Percentage Of Urea Research Articles

Evaluation of effectiveness of foliar application of urea fertilizer on growth, development and yield of BRRI Dhan 84 in barind tract, Bangladesh

As a component of enzymes, hormones, amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and chlorophyll, nitrogen is a vitally important nutrient for plants. It encourages quick plant growth and enhances grain quality and production through increased protein synthesis, tillering, leaf area development, grain formation and filling. Urea is one of the greatest and popular sources of nitrogen. Rice production is hampered when nitrogen fertilizer, particularly urea, is unavailable during crucial times (flood, sowing season, drought). Studies in different literature have shown that applying nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application in addition to the soil application increases its efficiency. A study was carried out to observe the theme “Evaluation of effectiveness of foliar application of urea fertilizer on growth, development and yield of BRRI Dhan 84 in Rajshahi region’’ in the field of Agronomy and Agricultural extension Department Field, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh from December 2023-April 2024. Six different percentage of urea as foliar application with BRRI Dhan-84 rice variety were used for this study. 1. T1= N0% Control, 2. T2= 65% of recommended dose (N 50% as SA + 15% as FA), 3. T3= 70% of recommended dose (N50% as SA + 20% as FA), 4. T4= 75% of recommended dose (N50 % as SA + 25 % as FA), 5. T5= 80% of recommended dose (N60% as SA + 20% as FA), 6. T6= N100% Soil application (Traditional practice). A randomized complete block design with three replications was applied in this study. Almost all the parameters under this study showed significant results of foliar application of urea. Treatment T4 showed the highest result of phenological and growth parameters than the traditional practice and T1 (control) the lowest. Foliar fertilizer improves crop quality, regulate nutrient deficiencies. It is a fertilizer saving and an economical technique than others. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing actual data on the dynamics of rice production's profitability, productivity and fertilizer saving.

Lead-based paint’s impact on certain blood parameters, kidney functions and oxidative stress

Lead is added to the paint to improve its dryness, durability, and resistance to corrosion in addition to adding color. One recognized occupational toxin is lead Increased exposure to lead can have negative health impacts on the body, such as liver, kidney, and nervous system damage. Anemia, hypertension, and a host of other illnesses can also be brought on by it. Many blood indicators, antioxidants, and kidney function of lead-exposed workers were studied in this study. A control group of forty healthy individuals who were not exposed to lead at work and fifty men between the ages of 18 and 50 who work in paint-related professions were chosen. In comparison to the control group, the results indicated an increase in the number of white blood cells and a reduction in the number of red blood cells. We found no difference in the amount of creatinine in the blood of the workers and the control group, except for a rise in the percentage of urea in the blood of the workers compared to the group that was not exposed when conducting renal functions. The results also revealed a significant rise in the levels of both (MDA and CAT).

Performance of Different Percentage of Urea as Foliar Fertilizer on Growth and Development of Rice (Rabi dhan1)

Nitrogen can dramatically stimulate plant productivity as well as yield potential of intensified agriculture system. The unavailability of Nitrogen fertilizer specially urea during critical period (sowing season, drought, flood.) hamper the rice production. It is noticed in literature that the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer increased if it is applied in plants through foliage along with soil application. Present research work was planned to evaluate this theme so that the loss of yield due to unavailability of urea can be reduced by foliar application at various growth stages of rice. A research work was conducted to examine the “Performance of different percentage of urea as foliar fertilizer on growth and development of rice (Rabi dhan 1).” at the Agronomy and Agricultural extension Department Field, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh from December 2022-May 2023. Rabi Dhan-1 rice variety with six different percentage of urea as foliar application were used for this experiment. 1. T1= N0% Control, 2. T2= 65% of recommended dose (N 50% as SA + 15% as FA), 3. T3= 70% of recommended dose (N50% as SA + 20% as FA), 4. T4= 75% of recommended dose (N50 % as SA + 25 % as FA), 5. T5= 80% of recommended dose (N60% as SA + 20% as FA) , 6. T6= N100% Soil application (Traditional practice). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The significant effect of liquid fertilizer was found on almost all the parameters under studied. All the phenological and growth parameters showed the highest performance in T4 = 75% of recommended dose (N50 % as SA+ 25 % as FA) and lowest in T1= N0% Control. The result showed that the phenological characters like plant height, total number of tiller hill-1 was highest inT4 while the lowest was in T1. Plant height was increased with the increase of the age of plants. Chlorophyll content increased slowly at the early stage of crop growth and later declined. All the yield contributing characters like plant height, total number of tiller hill-1, effective tiller hill-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grain panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were varied significantly due to different doses of fertilizer application.

