scored higher in identifying the ear lobe, hyoid bone, condylar neck, and external oblique ridge, whereas VR students scored higher in identifying zygoma (Chi-squared test, p<0.005). The VR group reported high evaluation on all perception items of the online feedback survey on their experience (Student t-test, p<0.005). Lecture-based students generally showed better performance in panoramic radiographic anatomy. Several structures were not correctly identified in both groups of novice students. The positive feedback of VR experience encourages future implementation in education to augment conventional methods of radiographic anatomy in dentistry with considerations to repeated exposures throughout undergraduate dental education.

Evaluation of the simulation based training quality assurance tool (SBT-QA10) as a measure of learners’ perceptions during the action phase of simulation

BackgroundIn an earlier interview-based study the authors identified that learners experience one or more of eight explicit perceptual responses during the active phase of simulation-based training (SBT) comprising a sense: of belonging to instructor and group, of being under surveillance, of having autonomy and responsibility for patient management, of realism, of an understanding of the scenario in context, of conscious mental effort, of control of attention, and of engagement with task. These were adapted into a ten-item questionnaire: the Simulation Based Training Quality Assurance Tool (SBT-QA10) to allow monitoring of modifiable factors that may impact upon learners’ experiences. This study assessed the construct validity evidence of the interpretation of the results when using SBT-QAT10.Materials and methodsRecently graduated doctors and nurses participating in a SBT course on the topic of the deteriorating patient completed the SBT-QAT10 immediately following their participation in the scenarios. The primary outcome measure was internal consistency of the questionnaire items and their correlation to learners’ satisfaction scores. A secondary outcome measure compared the impact of allocation to active versus observer role.ResultsA total of 349 questionnaires were returned by 96 course learners. The median of the total score for the ten perception items (TPS) was 39 (out of 50), with no significant difference between the scenarios. We identified fair and positive correlations between nine of the 10 items and the SBT-QA10-TPS, the exception being “mental effort”. Compared to observers, active learners reported significantly more positive perceptions related to belonging to the team and interaction with the instructor, their sense of acting independently, and being focused. The questionnaire items were poorly correlated with the two measures of global satisfaction.ConclusionExcept for the item for mental effort, the QA10-TPS measures learners’ experiences during the active phase of simulation scenarios that are associated with a positive learning experience. The tool may have utility to learners, instructors, and course providers by informing subsequent debriefing and reflection upon practice for learners and faculty. The relationship between these perceptions and commonly used measures of satisfaction remains poorly understood raising questions about the value of the latter.

Seasonal multisensory eating experiences in Norway and Colombia

Research on multisensory food perception suggests that most of our senses can influence eating experiences (Spence, 2020). The present research evaluates how different senses are engaged across country-specific eating experiences. Our goal is to explore each country's prototypical multisensory eating experience throughout the seasons. In Study 1A and 1B, we used the Sensory Perception Item (SPI) scale by Haase and Wiedmann (2018) in Norway (n = 104, M age = 40.73) and Colombia (n = 130, M age = 37.81), to assess how visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory dimensions are engaged in each country’s specific eating experiences and across seasons (Norway: Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring; Colombia: Humid, Dry, Cold, Hot). All of the sensory dimensions in Norway, except touch, were significantly influenced by seasons. In Colombia, seasons and climates were only significant for touch and olfaction. In Study 2A and 2B, we evaluated specific sensory components of the eating experiences in Norway (n = 83, M age = 39.1) and Colombia (n = 64, M age = 40.64). Seasons significantly affected several sensory dimensions of the eating experiences in Norway but not in Colombia. Furthermore, we obtained keywords that reflected participants eating experiences across the four seasons. This study provides insights on how the statistical regularities of food experience environments might change throughout certain seasons, climates, and geographical contexts. Restaurant managers can think of changing the ambience settings of the dining rooms to match the image people associate with each season, transferring the external environment into the internal dining atmosphere as one of the innovative ways to enhance eating experiences.

