Percentage Of Linalool Research Articles

The Effect of the Interaction Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on the Proportions of Active Ingredients in Coriander Plant Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.) using the Technique of GC/MS-QP2010 Plus

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in proportions of the active ingredients of the medicinal coriander plant oil. The results showed a difference in the number and proportions of the active compounds according to the different treatments of the experiment. Where the treatments of comparison and fertilizer recommendation achieved a decrease in the number of oil-forming active compounds, all treatments were superior by giving the highest number of oil compounds and their proportions compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation. The treatment of the bacterial mixture and oyster mushroom residues with mycorrhizae recorded the highest number of components, reaching 171 compounds, with an increase in the proportions of all compounds. The compound 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 20.71%, followed by the compound (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester with a percentage of 16.69%, compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which recorded (13.33, 14.33%), respectively, and the percentage of Linalool was 2.30% compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which gave (2.13, 0.95%), respectively.

Water solubility of clary sage essential oil

The article provides data on the degree of solubility of essential oils in water. Essential oils are considered as compounds that are completely insoluble or slightly soluble, or refer to substances with a certain, limited, solubility. The distillation of the essential oil from the raw material is preceded by its dissolution in water and hydrodiffusion in the solution beyond the limits of the essential oil containers. The solubility of essential oils in water, apparently, plays an important role in living plants during their intracellular movement and removal outside the cells. To clarify the concepts, samples of primary and secondary oils obtained in production have been examined. The solubility of clary sage oil at 20○C reaches a significant value (0.094% for primary one, 0.406% for secondary one), but with an increase in temperature up to 40○C it decreases to 17-15%. Further study of the GLC data shows that the change in the percentage is due to an increase in the content of cineole and unidentified components in the oil, which have a relatively high solubility, hardly noticeable in the primary oil and accumulate in the secondary one and in the one isolated from the primary one. In the sample isolated from the water solution of the secondary oil there are 2 unidentified components located between cineole and linalool and apparently having increased solubility. Due to this, the percentage of linalool in the oil isolated from the solution decreases, but the absolute amount of the latter in 100 ml of the solution increases 2,58 times compared to the oil isolated from the primary oil solution.

<p>Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of <em>Teucrium muscatense</em></p>

<p>The effect of enzyme inhibition, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidants activities of the extracts of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>obtained with different organic solvents was investigated. Chloroform fraction exhibited promising inhibition (64%) with IC<sub>50 </sub>value (390 ± 2.0 μg/mL) against urease, while other fractions displayed moderate activity. In case of α-glucosidase and acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays, all fractions were found inactive at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The <em>n</em>-hexane fraction of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>exhibited highest anticancer activity against breast cancer cell (MDAMB231) line at high (100 µg/mL) concentration and also inhibited the growth of <em>F. oxysporum </em>up to 64.3% in case of antifungal activity. EtOAc fraction showed highiest DPPH (70.6%) and ABTS (76.7%) radical scavenging activity at highest concentration (1000 μg/mL). Bioassay guided isolation of EtOAc fraction afforded two flavonoids (<strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong>). Both compounds showed highiest ABTS activity and could be a significant markers in the EtOAc fraction. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay was also performed in which aqueous fraction showed highest percentage of 73.2% at higher concentration (1000 μg/mL) followed by n-BuOH (64.1%) and EtOAc (51.4%) fractions. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of <em>T. mascatense</em> showed higher percentage of linalool (34.18%), limonene (13.45%), linalyl acetate (10.04%), and β-eudesmol (9.21%). Proximate composition of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>showed that it contained high amount of ash (19.6%), protein (10.3%), and fiber (17.5%).</p>

Temporal Analysis of Volatile Oil Compounds from Winter Season Flowering ‘Eureka’ Lemon

