Percentage Of Limonene Research Articles

Artificial modification of the chemical composition of orange oil (Citrus sinensis L.) and its effect on larvicidal activity

The use of synthetic pesticide carries along several disadvantages talking about the preservation of the natural homeostasis of the planet, causing the searching of biopesticide, which one presents advantages as well as biodegradability in minimum possible time, the low toxicity in comparison to synthetic pesticides and their variety of structure, which allows slowing down the appearance of resistance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect on the larvicidal action when artificially varying the chemical composition of orange oil (Citrus sinensis L.). As results, we found that the analysis of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry showed the presence of terpenoid and sesquiterpenoid compounds in the different samples. The use of electric pulses on samples modified their chemical composition, so that the percentage of limonene went from 72% in the sample that was not subjected to electric treatment to lower percentages, even in sample three the percentage of limonene was <50%. Only three compounds (limonene, linalool and caryophyllene) were found to be common in all samples. Subsequently, the larvicidal action on Drosophila melanogaster larvae was evaluated. Six concentrations of each oil sample were tested (0, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 ppm). We found that there was no linear relationship between concentration and lethality. Additionally, in the sample without electrical treatment most of the concentrations tested had lethality higher than 50%, while in sample 7 the results of the lethality were lower than 30%, so that biological tests showed that in samples where the concentration of limonene was lower, the lethality in the larvae decreased.

Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Volatile Compounds of the Aerial Parts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

The investigations was based on chemical diversity of the essential oils provide an opportunity to choose oils with preferential flavor and biologically active composition. Aerial part of Foeniculum vulgare collected from five locations namely Moradabad, Tanakpur, Haldwani, Pithoragarh and Didihat at different altitudes (198, 255, 424, 1514 and 1725m) of North India were hydro distilled and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yield ranged from 0.3-0.9 % (w/w). The major compounds were trans-anethole (26.2-85.4 %) and limonene (2.7-51.5 %). The content of limonene was higher in locations with low altitude (Moradabad; 51.5 %, Tanakpur; 40.8 % and Haldwani; 32.2 %) while trans-anethole content was more than 50 % in the plants collected from high altitude locations namely Pithoragarh and Didihat. The noticeable differences in the chemical composition of the oils separated from the aerial parts of F. vulgare were also correlated with the different climatic conditions. The percentage of limonene was observed to be positively correlated with rainfall (r=0.968, P<0.01) and negatively correlated with the altitude of locations (r=0.975, P<0.01).

Chemical Composition and Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils from Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka (Cleopatra mandarin) Cultivated in Egypt

The chemical composition of essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation of leaves, unripe and ripe fruit peels of Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka was studied using GC-MS analysis. The antiviral activity against avian influenza A (H5N1) was tested using Plaque reduction assay. Limonene was the major component in fruit peel oils whereas sabinene followed by linalool were the major components of the leaf oil. Percentage of limonene in fruit peel oil increased by ripening which influenced the biological activity of the oil. The peel oils (unripe and ripe) showed moderate inhibition of (H5N1) virus at concentration (2.5 μl/ml) where the ripe peel oil showed a higher selectivity index (8.716), on the other hand the leaf oil showed weak inhibition of (H5N1) virus and displayed high cytotoxicity which suggests other medicinal uses. The antiviral activity could be attributed to a synergistic effect between limonene; major component in peel oil, and other minor components. This study was the first to investigate the antiviral activity of C. reshni essential oils, as well as, the changes in composition of C. reshni peel oil during ripening and its effect on biological activity.

Temporal Analysis of Volatile Oil Compounds from Winter Season Flowering ‘Eureka’ Lemon

The chemical compositions of Volatile Oil Compounds (VOCs) of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. ‘Eureka’ flowers were isolated at six stages of flower development using headspace extraction in the early of winter. The main floral headspace components were linalool, limonene, linalyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, (Z)-β-ocimene and myrcene were the highest VOCs for all blooming stages. The relative percentage of linalool as an oxygenated monoterpene was significantly increased to peak (56.19 %) at the early stage of the floral development, but in stage 5 the lowest quantity of linalool (28.27 %) was detected. The highest percentages of limonene, a major monoterpene hydrocarbons component of citrus volatile oils by headspace methods, were observed in stage 5 (33.9 %). Also the result indicated that the early stages of flower development (Stage 1 and 2) had the lowest quantity of this compound. Acetate esters are important contributors to the aroma of different Citrus flowers. The highest linalyl acetate was detected in stage 1 (21.24 %) and stage 5 (20.22 %) respectively. The lowest quantity of this compound was detected in stages 4 and 3 respectively. (E)-β-ocimene was significantly increased to peak (6.44 %) at the stage 5 of the floral development and accumulated during the late stages of the flowers development (stage 3-6). These results present clear proof that the content of some main volatiles did not constantly increase during flower blooming, and that volatiles have a large influence during flower maturity, maybe related to their different roles during development such as defense against pathogen and attraction of pollinating agent.

Changes in the Essential Oil of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist. During Its Vegetation

The oil of Conyza canadensis from Bulgaria harvested during various the growth stages of the plant were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main components were limonene (77.7-89.4%), trans-α-bergamotene (1.5-3.8%), β-pinene (0.8-6.6%) and carvone (0.5-1.8%). The percentage of limonene increased until the stage of blossom fall (89%) after which it decreased. The maximum content of (E)-β-ocimene (7.6%) was established prior to bud formation, while that of carvone reached a maximum at the commencement of budding. The maximum amounts of trans-α-bergamotene (3.8%) and of β-pinene occurred at the full bud formation stage and the end of the vegetation period, respectively.

Essential Oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) of the Mediterranean Littoral

The chemical compositions of 15 commercial samples of essential oils of leaves of Myrtus communis L. from five different Mediterranean locations (Corsica, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, and former Yugoslavia) were studied. Forty-seven compounds were identified by GC/MS. They could be divided into two groups on the basis of their percentages of α-pinene; over 50% (Corsica and Tunisia), and under 35% (the others). The percentages of limonene, 1,8-cineole and myrtenyl acetate were consistent with this classification. The chemical compositions of these oils can be compared to those of Spanish oils.

Peppermint oil composition and yield, flowering time, and morphological characters of four naturalised South Island clones and the Mitcham strain ofMentha piperita

Abstract Four naturalised clones of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) collected in the South Island were compared with the recently introduced Mitcham strain in a small field trial at Lincoln. There were minor differences within the group of local clones in shape of leaf and inflorescence, flowering time, and oil composition, but they differed substantially from the Mitcham strain in these characters. The local clones were earlier in flowering, and higher in percentages of limonene, menthyl acetate, and terpenes eluting from the gas liquid chromatograph after menthyl acetate, and were lower in dry matter production and possibly in oil content. Because of the lower oil yield from the local clones, it is recommended that commercial peppermint cropping be restricted to the Mitcham strain.

A chemosystematic analysis of some hybrid spruce (Picea) populations in Montana

Much of the spruce occurring in western Montana is suspected of being hybrid derivatives from the introgression between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii whose botanical ranges overlap in Montana. These Montana populations were analyzed by chemosystematic methods; resins were collected from typical P. glauca (Manitoba) and typical P. engelmannii (Wyoming) populations and these were analyzed by vapor-phase chromatography, as were resins from western Montana populations. Monoterpene compositions were determined and through the calculation of ratios based on the percentages of limonene, myrcene, and beta phellandrene, a two-dimensional ordination was constructed of the typical and hybrid spruce populations. The methods provide a highly useful approach towards interpreting chemosystematic data collected from Picea populations in the northern Rocky Mountains.