Infrared and visible image fusion via mutual information maximization

Traditional image fusion methods based on deep learning generally measure the similarity between the fusion results and the source images, ignoring the harmful information of source images. This paper presents a simple-yet-effective self-supervised image fusion optimization mechanism via directly maximizing the mutual information between the fused image and image samples, including positive and negative samples. The fusion optimization of positive samples has three steps, including visual fidelity item, quality perception item, and semantic perception item loss functions, aiming to reduce the distance between the fused representation and the real image quality. The fusion optimization of negative samples aims to enlarge the distance between the fusion results and the degraded image. Following InfoNCE, our framework is optimized via a surrogate contrastive loss, where the positive and negative selection underpins the real quality and visual fidelity information of fusion representation learning. Therefore, the stumbling blocks of deep learning in image fusion, i.e., similarity fusion optimization problems, are significantly mitigated. Extensive experiments demonstrate that fusion results neatly outperforms the state-of-the-art fusion optimization mechanisms in most metrics.

Abstract A129: National assessment of the HPV acceptance: Public attitudes and policy climate

Abstract Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that has been associated with the development of cancers, most of them preventable if the HPV vaccine is administered before exposure. HPV school-entry policies could affect the HPV rates at a population level, hence the need for monitoring nationally the support of policies to assess acceptance at different levels. Objective: This study describes the state-level immunization program managers’ (IPMs) perception of the degree of the general public and policymakers’ acceptance or opposition to the HPV vaccine policies to increase HPV vaccination across their state or territory. Methods: As part of the study entitled Implementation of School-Entry Policies for Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination (HPV-PIVac), IPMs were surveyed about their perception regarding the acceptance or opposition of either (1) the public and (2) policymakers towards HPV vaccine policies. Five questions inquired about the degree of public concern towards HPV-related cancers, public hesitancy towards the HPV vaccine, public opposition towards HPV policies, and acceptance or resistance from policymakers regarding HPV vaccine policies using a five-item scale transformed into a three-item scale. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the managers perception about HPV vaccine policies. Fisher’s exact test was conducted to assess regional differences and the relationship between perception items from the public and policymakers. Results: 49 IPMs from 32 different states and territories participated in this study. In relation to the public concern towards HPV-related cancers, 93.8% of IPMs perceived that the public from their participant states and territories had moderate/mild concern. In comparison, only 6.3% perceived strong/overwhelming concern. For public hesitancy towards the HPV vaccine, 81.3% of IPMs perceived that the public had moderate/mild hesitancy, while 18.8% perceived strong/overwhelming reluctance. For public opposition towards HPV vaccine policies, 21.9% of IPMs perceived strong/overwhelming opposition. On the other hand, 40.6% of IPMs reported that the policymakers were resistant to education policies that promote the HPV vaccine. Similarly, 59.4% of IPMs reported that policymakers were resistant to HPV-school entry vaccination policies. No significant differences between regions were observed in the items analyzed (p&amp;gt;0.05). Fisher’s exact test indicated a significant association between the public opposition towards the HPV vaccine policies and the posture of policymakers towards HPV education policies (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Results highlight that IPM’s perceive moderate/mild hesitancy and moderate/mild opposition by the public towards HPV vaccines and HPV policies; these attitudes could translate into resistance towards HPV policies by policymakers in the US. Findings support the need for active public engagement strategies to increase policymakers' support for promoting HPV vaccine policies and requirements. Funding: NCI Grant #R01CA232743. Citation Format: Yiana G. Toro-Garay, Alondra K. Mercado-Andino, Olga L. Diaz-Miranda, Diana T. Medina-Laabes, Ana P. Ortiz, Katelyn Wells, Erick Suárez, Vivian Colón-López. National assessment of the HPV acceptance: Public attitudes and policy climate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A129.