The chemical compositions of Volatile Oil Compounds (VOCs) of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. ‘Eureka’ flowers were isolated at six stages of flower development using headspace extraction in the early of winter. The main floral headspace components were linalool, limonene, linalyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, (Z)-β-ocimene and myrcene were the highest VOCs for all blooming stages. The relative percentage of linalool as an oxygenated monoterpene was significantly increased to peak (56.19 %) at the early stage of the floral development, but in stage 5 the lowest quantity of linalool (28.27 %) was detected. The highest percentages of limonene, a major monoterpene hydrocarbons component of citrus volatile oils by headspace methods, were observed in stage 5 (33.9 %). Also the result indicated that the early stages of flower development (Stage 1 and 2) had the lowest quantity of this compound. Acetate esters are important contributors to the aroma of different Citrus flowers. The highest linalyl acetate was detected in stage 1 (21.24 %) and stage 5 (20.22 %) respectively. The lowest quantity of this compound was detected in stages 4 and 3 respectively. (E)-β-ocimene was significantly increased to peak (6.44 %) at the stage 5 of the floral development and accumulated during the late stages of the flowers development (stage 3-6). These results present clear proof that the content of some main volatiles did not constantly increase during flower blooming, and that volatiles have a large influence during flower maturity, maybe related to their different roles during development such as defense against pathogen and attraction of pollinating agent.

Effect of Microwaves on Essential Oils of Coriander and Cumin Seeds and on their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.) were subjected to conventional roasting and microwave heating to study their effects on the volatile components of each spice oil and on both their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. HD oil of each spice was subjected to GC and GC-MS analysis. A comparison study was done between the two methods of roasting and with raw sample of each spice. Seventeen and sixteen components were identified in essential oils of coriander and cumin seeds respectively. HD oil of raw coriander consisted mainly of linalool (72.7 %) followed by λ-terpinene (8.8 %), α-pinene (5.5 %), camphor (3.7 %), limonene (2.3 %), geranyl acetate (1.9 %) and p-cymene (1.5 %). However HD Oil of raw cumin consisted mainly of cuminaldehyde (26.5 %) followed by λ-terpinene (20.9 %), β-pinene (20.9 %), p-mentha-1,4-dien-7al (12.3 %) p-cymene (7.7%) and p-mentha-1,3-dien-7-al (4.0 %) . In general, the effect of heating on the two spices caused reduction in their essential oil concentrations compared with the raw samples, due to the formation of lipid degradation products, hexanal and (E)-2-hexanal in two treatments. However the sum of their total percentages in microwave treated samples were always smaller than that in conventional roasted samples, which revealed that the microwave heating is more preferable. Moreover, the higher percentage of linalool in microwave heated coriander seeds (57.3 %) than that in conventional roasted coriander seeds (55.5 %) makes the microwave method more preferable due to the fact that linalool increases quality and add fruity and minty aroma to this spice. On the other hand, the total concentration of monoterpenes aldehydes in microwave heated cumin are higher than that in conventional roasting sample (35.7 % and 34.2 %), respectively). These aldehydes contribute to the pleasant characteristic flavour of cumin seeds. Therefore microwave treatment was more retentive of the flavour impact compounds than the conventional roasting treatment and considered the best choice as an alternative-heating medium for processing. Microwaved treated samples showed a remarkable antioxidant activity against DPPH and β-carotene assays, due to the higher concneitation of oxygenated manoterpenes than that in conventional treated samples also for the remarkable percentages of α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene and λ-terpinene which may be contribute to the antioxidant activities of both spices, however still lower than that of synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. Both microwave conventionally roasted oils exhibit similar antimicrobial effect against microorganisms under investigation but were higher effect than that of raw oils.

Influence of Co-distillation with Weed Biomass on Yield and Chemical Composition of Rose-Scented Geranium (Pelargonium Species) Oil

A laboratory experiment was performed to study the influence of distilling rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium species) biomass together with different proportions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 30% by weight of rose-scented geranium biomass) of biomass of weed species growing in rose-scented geranium fields, on the yields % and compositions of oils of cultivars Algerian, Bourbon and Kelkar. Crop:weed mixtures reduced oil yields of all the three cultivars in comparison to control (pure crop biomass). Combined distillation of biomass of cv. Algerian with weed biomass decreased the concentrations of linalool, geraniol, geranyl formate, 10-epi-γeudesmol and increased the contents of isomenthone, citronellol and citronellyl formate in its oil. This distillation method resulted in enhancements in isomenthone, citronellol and reductions in geraniol and geranyl formate in the oil of cv. Bourbon. In cv. Kelkar, the percentages of linalool and isomenthone increased, but that of citronellol and geraniol decreased in crop:weed mixed distillations.

