Percentile Consumption Research Articles

Occurrence and health risk assessment of tropane alkaloids in cereal foods consumed in Korea

Tropane alkaloids (TA) are natural toxins found in certain plants, including cereals, of which atropine and scopolamine are the main species of concern due to their acute toxicity. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of TA in cereal foods and assess the potential health risks associated with their consumption in Korea. TA levels were analyzed in 80 raw and 71 processed cereal samples, which were distributed throughout Korea in 2021, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. At least one of the six TA species, namely atropine, scopolamine, pseudotropine, tropinone, scopine, and 6-hydroxytropinone, was detected in 10 out of the 151 samples at levels ranging from 0.12 to 88.10 μg kg−1. Dietary exposure (mean, 0.23 ng kg−1 bw day−1) to atropine and scopolamine in the Korean population was estimated to be low across all age groups. This is despite considering worst-case scenarios using the total concentrations of atropine and scopolamine in a millet sample, both of which were detected, and 95th percentile consumption for consumers of millet only. Both the hazard index and margin of exposure methods indicated that the current levels of TA exposure from millet consumption were unlikely to pose significant health risks to the Korean population.

Exposure assessment of deoxynivalenol in wheat and its products among residents in different regions of China

To assess the exposure and health risks of deoxynivalenol(DON) ingested by wheat and its products by residents in China's northern and southern regions. We collected DON content data in wheat and its products from various provinces and cities in China by searching the literature. The food consumption data came from the food consumption survey of Chinese residents in 2015. The point assessment method and the probability assessment method were used to evaluate the exposure of residents of various age groups in the southern and northern regions through wheat and its products. Then the acute reference dose(ARfD) 8 μg/(kg·BW) and provisional maximum tolerated daily intake(PMTDI) 1 μg/(kg·BW·d) of DON were used as a reference value to assess the acute and chronic health risks of DON exposure in each population. The mean content of DON in wheat and its products in the south was 578.51 μg/kg, and in the north was 214.98 μg/kg, both of which were lower than the limit value(1000 μg/kg). The result of point assessment showed that 99% of residents do not have acute poisoning risk when ingesting DON through wheat and its products. In the south, the DON exposure in all age groups was higher than PMTDI at the 90 th percentile consumption level of wheat and its products. In the north, the DON exposure in all age groups was higher than PMTDI at the 75 th percentile consumption level. The result of the probability assessment showed that in the south, the proportion of people with DON exposure exceeding PMTDI in the age groups ≤6 years old, 7-12 years old, 13-17 years old, and ≥18 years old was 13.57%, 10.75%, 9.68% and 9.48%, respectively. In the north, the proportion was 22.05%, 21.67%, 17.69% and 14.41%, respectively. The exposure of DON to wheat and its products and the proportion of people exceeding PMTDI in the northern area was significantly higher than that in the southern area(P<0.001). The exposure to DON and the proportion of people exceeding PMTDI of the low-age group(≤6 years old) was higher than that of the high-age group(P<0.001). Exposure to DON from wheat and its products among the high consumers in China was considerably high, with a certain chronic health risk, especially the low-age residents in northern areas, which should be paid attention to.

Risk Profiling of Aflatoxin in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to the Filipino Consuming Population