The Effect of Urea Level and Ripening Time on Nutrient Content on Ammoniation of Sugarcane Shoots Waste

Raising livestock on a large scale, especially ruminants, requires large amounts of green fodder, the availability of natural feed is not yet fully reliable, therefore breeders must provide extensive forage areas that require investment costs. the big one. To obtain nutritional value, as well as good crude fiber and easy to digest, it needs processing first. One of the effective animal feed processing methods which can increase the crude protein content, reduce the crude fiber content, increase the flavor and soften the structure of the feed ingredients so that it is preferred by livestock is the ammoniation method. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of ammonia on the nutritional content of feed waste, to increase the nutritional content of the waste, to find the best urea level, to obtain the best curing time for the ammoniation of sugarcane shoots on the ammonia content of sugarcane shoots waste. This study used a completely randomized design method, the factorial pattern consisted of 3 types of treatment with 3 replications with urea percentage A: 2%, B: 3%, C: 4%, with curing time of 7 days, 14 days and 21 days. Parameters measured, dry matter content, organic matter, crude protein content, crude fat (LK), crude fiber (SK). Keywords: Sugarcane Tops, Ammonia, Nutrient Content, Fiber Fraction.

A novel method for increasing the sensitivity of NIPAM polymer gel dosimeter

NIPAM polymer gel dosimeter has low toxicity and its response does not particularly depend on dose rate and beam energy. However, a chief drawback of the NPAM gel dosimeter is its relatively low sensitivity. In the current study, the sensitivity of the NIPAM gel dosimeter was improved by adding urea which this new formula gel dosimeter was called U-NIPAM (Urea and NIPAM) and optimal amount of urea for this new formula was evaluated. For this purpose, various concentrations of the urea (1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (w/w)) were tested. The samples were irradiated using 1.25 MeV and 6 MV photon energies and imaged by a 1.5 T MRI scanner. Then, the MRI response (R2) and the sensitivity of the conventional NIPAM and U-NIPAM gel dosimeters with different percentages of urea were analyzed at a 0–6 Gy dose range, different post irradiation time, and temperature during scanning. The radiological properties of U-NIPAM polymer gel dosimeter reveal that this substance can be considered as a water/soft tissue equivalent material. With analyzing the findings, it was found that the optimal amount of urea is 3%, because after this concentration, the R2-dose sensitivity of U-NIPAM gel dosimeter does not significantly changed (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that using 3% urea in conventional NIPAM gel formulation leads to a sensitivity increase of around 37% (0.242 vs. 0.177 s−1 Gy−1). In addition, other results for optimized U-NIPAM gel dosimeter include: a) an excellent linear R2-dose response in 0–6 Gy dose range, and b) stability in the R2 value and the sensitivity for 18–21 °C temperatures.

Effect of granular urea on the properties of self-consolidating concrete incorporating untreated rice husk ash: Flowability, compressive strength and temperature rise

This article presents the effect of granular urea on the flowability, compressive strength and temperature rise of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) that includes untreated rice husk ash (RHA) with granular urea (urea) in its composition. The slump flow test was used to assess the horizontal free flow of the concrete in the absence of obstructions. Powder materials were used in the amounts of 450, 550, and 650 kg/m3. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with RHA at a percentage replacement of 20%wt. The granular urea-powder materials (OPC + RHA + urea) ratios were augmented by 0, 5, 10, and 20%wt of the powder materials. Moreover, the water-powder materials ratio (w/p) was 30%. The unit weight, setting time, slump flow and loss, J-ring flow, V-funnel, temperature rise, and compressive strength of the samples were measured for up to 120 days. The results show that when urea is mixed with SCC, the temperature rises less, which has the effect of producing high flowability without segregation when the appropriate percentage of urea is also used. However, this composition also produces SCC with a longer setting time and lower compressive strength than those of conventional SCC. A longer setting time can be beneficial when it is necessary to delay this process in practice. It should be noted, too, that the effect of urea on the compressive strength depends on the concrete age—that is, for a concrete age of 91 days, the effect is very similar to that achieved when only water (as opposed to both water and urea) is included in the mixture. These findings suggest that adding granular urea and RHA to SCC can reduce the concrete temperature and improve the flowability, especially in mass concrete construction or in hot tropical areas.