Composition and Antifungal Activity of Two Essential Oils of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)

The two essential oils isolated from plants of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L. ssp. officinalis) grown in two different localities near Urbino (Marche, Italy) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components were pinocamphone (34% and 18.5%), isopinocamphone (3.2% and 29%) and β-pinene (10.5% and 10.8%). The major differences in the composition of the oils were detectable in the ratio of pinocamphone/isopinocamphone, in the percentage of linalool (0.2% and 7.9%) and camphor (0.3% and 5.3%). The oils showed antifungal activity against 13 strains of phytopathogenic fungi; the activity of the oil extracted from plants grown at 1000 m above sea level showed higher activity.

Caracterização morfológica e agronômica de acessos de manjericão e alfavaca

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) pode ser considerado cultura anual ou perene, conforme o local de cultivo. Existem diversas finalidades para seu uso na culinária, como planta ornamental, medicinal e aromática, sendo o seu oleo essencial valorizado no mercado internacional pelo teor de linalol. Caracterizou-se morfológica e agronômicamente, acessos de Ocimum sp. visando a seleção de genótipos com alto rendimento de óleo essencial rico em linalol. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com duas repetições, avaliando 55 genótipos do Banco de Germoplasma de Ocimum da UFS. Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, peso da matéria seca da parte aérea, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial. Observou-se grande diversidade entre os genótipos para todas as variáveis morfológicas e agronômicas avaliadas. Houve grande amplitude entre os genótipos quanto ao teor de óleo essencial, variando de 0,202 a 2,536 ml/100g e para o rendimento de óleo essencial, variando de 1,103 a 21,817 l/ha. Avaliando as variáveis teor e rendimento de óleo essencial de O. basilicum pode-se selecionar os genótipos NSL6421, PI197442, PI358464, PI414194, PI531396 e 'Fino Verde' para o programa de melhoramento genético que visa a obtenção de novas cultivares de manjericão com alto rendimento de óleo essencial rico em linalol.

Pedologic parameters related to yield and quality of bergamot oil

The effect of some pedologic parameters on the yield and chemical composition (quality) of oil from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruits is reported. Throughout the 3‐year trials in 25 bergamot groves, pedoclimatically representative of the area of cultivation, soil was sampled to assess chemical‐physical parameters while fruits were sampled to determine oil yield and quality. The data collected were defined in curvilinear regressions in which pedologic parameters were the independent variable and yield and volatile oil components were the dependent variable. Results showed that the size and distribution of soil particles (texture) directly affected yield and the constituents mainly responsible for the “bouquet”; of bergamot oil. A high sand component exerted a negative influence by lowering the percentage of linalool and linalyl acetate but increase the limonene content, which is only marginally responsible for fragrance. Silt and clay had the opposite effects. Interactions between the chemical constituents of soil and oil yield and quality were minimal. No correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen (N), or exchangeable potassium (K) was determined. Available phosphorus (P) seemed to affect only some of the minor oil constituents (β‐pinene, myrcene and β‐caryophyllene). Total CaCO3, pH, and Mg positively influenced oil yield and quality. Calcium (Ca) was directly and positively related to linalool alone. In summary, soil and irrigation management became essential in yield and quality of bergamot oil. These results should be considered in view of the predominantly sandy matrix of Italian bergamot‐growing zone.

ブドウ‘マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア’果汁の成熟中におけるモノテルペンの変化

Seasonal changes in monoterpene concentrations in the juice of Muscat of Alexandria grape were investigated. Volatile monoterpenes were analyzed by trapping them in the headspace with Tenax-TA. Reproductive results were obtained when headspace gas was trapped at 40°C for 180 min. In the headspace trapping method, the concentration of each monoterpene was slightly lower compared to those extracted with n-pentane directly from juice. Clear peak separations were obtained by gas chtomatography. Linalool increased rapidly from 30 days after veraison and reached a maximum in late September, it then declined. Geraniol increased slowly from the stone hardening stage to the overripe stage. Percentages of linalool and geraniol to total monoterpene at harvest were 66.3 and 27.0, respectively.

Constituents of Essential Oil ofAframomum giganteum

The composition of the essential oil of Aframomum giganteum was investigated by GC-MS. Forty seven terpenes were identified, the oil contained a high percentage of linalool and linalyl acetate which are mainly responsible for the smell of the A. giganteum stems. Fatty acids, paraffins, n-octanol, n-nonanol and guaiacol were also identified.