Aflatoxin (AFL) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spp. and is commonly associated with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), a major field legume in the Philippines. The major types of AFL are B1, B2, G1, and G2 – comprising the total aflatoxin (AFT). AFL exposure has been shown to cause both chronic and acute toxicity, with the liver as the main target organ. It is considered genotoxic and carcinogenic. The objective of this study is to establish the profile of the potential risks associated with the consumption of peanuts contaminated with aflatoxin to the Filipino consuming population. The study included [1] determination of data gaps in the risk profiling of AFL in the consumption of peanuts by the Filipino peanut-consuming population; [2] hazard identification and characterization; [3] estimation of dietary exposure (DE) and risk- based on uncertainties, variabilities, and assumptions; and [4] consolidation of available control measures and possible mitigation protocols for AFL in peanut. AFL was detected in 92% of all the peanut samples (n = 50) analyzed, with overall mean levels of 802.83 μg/kg AFT, 683.53 μg/kg AFB1, and 119.30 μg/kg AFB2 exceeding the maximum level (ML) of 15 μg/kg set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for AFT. Considering the assumptions made and data gathered in this study, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the Filipino adult (20–59 yr old) consuming population to AFT and to AFB1 in peanut – at 97.5th percentile consumption – were 1.22–6,527.18 ng/kg body weight (bw)/d and 1.22–5,574.90 ng/kg bw/d, respectively, which exceeded the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 ng/kg bw/d. The margins of exposure (MOE) were also generally estimated to be below 10,000, which indicates that it is a potential health concern and that it supports the need for further risk management actions.

Allergen action levels for food industries as risk management tools for a better use of precautionary Allergen labelling

Providing guidance to generate allergen action levels for food industries is important to assess the need for precautionary allergen labelling (PAL). Allergen action levels (in mg of allergen per kg of food commodity) were computed based on the eliciting dose (ED) of each selected allergen divided by consumption distribution data. Canadian consumption data was extracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey of 2015, representative of the general Canadian population. High-risk food categories selected included baked goods, baking mixes, bread products, candies, cereal products, chocolate products, cookies, energy bars, sauces, savory biscuits, and snacks. The ED inducing an allergic reaction in 1% and 5% of the allergic population (ED01, ED05) for nine allergens (milk, egg, peanut, hazelnut, cashew, walnut, wheat, sesame, soy) were extracted from Houben et al., 2020. Action levels for the median (P50), 75th and 97.5th percentile consumption (P75, P97.5) of any food category investigated could be detected by commercial allergen detection kits when the ED05 was used. The P75 and ED05 were preferred to determine action levels because they were less conservative and more flexible. Allergen action levels set for use by food business operators (FBOs) as risk management tools in Canada would help standardize PAL use and make PALs more meaningful for Canadian FBOs and consumers. These values must be interpreted considering their limitations and assumptions and should accompany all efforts of prevention and management of allergen cross-contact.

Risk Profiling of Fumonisin in Corn (Zea mays L.) to the Filipino Consuming Population

The Fusarium fungus is known to produce fumonisin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin associated with chronic adverse health effects in animal liver and kidney, which is commonly found in corn (Zea mays L.), one of the major agricultural crops and staple foods in the Philippines. The objective of this study was to develop a profile of the potential risks associated with the consumption of corn contaminated with fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2). This study involved the determination of data gaps in the risk profiling process; identification, and characterization of fumonisin; estimation of the dietary exposure (DE) and risk based on identified uncertainties, variabilities, and assumptions; and determination of available risk management options for fumonisin in corn. Fumonisin levels of corn samples (n = 77) were all below the 4000 μg/kg maximum level (ML) set in the 2019 edition of the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods (Codex GSCTFF) for raw corn grains. At the 97.5th percentile consumption of corn [yellow, white, green (or sweet) corn; edible portions (corn kernels)], the calculated DE estimates of the Filipino adult (20–59 yr old) exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 μg/kg bw (body weight)/d by 420.17% (maximum FB1), 194.30% (maximum FB2), and 189.81% (overall FB1 mean). Considering the assumptions made and the gathered data in this study, the estimated DE to fumonisin in corn showed an appreciable risk to health. The current ML of fumonisin in corn and corn products adopted from Codex GSCTFF may be in need to be revisited to ensure the protection of the adult Filipino consuming population.