Evaluation of the Addition of Urea or Calcium Oxide (CaO) on the Recovery of Dry Matter of the By-Product of Sweet Corn Silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different percentages of urea or calcium oxide (CaO) on the fermentative characteristics and chemical composition of the by-product of sweet corn silage, without whole kernel corn. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two additives (CaO or urea) and five inclusion levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% in natural matter of by-product of sweet corn silage). There was interaction between the type of additives and addition levels (CaO or urea) for pH values (P < 0.05). The mean pH values ranged from 3.40 to 5.36 in the additive silage. For effluent production, the additive type interaction and addition levels were significant (P < 0.05). The addition of CaO independent of the level used was not effective in reducing dry matter (DM) losses during ensilage. The total losses of DM presented a significant increase with the levels of addition of CaO, varying from 91 to 177% in relation to the control silage. The addition of urea to all levels had a satisfactory effect on the total loss of DM, ranging from 38 to 69% improvement in the reduction in relation to the control silage. The additive CaO was not efficient in reducing the fermentation losses and preserving the silage. However, urea was efficient in the recovery of DM in the ensilage process.

Highly Efficient Solvent Screening for Separating Carbazole from Crude Anthracene

Anthracene and carbazole are both highly value-added products in the anthracene fraction of coal tar, and it is a difficult task to separate and purify anthracene and carbazole from the anthracene fraction/crude anthracene, which consists of many components, differing only slightly in boiling points. To seek a highly efficient solvent to separate carbazole from crude anthracene, the solubilities of anthracene and carbazole in tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and the mixtures of xylene + PCE, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) + urea, and DMF + H2O were measured. The separation efficiencies of DMF + 30% H2O, DMF + urea, and DMF + isopropanolamine mixtures with different percentages of urea or isopropanolamine were examined by the cooling crystallization process. Chlorobenzene, PCE, and xylene + 40% PCE mixture were used in the carbazole refining process. The results showed that, with the addition of the third component of urea, isopropanolamine, or water to DMF, the solubility of anthracene and carbazole is inhibited to...

<b>Urea and salt as supplementary diet for crossbreed milk cows

This study aimed to evaluate the use of supplementary feed with different percentages of urea and mineral salt for crossbred milk cows. Ten animals were used, mean body weight 480 kg ± 9,7, distributed in a 5 x 5 double Latin square, with treatments of supplements with different urea and mineral salt percentages, namely, 10:10; 10:20; 20:10 and 20:20, completed to 100% with corn meal. Data underwent statistical analysis by SAS at 0.05 significance level. The use of supplements increased (p < 0.05) the total dry matter (DM) intake of diet. The increase in the level of urea in the supplement decreased DM intake of supplement. The use of supplements increased (p < 0.05) DM digestibility. The treatments with presence of supplement showed higher (p < 0.05) milk production. Supplemented diets may be used to correct nutritional deficiencies of sugar cane, with higher intake, digestibility and milk production. Treatments with 20% urea in the composition of the supplement caused a lower DM consumption with the same performance in the animals. The above-mentioned treatments had the best efficiency.