PERCEPTION OF TRIBAL AND NON–TRIBAL DAIRY FARMERS TOWARDS THE DAIRY FARMING IN CHHATTISGARH STATE: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH

Dairy farming is a secondary occupation for millions of farmers in the Central Indian State of Chhattisgarh. This study used the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to determine how tribal and non-tribal dairy farmers in Chhattisgarh feel about dairy farming and what makes them feel that way. In this study, the data was gathered from dairy farmers during 2020–21. The results of the paired sample t-test showed that both tribal and non-tribal farmers are performing significantly. In the Principal Component Analysis, KMO's sample adequacy test result was 0.724, which means there were enough signs in each element to study. Twelve items of dairy farmers' perceptions were conglomerated into three factors: rational perception, opportunistic perception, and scientific perception. The results of the SEM showed that the absolute fit indices match the sample data and that the proposed model is a good fit because it matches the values of the perception items.&#x0D;

Dentist’s Experiences and Perceptions One Year into the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 mobilized the dental profession to make dentistry safer. Enhanced infection control protocols intended to prevent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 will likely be compromised if infection control knowledge and practice are deficient. One year into the coronavirus pandemic, the aim of this online survey among dentists in Spanish-speaking countries and Brazil, was to assess their personal experiences with COVID-19, perceptions of risk, and infection control needs. A questionnaire designed in Google Surveys was conducted in Spanish or Portuguese from April 8 to May 24, 2021. Items included were dentists’ age, sex, professional profile, and personal experience with COVID-19. Collected in a Likert-type scale, perception items covered concerns, needs, procedures, impact, and immunization. Chi2 test was applied to analyze trends in perceptions versus demographics. Responses were obtained from 712 dentists (235 men and 477 women, 23 to 75 years old). Most knew someone with COVID-19, for 61% the case was a family member. Twenty percent (n=140) had suffered COVID-19. Percentages in total agreement were: “I work with fear of COVID-19” 27%; “We need to improve infection control education” 46%; “I sterilize dental handpieces” 51%; “I use aerosol generating procedures less” 26%; and “Once immunized, I’ll work without fear” 6%. Dentists continued to work with fear of SARS-CoV-2; they had partially applied enhanced infection control procedures. They perceived a need for infection control education. Infection control education and training needs remain to be addressed to make dental clinics safer for providers and their patients.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perception towards COVID-19 among Medical Students in Yemen: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Numerous measures have been taken to slow the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) rapid spread. Such population control techniques may have a substantial impact on people's attitudes, knowledge, and perception of COVID-19. This web-based cross-sectional survey aimed to assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 among Hadhramout University Medical Students in Yemen from 15 June to 26 June 2020. This survey was performed using social media via the Google Platform among 422 Hadhramout University Medical students. After consenting, participants completed an online survey assessing sociodemographic data, 21 knowledge items, 15 attitudes items, and 5 perception items towards COVID-19. Of the total 422 participants, 389 (92.18%) were surveyed online, and 256 (65.8%) were females, and 133 (34.2%) were males aged 19-24 years (88.7%), studying medicine (58.9%), and living in urban areas (80.7%). The survey revealed that 64.0% of participants had good knowledge about the disease and 52.7% had positive attitudes towards protective measures against the virus. The majority of participants (98.2%) thought that the virus was transmitted through nasal droplets, and 59.6% agreed that the disease is dangerous. The majority of participants agreed that fever (99.2%), dry cough (97.9%), and difficulty breathing (99.5%) are the most common symptoms of the disease. The survey also showed high knowledge levels about preventive measures against the virus spreading, such as regular proper hand hygiene (99.7%), maintaining an appropriate distance (99.2%), avoiding touching eyes and nose (98.7%), and wearing facemasks in public places (97.4%). Moreover, 69.7% of participants agreed to be isolated at home if they got an infected person, 64.3% implemented washing hands with soap and water, 41.9% agreed to be separated at the hospital until they proved free from the disease, 46.0% agreed to inform the health authorities if they had any symptoms associated with the disease. By using sample T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), mean knowledge score about COVID-19 was significantly higher in males than in females (p = 0.029). Additionally, medicine students had significantly higher mean knowledge score than students of medical laboratory (p &lt; 0.001) and nursing (p = 0.008). In general, our research revealed that participants had favorable opinions regarding the disease's preventative measures and a good awareness of it. However, more educational initiatives and campaigns that take into account KAP modifying elements are needed.