Shellfish contamination with lipophilic toxins and dietary exposure assessments from consumption of shellfish products in Shenzhen, China

Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) can cause human illness and therefore represent a serious threat to public health. Shellfish are the main dietary source of LSTs, but very few studies have appraised dietary exposure to LSTs through shellfish consumption in China. We measured levels of multiple LSTs in shellfish samples sold in the principal wholesale seafood market in the southern coastal city of Shenzhen, and we estimated the potential for acute and chronic LST exposure of the Shenzhen population via ingestion of shellfish. LST contamination data were obtained from a total of 14 species of 188 commercial samples. Eleven individual LSTs, namely okadaic acid (OA), dinophysis toxin-1 and −2 (DTX1 and DTX2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin and homo yessotoxin (YTX and hYTX), azaspiracid-1, −2 and −3 (AZA1, AZA2, AZA3), spirolides (SPXs), and gymnodimine (GYM), were determined using liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). More than two thirds of samples showed undetectable LSTs, while the detection rates (the proportion of samples with detectable LSTs) of individual LSTs ranged from 0% to 45.7%. Most shellfish samples had lower levels of LST contamination than the corresponding limits of detection (LODs), while some samples had levels of hYTX and GYM that exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQs). Overall, levels of LSTs in the 188 samples were below the regulatory limits set by most countries. Acute and chronic exposures of LST were estimated by a point-estimate modeling method that combined sample contamination data with consumption data from dietary survey of Shenzhen residents and consumption figures proposed by EFSA, the European Food Safety Authority. Seasonal variations in LST concentrations were noted in some instances. Overall, the estimated acute exposure to LSTs based on consumption of large-size shellfish portions and the maximum LSTs contamination level were below the provisional acute reference doses (ARfDs) proposed by the EFSA. Chronic exposure estimates based on mean and 99th percentile consumption of shellfish by Shenzhen residents and mean LSTs contamination levels in the collected samples were from 2452 to 74 times lower than those associated with estimated acute exposure levels.

Dietary Risk Assessment Due to the Consumption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Two Commonly Consumed Street Vended Foods

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are present and pervasive in the environment. Handling of the foods by the vendors is therefore likely to introduce PAHs into the meals. Quantification of PAH was made using HPLC-FID and consumption data by face–face interviews with 188 regular consumers for the vendors. Data obtained were iterated 10,000 times using palisade @risk software and results presented at 95th percentile level of consumption showing the worst case scenario. Dietary risk assessment of 12-priority PAHs was carried out on the components of two staple foods in Ghana. Naphthalene was detected in all food samples at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 6.5 mg kg − 1 at 95th percentile consumption level. Benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz-a,h-anthracene were detected in fried chicken samples with the stochastic concentrations of 1.2E–02 mg kg − 1 and 3.2E–03 mg kg − 1, respectively, at the 95th percentile level of consumption. Incremental life cancer risk values fell within the deminis value of ≤10 − 6 to 10 − 4 except at the 95th percentile level of consumption of chicken, hot pepper sauce, and soup components of the meals which were higher (10 − 3). The 95th percentile level of consumption of fried rice meal as well as the 50th and 95th percentile level of consumption of the fufu meal had a hazard index above 1, indicating consumers may be suffering the non-carcinogenic effects due to PAH in the respective meals. The study, therefore, showed that high consumption levels of the street vended foods are likely to cause dietary risk to the health of its consumers.

Estimation of fish consumption rates based on a creel angler survey of an urban river in New Jersey, USA

A one-year angler intercept survey was conducted on the lower 17 miles of the Passaic River, an urban industrialized river that flows through Newark, New Jersey. The purpose of the survey was to collect data about anglers’ behaviors and fish consumption habits in order to calculate exposure factors for a human health risk assessment of the Study Area. This paper focuses on estimating site-specific fish consumption rates for LPRSA anglers that consume their catch. The study design included on-site interviews and counts (angler enumeration). Forty survey locations were included in the stratified random sampling plan; interviews were conducted on 136 days and counts on 164 days. After matching intercepts with the same angler, a total of 294 anglers were interviewed, of which 25 reported consuming their catch. LPRSA fishing trips ranged from 2 to nearly 50 annual trips for anglers who reported consuming their catch. Species caught and reported to be consumed included carp, catfish, white perch, smallmouth bass, and eel. The estimated mean and 90th percentile consumption rates for the population of consuming anglers are 5.0 and 8.8 g/day, respectively. Based on sensitivity analyses, the 90th percentile fish consumption rates range from approximately 4 to 18 g/day.