Metrics and Clinical Relevance of Percutaneous Penetration and Lateral Spreading

Background: Percutaneous penetration of urea in vivo in man has been documented. If urea can penetrate the skin, it may also move laterally. Lateral spreading of topical substances leads to unpredictable penetration dynamics and increased skin surface area exposure. Methods: The ability of urea, a low molecular-weight hydrophilic model, to penetrate the stratum corneum (SC) and spread outside the application site was investigated in vitro using tape stripping with spectroscopy. The parameters investigated were the following: time between urea application and tape stripping, formulations containing urea and use of a petrolatum-covered ring barrier around the marked application area. Results: The percentage of urea was determined in and around the application site. The spreading of topically applied urea to neighboring areas occurred and was time but not formulation dependent. A significant difference between protocols with and without the petrolatum ring was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest the clinical importance of lateral spreading, occurring predominately on the skin surface. SC thickness varies between anatomical sites, predisposing areas such as the face and scalp margins to increased percutaneous penetration of topical products. The use of a protective petrolatum ring can inhibit lateral spreading of hair dye in individuals allergic to hair dye, limit systemic absorption and increase accuracy when assessing penetration dynamics. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

Modeling the Release of Urea from Coated Urea: The Constant Release Stage

Controlled fertilizer (CRF) plays an important role in nutrient loss prevention by plants and its utilization enhancement. This study uses multi-diffusion model to simulate the of urea for two coating materials: modified polyolefin (MPO) and latex film, based on COMSOL Multiphysics software. Effective diffusivity and lag time (t0) are determined based on experimental data. Modeling results well simulate the experimental data of constant release stage. Standard error of estimate (SEE) ranges from 0.012 - 0.017 for MPO and 0.0316 for Latex film. The validated model is then utilized to study the effect of coating thickness (l), saturated urea concentration (Csat) and effective diffusivity (De) on the urea profile. Release time increase with increasing coating thickness or decreasing saturated urea concentration, effective diffusivity. In addition, a change in effective diffusivity does not make significant change in percentage of urea at the end of constant release stage.

Anti-malarial property of steroidal alkaloid conessine isolated from the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica

BackgroundIn the face of chronic and emerging resistance of parasites to currently available drugs and constant need for new anti-malarials, natural plant products have been the bastion of anti-malarials for thousands of years. Moreover natural plant products and their derivatives have traditionally been a common source of drugs, and represent more than 30% of the current pharmaceutical market. The present study shows evaluation of anti-malarial effects of compound conessine isolated from plant Holarrhena antidysenterica frequently used against malaria in the Garhwal region of north-west Himalaya.MethodsIn vitro anti-plasmodial activity of compound was assessed using schizont maturation and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. Cytotoxic activities of the examined compound were determined on L-6 cells of rat skeletal muscle myoblast. The four-day test for anti-malarial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain in BALB/c mice was used for monitoring in vivo activity of compound. In liver and kidney function test, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was examined by p-NPP method, bilirubin by Jendrassik and Grof method. The urea percentage was determined by modified Berthelot method and creatinine by alkaline picrate method in serum of mice using ENZOPAK/CHEMPAK reagent kits.ResultsCompound conessine showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity with its IC50 value 1.9 μg/ml and 1.3 μg/ml using schizont maturation and pLDH assay respectively. The compound showed cytotoxity IC50= 14 μg/ml against L6 cells of rat skeletal muscle myoblast. The isolated compound from plant H. antidysenterica significantly reduced parasitaemia (at 10 mg/kg exhibited 88.95% parasite inhibition) in P. berghei-infected mice. Due to slightly toxic nature (cytotoxicity = 14), biochemical analysis (liver and kidney function test) of the serum from mice after administration of conessine were also observed.ConclusionThe present investigation demonstrates that the compound conessine exhibited substantial anti-malarial property. The isolated compound could be chemically modified to obtain a more potent chemical entity with improved characteristics against malaria.

Production and Study of Factors Affecting the Flexibility of Polyester Paint Using Local Materials

The most important functional property of polyester paint is the flexibility. In this study paints were formulated from local raw material and factors influencing their flexibility were investigated, these factors include the amount and percentage of urea- formaldehyde in the paints. The quantity of the urea-form-altitude was varied from 100- 300g/litre in the paint. Flexibility drying time, o-T and I-T bend test were carried out. It was observed that the formulation that had 100 - 180g/litres passed both 0-T and I-T test with a drying time of 120 and 98 minutes respectively, the other paint of 250 - 300g/litres failed the above test but has a fast drying time of 50,30 and 10 minutes.