Estimation of exposures to non-nutritive sweeteners from consumption of tabletop sweetener products: a review

ABSTRACTReliable estimation of intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) from tabletop sweetener products (TTS) is complex. Some TTS contain more than one type of NNS and more importantly, there can be considerable formula variation between different types of TTS products; that is liquid, powder and tablet products. A survey of use levels (mg NNS/kg TTS retail product) confirmed wide variations and reflected major differences in the portion size, or mass, typically used to deliver a sweetness equivalent to around one teaspoon (tsp) of sugar. This paper reviews current intake estimation models and reveals that these models may result in inappropriate intake estimations, probably because some surveys did not discriminate between powder, tablet and liquid forms. The data suggest that using upper percentile consumption figures for powdered forms is a critical factor in intake estimations and may be a more realistic method by which overall exposure estimates could be obtained.

Guidance on the risk assessment of substances present in food intended for infants below 16 weeks of age

Following a request from the European Commission to EFSA, the EFSA Scientific Committee (SC) prepared a guidance for the risk assessment of substances present in food intended for infants below 16 weeks of age. In its approach to develop this guidance, the EFSA SC took into account, among others, (i) an exposure assessment based on infant formula as the only source of nutrition; (ii) knowledge of organ development in human infants, including the development of the gut, metabolic and excretory capacities, the brain and brain barriers, the immune system, the endocrine and reproductive systems; (iii) the overall toxicological profile of the substance identified through the standard toxicological tests, including critical effects; (iv) the relevance for the human infant of the neonatal experimental animal models used. The EFSA SC notes that during the period from birth up to 16 weeks, infants are expected to be exclusively fed on breast milk and/or infant formula. The EFSA SC views this period as the time where health‐based guidance values for the general population do not apply without further considerations. High infant formula consumption per body weight is derived from 95th percentile consumption. The first weeks of life is the time of the highest relative consumption on a body weight basis. Therefore, when performing an exposure assessment, the EFSA SC proposes to use the high consumption value of 260 mL/kg bw per day. A decision tree approach is proposed that enables a risk assessment of substances present in food intended for infants below 16 weeks of age. The additional information needed when testing substances present in food for infants below 16 weeks of age and the approach to be taken for the risk assessment are on a case‐by‐case basis, depending on whether the substance is added intentionally to food and is systemically available.

Safety evaluation of a milk-based protein powder produced by a novel manufacturing technique

TruActive™ NF is a novel, fat-free, milk-based protein powder to be added to food to increase protein content and is manufactured using non-thermal treatment to reduce potential pathogens most relevant to protecting public health. TruActive™ NF was evaluated for potential pathogens of concern to public health regulators; none were detected. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of TruActive™ NF at a 90th percentile consumption for the powder in nutritional beverages and bars is 14,700 mg/day. In vitro genotoxicity testing revealed that concentrations of TruActive™ NF up to 5000 μg/plate did not induce point mutations in selected strains. Oral administration of TruActive™ NF to male Sprague-Dawley rats in an in vivo mammalian chromosomal aberration assay did not induce chromosomal aberrations or significantly affect mitosis in bone marrow cells at 2000 mg/kg. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered TruActive™ NF at concentrations of 7.5%, 15%, and 30% of the diet during a 28-day subacute dietary study followed by a 14-day recovery period. Some parameters were altered at the 30% diet concentration. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the 28-day dietary study was at 15% of the diet (11,812 mg/kg bw/day for male rats and 11,521 mg/kg bw/day for female rats).

Dietary sources of methylated arsenic species in urine of the United States population, NHANES 2003-2010.