Synthesis of alumina powder by the urea–glycine–nitrate combustion process: a mixed fuel approach to nanoscale metal oxides

Main objective of present work is to study the efficiency of mixed fuel towards solution combustion synthesis of alumina powder, which otherwise prepared by single fuel and study of properties of final product with mixed fuel approach. Two different fuels, glycine and urea, along with aluminium nitrates have been used to prepare nanophase alumina powder. Different fuel to oxidizer ratios and different percentage combination of two fuels were used to prepare six samples. In all samples, nanoscale particle size obtained. Parameter which continuously changes the results of various characterisations is percentage combination of two fuels. In case where percentage of urea is higher than glycine reaction takes place with high exothermicity and hence crystallinity in product phase, whereas glycine promotes amorphous character. With mixed fuel approach, crystallinity can be enhanced easily, by calcinations of powder product at low temperature, because due to mixed urea and glycine, there is already some fraction of crystallinity observed. Overall mixed fuel approach has ability to produce nanophase alumina powder with wide range of particles size.

Influence of Acacia catechu Extracts and Urea and Gamma Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of Starch/PVA-Based Material

This work was aimed to study the effect of natural polyphenol extract (Acacia catechu) on physicochemical properties of starch/PVA-based film. Acacia catechu extracts were incorporated in the starch/PVA- (60 : 40%) based films at different concentrations (0.1% to 15%) to the total weight of starch/PVA-based film. The tensile strength (TS) of the starch/PVA blend film was 24 MPa and significantly increased (33.8 MPa) by the addition of acacia (0.5%). Different percentages of urea (1% to 15%) were incorporated in the starch/PVA/acacia-based film. The best tensile strength (11 MPa) and elongation at break (59%) were obtained at 5% urea concentration. This 5% urea-incorporated film was irradiated at different radiation doses; the film showed the best results at 100 krad (tensile strength 15 MPa and elongation at break 69%). Molecular interactions due to incorporation of Acacia catechu were supported by FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal properties (TG/DTA) of all the films were carried out successfully. Water absorption trend of all the films was comparatively high. Urea-incorporated film degraded 94%, and irradiated urea incorporated film degraded 91% within 70 days into the soil.

Effect of Urea on the Mechanical Properties of Gelatin Films Photocured with 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate

Thin films of gelatin were prepared by casting. Then the films were photocured and the mechanical properties were studied. The tensile strength of UV cured gelatin films showed about 10% enhancement than that of raw gelatin films. Minor amount of urea (1–5%) was used as additive in aqueous gelatin solution and films were prepared using same technique. Four formulations were prepared in methanol with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate in the presence of photoinitiator (darocur-1664). The films were soaked in the prepared formulations and then cured under UV radiation at different intensities (5–25 passes). Percentage of urea, monomer concentration, soaking time and radiation intensities were optimized with the extent of polymer loading, TS and elongation at break of the photocured film. The films containing 2% urea, cured with 3% EHA for 3 min at 15th UV pass showed the highest mechanical properties. A significant improvement of TS (31%) occurred when EHA (3%) was incorporated.

Crescimento e produtividade da bananeira cv. Grande Naine sob diferentes combinações de nitrato de cálcio e ureia

A utilização de fontes nitrogenadas via fertirrigação requer que as técnicas de manejo da aplicação sejam aperfeiçoadas, de modo que os produtores possam obter o máximo benefício econômico, combinado com um menor impacto no solo ao se utilizarem esses fertilizantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes combinações de duas fontes nitrogenadas aplicadas por fertirrigação sobre o crescimento e a produtividade da bananeira Grande Naine no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos de produção. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições em que se utilizaram seis percentagens complementares de ureia e nitrato de cálcio, aplicados via água de irrigação em sistema de gotejamento. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura da planta, diâmetro do pseudocaule e área foliar total, além de produtividade, comprimento e diâmetro do fruto da segunda penca. Os resultados indicaram que as diferentes combinações das fontes nitrogenadas aplicadas por fertirrigação não tiveram efeito sobre a produtividade e o crescimento da bananeira Grande Naine.