BackgroundArsenic is an ubiquitous element linked to carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, as well as adverse respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and dermal health effects.ObjectiveIdentify dietary sources of speciated arsenic: monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA).MethodsAge-stratified, sample-weighted regression of NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) 2003–2010 data (∼8,300 participants ≥6 years old) characterized the association between urinary arsenic species and the additional mass consumed of USDA-standardized food groups (24-hour dietary recall data), controlling for potential confounders.ResultsFor all arsenic species, the rank-order of age strata for median urinary molar concentration was children 6–11 years > adults 20–84 years > adolescents 12–19 years, and for all age strata, the rank-order was DMA > MMA. Median urinary molar concentrations of methylated arsenic species ranged from 0.56 to 3.52 µmol/mol creatinine. Statistically significant increases in urinary arsenic species were associated with increased consumption of: fish (DMA); fruits (DMA, MMA); grain products (DMA, MMA); legumes, nuts, seeds (DMA); meat, poultry (DMA); rice (DMA, MMA); rice cakes/crackers (DMA, MMA); and sugars, sweets, beverages (MMA). And, for adults, rice beverage/milk (DMA, MMA). In addition, based on US (United States) median and 90th percentile consumption rates of each food group, exposure from the following food groups was highlighted: fish; fruits; grain products; legumes, nuts, seeds; meat, poultry; and sugars, sweets, beverages.ConclusionsIn a nationally representative sample of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population, fish (adults), rice (children), and rice cakes/crackers (adolescents) had the largest associations with urinary DMA. For MMA, rice beverage/milk (adults) and rice cakes/crackers (children, adolescents) had the largest associations.

한국인의 아스파탐과 아세설팜 칼륨의 식이 섭취 수준 평가

The purpose of this study was to assess the consumption of aspartame and acesulfame K, the most frequently utilized artificial sweeteners in Korea. The contents of aspartame and acesulfame K in processed foodstuffs were analyzed by HPLC, and daily intakes according to sex and age were estimated by applying the consumption data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Estimated daily intakes of aspartame and acesulfame K were 58.37 μg/kg bw/day and 14.23 μg/kg bw/day, respectively, in 2012. These amounts constituted 0.15% and 0.09% of the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) established by the JECFA (FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives). Estimated daily intakes of aspartame and acesulfame K in the 95 percentile consumption group were 2,510.48 μg/kg bw/day and 761.92 μg/kg bw/day, respectively, and intake levels were 6.28% and 5.08% of the ADI, respectively. In conclusion, daily intake levels of artificial sweeteners were evaluated to be at safe levels.

Abstract P062: Ten Weeks of Daily Consumption of Common Fructose Containing Sugars Does Not Increase Liver Fat Content

Purpose: Evaluate the effect of addition of commonly consumed fructose containing sugars to the usual diet on liver fat content. Background: Fructose induced triglyceride synthesis has been argued to be augmented when accompanied by glucose. As the most common sources of fructose, high fructose corn syrup HFCS) and sucrose, also contain glucose such a response would be particularly detrimental to metabolic health due to the known role of excess fat in the liver in the induction of abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and the subsequent development of type II diabetes. Methods: For ten weeks, sixty-eight individuals (42.16 ± 11.66 years) consumed low-fat milk sweetened with either HFCS or sucrose such that the added sugar matched the 25th, 50th and 90th percentile population consumption levels of fructose. Fat content of the liver was obtained before and after the ten week intervention. Imaging was performed on a Philips 64-slice CT scanner. Region of interest measurements in the four sectors of the liver delineated by the hepatic veins were obtained in all patients, and converted to hepatocellular fat content percentages. Fat content of the liver remained unchanged (13.32 ±10.49 vs 13.32 ± 10.75%, p > 0.05). Group assignment did not affect the result interaction p > 0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest that ectopic fat storage in the liver is not promoted when fructose is consumed as part of a normal diet, even in amounts as high as the 90th percentile consumption level.