Single Step Synthesis of Y2O3:Eu3+ Nanophosphor Prepared by Flame Spray Pyrolysis

AbstractA novel ceramic synthesis technique, flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was investigated for the production of nanophosphor particles. Among the various types of synthesis technique for phosphors, FSP is a powerful method which is capable of producing particles with good crystallinity and high luminescence efficiency. Red light emitting Eu3+ doped Y2O3 nanophosphor was prepared by FSP from nitrate based liquid precursors with high flame temperature. Flame temperature is an important factor to obtain phosphor particles with dense and spherical shape. Different molar percentage of urea was added into the precursor, addition of urea increases the temperature in the flame zone and promotes the formation of nano-size and spherical shaped particles. The importance of urea in the precursor to obtain well dispersed Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor has been studied. The characteristics of nanophosphor such as crystallinity, morphology and photoluminescence in the presence of different moles of urea in nitrate based aqueous solution were investigated. On varying the overall concentration of the precursor, both the optical properties and crystallinity were investigated. XRD spectra showed as-prepared phosphors were obtained directly as cubic phase Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor with high crystallinity and without any post-heat treatments. Luminescence intensity of nanophosphor increased with the amount of urea till 2 M percentages, further increase in urea concentration was found to reduce the PL intensity. We have developed a continuous single-step fabrication method for nanocrystalline Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphor without any post-heat treatments procedure.

Uréia para vacas leiteiras no pós-parto: desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo

Quinze vacas mestiças (Holandês-Zebu) com peso médio de 511,8 kg foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos, sendo quatro animais nos tratamentos 1, 2 e 4 e três animais no tratamento 3. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de dietas à base de volumoso (silagem de milho) e concentrado (60:40), fornecidas individualmente e à vontade, e definidos como: T1=0,0; T2=0,7; T3=1,4 e T4=2,1% de uréia, correspondendo às concentrações de 2,08; 4,01; 5,76 e 8,07% de proteína bruta na forma de compostos nitrogenados não-protéicos (NNP), respectivamente. As médias do consumo de matéria seca foram de 16,04; 16,49; 11,64; e 11,93, em kg/dia, e 3,29; 3,09; 2,47; e 2,35, em % PV, e as da produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, de 21,18; 24,92; 20,63; e 18,83 kg/dia, para as concentrações de NNP de 2,08; 4,01; 5,76; e 8,07, respectivamente, e reduziram com o aumento de NNP nas rações. As médias dos teores plasmáticos de uréia e N-uréia foram de 46,33 e 21,59 mg/dL e não foram influenciadas pelos teores de NNP das dietas. O número de ondas de crescimento folicular por ciclo estral, a emergência da primeira e segunda ondas de crescimento folicular e o diâmetro máximo do folículo ovulatório não foram influenciados pelas concentrações de NNP nas rações. A primeira ovulação e o primeiro estro no pós-parto foram observados aos 55±23 e 81±36 dias, respectivamente, e não foram influenciados pelas concentrações de NNP nas dietas.

Urea may regulate urea transporter protein abundance during osmotic diuresis.

Rats with diabetes mellitus have an increase in UT-A1 urea transporter protein abundance and absolute urea excretion, but the relative amount (percentage) of urea in total urinary solute is actually decreased due to the marked glucosuria. Urea-specific signaling pathways have been identified in mIMCD3 cells and renal medulla, suggesting the possibility that changes in the percentage or concentration of urea could be a factor that regulates UT-A1 abundance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an increase in a urinary solute other than urea would increase UT-A1 abundance, similar to diabetes mellitus, whereas an increase in urine urea would not. In both inner medullary base and tip, UT-A1 protein abundance increased during NaCl- or glucose-induced osmotic diuresis but not during urea-induced osmotic diuresis. Next, rats undergoing NaCl or glucose diuresis were given supplemental urea to increase the percentage of urine urea to control values. UT-A1 abundance did not increase in these urea-supplemented rats compared with control rats. Additionally, both UT-A2 and UT-B protein abundances in the outer medulla increased during urea-induced osmotic diuresis but not in NaCl or glucose diuresis. We conclude that during osmotic diuresis, UT-A1 abundance increases when the percentage of urea in total urinary solute is low and UT-A2 and UT-B abundances increase when the urea concentration in the medullary interstitium is high. These findings suggest that a reduction in urine or interstitial urea results in an increase in UT-A1 protein abundance in an attempt to restore inner medullary interstitial urea and preserve urine-concentrating ability.