FDA Risk Assessment of Seafood Contamination after the BP Oil Spill

FDA Risk Assessment of Seafood Contamination after the BP Oil Spill

Abstract 5554: Margin of exposure of genotoxic and carcinogenic furan

Abstract An in-house validated solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination was used to study furan concentrations in baby-food samples purchased from the Finnish markets (LOD 1.9 ng g−1, LOQ 4.0 ng g−1 and RSTD <20%). The mean levels of furan varied between 4.7 ng g−1 and 90.3 ng g−1 (n=21). The mean concentrations of similar product formulas based on their ingredients were 9.2 ng g−1, 37.0 ng g−1 and 49.6 ng g−1 for fruit-, vegetables- and meat-containing baby-foods, respectively. The consumption of industrial baby-foods in Finland is 172 g/day which results to the furan intake ranging from 0.8 to 15.5 µg/day and exposure of 0.1 to 2.1 µg kg−1 bw/day, respectively. Two extreme worst case scenarios can be deduced from our data: i) the maximum value in consumption of canned baby-foods (883 g/day) and the maximum concentration of furan detected (90.3 µg kg−1) and ii) 95 percentile consumption of canned baby-foods (384 g/day) and the maximum concentration of furan detected (90.3 µg kg−1). These two extreme worst case scenarios gave intakes of 79.7 µg and 34.7 µg, respectively. Applying the benchmark dose rate as well as safety-factor approaches a NOAEL of 0.08 mg kg−1 bw/day for furan can be deduced. If MOE is calculated by using the deduced NOAEL (600 µg/day for 7.5 kg baby) or BMDL10 (1.28 mg kg−1 bw/day) and the worst case exposure scenarios the MOE values of 7.5NOAEL/120BMDL10 and 17.3NOAEL/276BMDL10 can be derived. In the case of low exposure scenario (consumption 172 g/day; furan level 4.7 µg kg−1) the MOE values are 750NOAEL/2030BMDL10. A very low MOE exists in the extreme worst case infant exposures and particularly for such a clear rodent carcinogen (cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma). The MOEs derived clearly indicate that it is now a priority to understand the mode of action for the development of the liver tumours in the rat after exposure to furan and whether this is relevant to man. A significant reduction, however, to the exposure scenarios is provided by the fact that the use of fruit-based baby-foods with low furan content comprises a substantial proportion (mean consumption 78 g/day, maximum consumption 488 g/day and 95 percentile consumption 197 g/day) of the consumption of total industrial baby-foods. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5554. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5554

Margin of Exposure for Ethyl Carbamate in High Wine Consumption Group in Republic of Korea

S-31A7-3 Background/Aims: Ethyl carbamate occurs naturally in fermented foods and alcoholic beverages such as bread, soy sauce, yogurt, wine, beer, and spirits. A number of precursors present in foods and beverages such as hydrocyanic acid, urea, and ethanol can lead to the formation of ethyl carbamate during food processing and storage. Ethyl carbamate is a multisite carcinogen and genotoxic in animals and probably carcinogenic in human. Methods: The exposure level to ethyl carbamate was calculated on the basis of mean ethyl carbamate level (0–15 μg/L) in wine and 95th percentile consumption level (432 g/d) in adult group. A risk characterization was performed using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach which compared a BMDL 10 derived from animal cancer study with exposure level to ethyl carbamate. A MOE value of 10,000 and above was considered to be of low concern for public health. Results: The estimated exposure level to ethyl carbamate was about 70–104 ng/kg bw/d for a 60 kg person and the exposure level including exposure from other foods was about 87–120 ng/kg bw/d. The MOEs were calculated on the basis of the estimated intake of ethyl carbamate and the BMDL 10 value of 0.3 mg/kg bw/d, and this BMDL 10 value is a corresponding dose to 10% incidence of alveolar and bronchiolar neoplasm in both male and female mice. Conclusion: The MOEs for high wine consumption group including exposure from other foods were 2493–3440. If the exposure from a variety of alcoholic beverages was considered, the MOEs could be even lower. This indicated that ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle should be considered to reduce and prevent the formation of ethyl carbamate in wine.

Camphor in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission.

Camphor in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission.