Percentage Of Total Fatty Acids Research Articles

Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus do not have compromised polyunsaturated fatty acid status

Pregnant women who develop pre-eclampsia (PE) and/or intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) have reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status compared to healthy pregnancy(1). It is unknown if pregnant women diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), and their offspring, also have compromised PUFA status. To determine if women with GDM, and their offspring, have altered PUFA status compared to healthy pregnancy. Pregnant women were recruited from Glasgow Scotland, and Brisbane, Australia from antenatal clinics for this cross sectional study. Third trimester maternal blood samples were collected after an overnight fast and cord blood samples were collected at delivery. Plasma fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography from women with GDM (n = 37) and healthy pregnancies (n = 27) and their respective offspring (n = 31, from women with GDM, and n = 27 from healthy women). T-tests were used to determine significant differences between maternal with GDM and healthy pregnancy, as well as for their offspring and significance was set at p<0.05. Previously, erythrocyte fatty acids were analysed from women with PE (n = 21), IUGR (n = 13) and healthy pregnancies (n = 86)(1). All results were expressed as mol percent of total fatty acids. There were no differences in maternal plasma arachidonic acid (4.51 ± 1.23 vs. 4.72 ± 0.64, p = 0.39) and plasma EPA & DHA (2.33 ± 0.74 vs 2.69 ± 1.04, p = 0.14) in women with GDM and healthy pregnancies, respectively. There were no differences in fetal plasma arachidonic acid (11.58 ± 2.26 vs. 12.63 ± 1.69, p = 0.08) and plasma EPA & DHA (4.44 ± 1.17 vs. 4.44 ± 1.00, p = 0.89) in offspring from women with GDM and healthy pregnancies, respectively. Women with PE and IUGR had approximately 25% lower erythrocyte EPA & DHA and 35% lower erythrocyte arachidonic acid compared to healthy pregnant(1). Offspring from women with PE and IUGR had approximately 25% lower erythrocyte EPA & DHA and 22% lower erythrocyte arachidonic acid compared to healthy pregnancy(1).Women with PE and IUGR had lower PUFA status likely due to reduced PUFA synthesis(1) and offspring from women with PE and IUGR had reduced PUFA status likely due to ectopic fat in placenta tissue(2). Women with GDM do not have compromised PUFA status suggesting there is no reduced synthesis and transport of PUFA. Offspring from women with GDM do not have reduced PUFA status suggesting there is no problem with PUFA transport across the placenta, unlike offspring from women with PE and/or IUGR. Women with GDM, and their offspring, do not have compromised plasma PUFA status compared to healthy pregnancy.

Fatty Acids Profiling from An Antarctic Microalga, Pseudococcomyxa sp.

The main source of valuable fatty acids such as eicosapentaenic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that are important for human health are from marine fish. However, fatty acids derived from fish have many downsides such as contaminated with environmental pollution. Plus, the marine fish sources are limited due to several reasons. Hence, microalgae are seen to be potential alternative source of these valuable fatty acids. Microalgae are equipped with distinctive adaptive mechanisms that allow them to survive in all sorts of habitat even in subzero temperature such as in Antarctic. One of them is increased in their fatty acid levels. This research aims to characterize one species of Antarctic microalga isolated from polar ice of genus thought to be Pseudococcomyxa sp. and to profile its fatty acid compositions. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was profiled using gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) using methanol as solvent. Generally, the morphological characteristics of possible genus of Pseudococcomyxa sp. matched the actual Pseudococcomyxa sp. The total fatty acids percentage in Pseudococcomyxa sp. cultured in Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) had been successfully identified using methanol as solvent which is 53.13% with linolelaidic acid as the highest percentage (27.15%). The fatty acid compositions of Antarctic microalga, Pseudococcomyxa sp. which were successfully profiled have many potentials to be exploited in the future especially in pharmaceutical and food industry. Keywords: Antarctic, fatty acids, food, microalgae, pharmaceutical

66 Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Cognition, and Brain Volume in Healthy Elderly Adults

Objective:One common concern amongst the aging population is that of worsening memory. Speed of processing and executive functions are also areas of age-related decline that affect daily living. Lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and sleep have garnered intense interest as potential methods to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Among dietary factors, omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) have been documented as containing a myriad of health benefits, including neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between omega-3 FAs, cognitive function, and neuroanatomical regions of interest in a healthy aging population.Participants and Methods:Adults aged 65 and older (n=40, 48.9% Female) were recruited for the Loma Linda University Adventist Health Study-2 Cognitive and Neuroimaging Substudy. Participants had a mean age of 76.25 years (SD=8.29), 16.78 years of education (SD=2.53), and were predominantly White (85.0%). Participants received a two-hour neurocognitive battery, including measures of immediate and delayed memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RAVLT; WMS-IV Logical Memory, LM), processing speed (Stroop), and executive functions (Stroop Color/Word). Participants underwent brain imaging on a 3T Siemens MRI, including a 3D T1-weighted MPRAGE sequence. Cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were performed using FreeSurfer software. Blood samples were collected for fatty acid analysis. Individual FAs were expressed as a percent of total FAs. An omega-3 index was constructed as the sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) FAs. Correlational analyses, controlling for age, sex, and education, investigated relationships between omega-3 levels (individual and index) and (a) cognitive function (immediate and delayed memory, processing speed, executive functions), and (b) brain volumes in specific regions of interest (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, frontal pole, white matter).Results:EPA was significantly positively correlated with Stroop Color (r=.34, p=.048). Although not statistically significant, trends were observed between the omega-3 index and Stroop Color (r=.30, p=.08), and between both DHA and the omega-3 index with RAVLT – delayed recall (r=.29, p=.095; r=.30, p=.08, respectively). With regards to regional brain volumes, EPA and the omega-3 index were both significantly positively correlated with the entorhinal cortex (r=.34, p=.041; r=.41, p=.01, respectively) and white matter volume (r=.36, p=.028; r=.34, p=.038, respectively). DHA was significantly positively correlated with white matter volume (r=.34, p=.044).Conclusions:Blood levels of EPA were positively correlated with a measure of processing speed, and trends were observed between DHA, the omega-3 index and[GN1] verbal memory, and between the omega-3 index and processing speed. We also found that omega-3 FA values were associated with greater brain volume in the entorhinal cortex and white matter in our sample of healthy older adults. Atrophy of the entorhinal cortex has been associated with pathological processes. Additionally, white matter is known to effect processing speed. These findings may offer support for the idea that omega-3 FAs exert their neuroprotective effects by fortifying areas of the brain, specifically the entorhinal cortex and white matter, that promote maintenance of cognitive function in late life.

Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: 2 cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in a general population cohort

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be pertinent to the development of mental disorders, for example 28 via modulation of inflammation and synaptogenesis. We wished to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal 29 associations between PUFAs and mental disorders in a large cohort of young people. Participants in the 30 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were interviewed and provided blood samples at two 31 sampling periods when approximately 17 and 24 years old. Plasma PUFA measures (total omega-6 [n-6], 32 total omega-3 [n-3], n-6:n-3 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] percentage of total fatty acids) were 33 assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations 34 between standardised PUFA measures and three mental disorders (psychotic disorder, moderate/severe 35 depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder [GAD]) were measured by logistic regression, adjusting 36 for age, sex, body mass index and cigarette smoking. There was little evidence of cross-sectional 37 associations between PUFA measures and mental disorders at age 17. At age 24, the n-6:n-3 ratio was 38 positively associated with psychotic disorder, depressive disorder and GAD, while DHA was inversely 39 associated with psychotic disorder. In longitudinal analyses, there was evidence of an inverse association 40 between DHA at age 17 and incident psychotic disorder at age 24 (adjusted odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence 41 interval 0.22 - 0.87) with little such evidence for depressive disorder or GAD. There was little evidence for 42 associations between change in PUFA measures from 17 to 24 years and incident mental disorders at 24 43 years. These findings provide support for associations between PUFAs and mental disorders in early 44 adulthood, and in particular, for DHA in adolescence in relation to prevention of psychosis.

Low and high temperatures promote docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN by regulating the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway and the expression of saturated fatty acid preferred diacylglycerol acyltransferases

Low (15 °C) and high (35 °C) temperatures significantly increased DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids (TFAs) to 43.6 % and 40.46 %, respectively (1.28- and 1.18-fold of that at 25 °C, respectively). The incompleteness of the FAS pathway indicates that DHA synthesis does not occur via this pathway. Meanwhile, Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the PUFA synthase pathway might be responsible for DHA synthesis in C. sp. SUN. Additionally, the three diacylglycerol acyltransferases all had a substrate preference for saturated fatty acid (SFA)-CoA, which also contributed to the decreased SFA and increased DHA at both low and high temperatures. Additionally, WGCNA analysis identifies key regulatory genes that may be involved in temperature-regulated DHA proportion. The findings of this study indicate the mechanisms of temperature-regulated DHA accumulation in C. sp. SUN and shed light on the manipulation of DHA proportion by changes in temperature.

Plasma Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Dairy Consumption Are Associated with Sex-Dependent Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Mexican Adolescents

Introduction: During adolescence, dairy product intake has shown conflicting associations with metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to investigate the association between plasma fatty acids (FAs) C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7, as biomarkers of dairy intake, with MetS and its components in Mexican adolescents. Methods: A sample of 311 participants from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico City to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort was included in this cross-sectional analysis. FA concentrations were measured in plasma as a percentage of total FA. We used quantile regression models stratified by sex to evaluate the association between FA quantiles and MetS components, adjusting for age, socioeconomic status (SES), sedentary behavior, BMI z-score, pubertal status, and energy intake. Results: We found significant associations between dairy biomarkers and the median of MetS variables. In females, t-C16:1n-7 was associated with a decrease of 2.97 cm in WC (Q4 vs. Q1; 95% CI: −5.79, −0.16). In males, C15:0 was associated with an increase of 5.84 mm/Hg in SBP (Q4 vs. Q1; CI: 1.82, 9.85). For HDL-C, we observed opposite associations by sex. C15:0 in males was associated with decreased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = −4.23; 95% CI: −7.98, −0.48), while in females, C15:0 and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased HDL-C (Q3 vs. Q1: β = 4.75; 95% CI: 0.68, 8.82 and Q4 vs. Q1: β = 6.54; 95% CI: 2.01, 11.07), respectively. Additionally, in both sexes, different levels of C15:0, C17:0, and t-C16:1n-7 were associated with increased triglycerides (TG). Conclusion: Our results suggest that adolescent dairy intake may be associated in different directions with MetS components and that associations are sex-dependent.

105-OR: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy—Is the Source Important?

Introduction: We have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from fish oil (FO) was an effective treatment for diabetes vascular and neural complications. However, is FO the best source of omega-3 PUFA for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)? Methods: To address this question we used a rat model of type 2 diabetes and a late intervention protocol. After 10 weeks of hyperglycemia, diabetic rats were treated for 12 weeks via diet with omega-3 PUFA derived from a variety of sources including menhaden (fish) oil (MO), krill oil (KO), oils derived from algae that produce primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or combination of EPA and DHA, or commercial ethyl esters of EPA, DHA or combination of EPA and DHA. Primary endpoints were motor (MNCV) and sensory (SNCV) nerve conduction velocity, intraepidermal and cornea nerve fiber density, thermal and cornea sensitivity, and vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles that provide circulation to the sciatic nerve. The omega-3 index, and serum fatty acid levels were also determined. Results: The dose of each omega-3 PUFA supplement was customized to create a healthy omega-3 index. Defined as the sum of EPA and DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids in red blood cells, range for healthy level 8 - 12%. Following 22 weeks of untreated diabetes neural and vascular endpoints were significantly impaired compared to control rats. Treatment with MO provided the greatest improvement for all neural endpoints followed by KO and algal oils or ethyl esters containing a combination of EPA and DHA. Algal oil or ethyl ester of EPA alone was the least effective. The greatest improvement in vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles to acetylcholine was realized following treatment with MO with less benefit from the other omega-3 PUFA sources. Conclusion: These pre-clinical studies suggest that in a clinical trial for DPN the best outcome may be obtained by using FO as the source for omega-3 PUFA. Disclosure M.A.Yorek: Consultant; Novo Nordisk. Funding U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RX003826-01)

Chemical composition, lipid peroxidation and in vitro ruminal fermentation of crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) herbage and silage

AbstractCrown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) is a widely spread legume species that can be used as a forage crop for herbivores. The crown vetch herbage was ensiled with 0, 4, or 8% of crushed barley grain on a wet basis. The crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber in organic matter (NDFom) contents of crown vetch herbage were higher than those of crown vetch silages (p < .05). The malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of herbage and silages with barley grain were lower than that of silage without barley grain (p < .05). The linoleic acid (C18:2) percentage of total fatty acids in forage decreased with the ensiling process (p < .05). The addition of crushed barley grain in the ensiling process of crown vetch herbage preserved the α‐linolenic acid (C18:3) percentage of total fatty acids (p < .05). The crushed barley grain positively affected dry matter (DM) and ammonia‐nitrogen levels, acidity value (pH and lactic, acetic and propionic acids) and in vitro ruminal fermentation values (cumulative gas production, metabolic energy [ME], net energy lactation [NEL] and organic matter digestion [OMd]) of crown vetch silage (p < .05). The concentration of volatile fatty acids (acetic, butyric, propionic, iso‐valeric and iso‐butyric acids) in the in vitro ruminal fermentation fluid was similar in herbage and silages of crown vetch (p > .05). Consequently, crushed barley grain (especially 4% rate) in the ensiling process of crown vetch increased hemicellulose, easily digestible carbohydrates, linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acid in silage and in vitro ruminal digestion parameters, positively affected silage acidity and decreased lipid peroxidation.

Industrially produced trans fat and saturated fat content of food products in Jamaica.

To estimate industrially produced trans and saturated fatty acid levels in foods within the Jamaican food system. A total of 308 commonly consumed foods were selected for analysis based on their potential to contain trans fatty acids. Samples were collected from supermarkets, convenience stores, and fast-food restaurants. Official methods of gas chromatography for the analysis of fats were used. The results were expressed as grams of fatty acid per 100 g of food sample and percentage of total fatty acids. Total fat was found to exceed United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS) limits in 27.3% (n = 84/308) of food samples. About one-third (33.8%; n = 104/308) of commonly consumed foods in Jamaica contained varying levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids, while 7.8% exceeded the Pan American Health Organization limit of 2% of total fat. Industrially produced trans fatty acids were found in food categories such as canned meats, baked goods, cooking oils, condiments, breakfast cereals, desserts, dairy, spreads, snacks, and confectionery. The subcategories coconut oils and burgers had the highest mean content. Canned food, infant food, and pasta categories had no trans fat present. Saturated fats were found in almost all foods. Importantly, 32.5% (n = 100/308) of the foods had saturated fat concentrations higher than the NHS limit of 5 g per 100 g of food. Most of the food items with high levels of industrially produced trans fatty acids also contained high levels of saturated fats. Food products in Jamaica contain varying levels of fats that exceeded recommendations which support healthy consumption. Further exploration and reformulation efforts are needed to ensure that nutritional qualities are improved.

Spadefoot Pelobates vespertinus (Amphibia, Pelobatidae) as a transmitter of fatty acids from water to land in a forest-steppe floodplain

The transfer of biomass and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the spadefoot P. vespertinus (previously subspecies of P. fuscus) from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems was studied for five years in small floodplain water bodies of a forest-steppe zone. Average emergence of metamorphs from unit of water area, wet mass was 6.7 g m−2 year−1. A ratio of the emergence to biomass was calculated and represented as E/B coefficient (an analog of P/B production/biomass coefficient). The average E/B was found to be 0.038 year−1. The introduced coefficient can be used for a coarse estimation of the emergence on the basis of tadpole biomass measurements. A considerable partitioning of tadpoles and metamorphs in the composition of fatty acids in their biomass was revealed. Tadpoles had significantly higher mean levels (percent of total fatty acids) of 16:0, 16:1n-9, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-3, while metamorphs had significantly higher levels of 14:0, 15:0, 17:0, 17:1n-8, 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 20:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, likely due to the shifting to terrestrial food. Metamorphs had significantly higher content of total fatty acids, mg g−1 of wet weight, and, in spite of lower level, they had significantly higher content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) than tadpoles. Metamorphs also had significantly higher content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and sum of EPA + DHA than tadpoles. Average flux of EPA + DHA from unit of water area with metamorphs was 3.27 mg m−2 year−1. The metamorphs appeared to be qualitatively and quantitatively prominent prey for a number of terrestrial consumers.

Relative Validity and Reproducibility of Dietary Measurements Assessed by a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire among Chinese Healthy Adults.

This study aimed to evaluate the relative validity and reproducibility of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) in adult populations in China. Among the 49 recruited healthy participants (age range: 20-60 years), the relative validity of a 79-item SFFQ was assessed in two ways: (1) by comparing its dietary intake estimates with those from the average measurements of three inconsecutive 24 h dietary records (24-HDRs); and (2) by comparing its estimates of dietary fatty acids with the measured plasma levels of fatty acids. The reproducibility of the SFFQ was evaluated by a comparison of two SFFQ measurements from the same participants collected one year apart. In the relative validity study, the average Spearman correlation coefficient (r) was 0.27 among 18 prespecified food group intakes estimated from the SFFQ and the 24-HDRs; nevertheless, that of five food group intakes (e.g., red meat and seafood) was higher (all rs > 0.40, p < 0.05). In addition, a moderate correlation between the SFFQ estimate of polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes (energy-adjusted percentage of total fatty acids) and its plasma level was observed (r = 0.42, p < 0.05). Regarding the one-year reproducibility of the SFFQ-assessed intakes, the average rank intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.35 for the 18 food group estimates. In particular, moderately reproducible estimates of seven food group intakes (e.g., refined grains and red meat, all ICCs ≥ 0.40, p < 0.05) were observed. In conclusion, the SFFQ provides valid and reproducible estimates of dietary intakes for various food groups in general and performs well as a potential tool for estimating habitual dietary intakes of some unsaturated fatty acids.

Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator (SPM) Profile in Blood from Children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): Comparison with Age-, and Race- Matched Controls

Introduction: Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) are lipid mediators, biosynthesized from the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); and the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA). SPMs are grouped into four families of lipid mediators including resolvins, protectins, maresins and lipoxins; and these mediators play a role in the resolution of inflammation. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of clinical complications in sickle cell disease (SCD). In addition, multiple studies in SCD have documented decreased levels of anti-inflammatory fatty acids DHA and EPA in blood cells and plasma. We assessed whether the decreased DHA and EPA content play a role in modulation of peripheral blood SPM levels in SCD. Methods: Using targeted liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we investigated plasma SPM profile in children with SCD in steady state (n=45, subjects with confirmed SCD genotypes SS and Sβ0 thalassemia, ages 2-20 years), and compared to that from an age- and race-matched control group (n=24). Analysis also included the SPM pathway markers, prostaglandins, thromboxane and leukotriene and their metabolites. (n-3) PUFA content in total blood cells was measured in both groups using capillary gas chromatography. Results: Consistent with the published results, a significant decrease in (n-3) PUFA content (measured as percent of total fatty acids) was noted in children with SCD (2.14% ± 0.47% in SCD vs 2.39% ± 0.45% in control, mean ± SD, P=0.04). In plasma from both SCD and controls, we identified and quantitated 6 SPMs which included DHA-derived resolvin (Rv) D1, RvD3 and 17R-RvD3; EPA-derived RvE2; and DPA(n-3)-derived RvD5(n-3) and protectin D (PD)-1 (n-3). Median RvD1 level (pg/ml) in SCD plasma was significantly elevated (65 in SCD vs 36 in controls, P=0.002). Levels of other SPMs were not significantly different between the two groups. Multiple SPM pathway markers including mono-hydroxy-PUFAs (EPA-derived 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 15-HEPE and 18-HEPE; DHA-derived 4-HDHA, 7-HDHA and 14-HDHA; and AA-derived 5-HETE, 12-HETE and 15-HETE) were present in both control and SCD plasma. Levels (median, pg/ml) of 5-lipoxygenase-derived EPA-metabolite 5-HEPE (212 vs 122, P=0.027) and DHA-derived metabolite 7-HDHA (62 vs 39, P=0.036), and 12-lipoxygenase-derived AA-metabolite 12-HETE (16783 vs 11796, P=0.025) were increased significantly in SCD compared to those from the controls. 15-Lipoxygenase derived pathway markers (15-HEPE and 15-HETE) were not different between the two groups. The cyclo-oxygenase-derived eicosanoids identified and quantitated in both groups included PGE2, PGD2 and TxB2 with a significant increase observed in TxB2 level in SCD plasma (1213 vs 970 pg/ml, P=0.038). Leukotriene (LT) B4 (an AA-derived pro-inflammatory mediator) and lipoxins (AA-derived SPMs), and their metabolites 20-OH-LTB4 and 20-COOH-LTB4 were absent in plasma from both SCD and control. Conclusions: Our results taken together demonstrate that the decreased bioavailability of (n-3) PUFA in children with SCD does not appear to limit SPM production in steady state as documented with normal/increased plasma levels of SPMs and their pathway markers. Whether the SPM profile in circulation is different in SCD pathologies associated with inflammation including vaso-occlusive pain crisis and acute chest syndrome, compared to steady state disease, require further investigation.

Abstract 15134: Joint Associations of Fatty Acids With Inflammation and Lipid Profiles: A Mixture Analysis Approach

Introduction: The human diet consists of a complex mixture of fatty acids with differential effects on cardiovascular health. Saturated fatty acids have been shown to exert a hypercholesterolemic effect, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties. Advanced statistical approaches are needed however to address whether their covarying relationships may contribute to varying outcomes on cardiovascular health. Methods: We used data on adult participants from the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Blood lipid levels were measured in 2,926 participants, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in 1,339 participants. Fatty acids were measured in serum or plasma and analyzed as the percentage of total fatty acids. We used covariate-adjusted quantile g-computation to assess the joint effects of 6 saturated, 6 monounsaturated, and 11 polyunsaturated fatty acids on log-transformed outcomes, as well as examine the relative contribution of each fatty acid to the joint mixture effect. Results: We estimated positive associations between the mixture of saturated fatty acids with total cholesterol and LDL, which was primarily driven by myristic acid and docosanoic acid. The mixture of monounsaturated fatty acids was associated with lower total cholesterol and LDL, but higher CRP with a quartile increase in monounsaturated fatty acids associated with 21.1% (95% CI: 7.9, 35.9) higher CRP. The mixture of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was positively associated with both total cholesterol and LDL. We found that the mixture of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was negatively associated with CRP and LDL. A quartile increase in omega-3 fatty acids was associated with -11.6% (95% CI: -18.8, -3.7) lower CRP, and -2.1% (95% CI: -3.6, -0.4) lower LDL. The relationship with CRP was primarily driven by docosapentaenoic n-3 acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, while the relationship with LDL was driven by docosapentaenoic n-3 acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions: Assessing the complex mixture of fatty acids, we found distinct beneficial relationships between omega-3 fatty acids with inflammation and lipid profiles, with an important role of docosapentaenoic n-3 acid.

FATTY ACID PROFILE OF FAST FOODS, TRADITIONAL SNACKS AND SWEETMEATS OF BANGLADESH

A total of 184 samples from 18 varieties of commercial fast foods, traditional snacks and sweetmeats of Dhaka city were examined for fatty acid composition, percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and saturated fatty acid (SFA). Fatty acid methyl esters prepared from lipid extracts were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography using capillary columns. The percentage of total fatty acid of these foods was determined. In general, traditional snacks showed high proportion of SFA (ranged 24.4-65.5%) and fast foods showed high proportion of PUFA (ranged 11.9-52.8%). The MUFA content, on the other hand, in all foods ranged 29.8-42.3% with a predominant contribution by oleic acid (18:1). The findings of the study showed that these Bangladeshi commercial fast foods and traditional snacks were high in SFA especially in chicken patties (50.2%), beef pizza (48.1%), beef patties (46.6%), and all sweetmeats (ranged 52.8-65.5%) except kalojam (35.6%). The source of SFA in the fat fraction was basically animal fats and palm oil. The experimental results showed that the Bangladeshi young urbanites who are accustomed to fast foods culture seem to be in the risk of high energy intake with an excessive share of SFA.

Bioprospecting Indigenous Marine Microalgae for Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Under Different Media Conditions.

Marine microalgae produce a number of valuable compounds that have significant roles in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, nutraceutical, and food industries. Although there are numerous microalgal germplasms available in the marine ecosystem, only a small number of strains have been recognized for their commercial potential. In this study, several indigenous microalgal strains were isolated from the coast of the Arabian Sea for exploring the presence and production of high-value compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs are essential fatty acids with multiple health benefits. Based on their high PUFA content, two isolated strains were identified by ITS sequencing and selected for further studies to enhance PUFAs. From molecular analysis, it was found both the strains were green microalgae: one of them was a Chlorella sp., while the other was a Planophila sp. The two isolated strains, together with a control strain known for yielding high levels of PUFAs, Nannochloropsis oculata, were grown in three different nutrient media for PUFA augmentation. The relative content of α-linolenic acid (ALA) as a percentage of total fatty acids reached a maximum of 50, 36, and 50%, respectively, in Chlorella sp., Planophila sp., and N. oculata. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in exploring fatty acids in Planophila sp. The obtained results showed a higher PUFA content, particularly α-linolenic acid at low nutrients in media.

Validation of an abbreviated food frequency questionnaire for estimating DHA intake of pregnant women in the United States

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was estimated in pregnant women between 12- and 20-weeks’ gestation using the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Diet History Questionnaire-II (DHQ-II) and a 7-question screener designed to capture DHA intake (DHA Food Frequency Questionnaire, DHA-FFQ). Results from both methods were compared to red blood cell phospholipid DHA (RBC-DHA) weight percent of total fatty acids. DHA intake from the DHA-FFQ was more highly correlated with RBC-DHA (rs=0.528) than the DHQ-II (rs=0.352). Moreover, the DHA-FFQ allowed us to obtain reliable intake data from 1355 of 1400 participants. The DHQ-II provided reliable intake for only 847 of 1400, because many participants only partially completed it and it was not validated for Hispanic participants. Maternal age, parity, and socioeconomic status (SES) were also significant predictors of RBC-DHA. When included with estimated intake from the DHA-FFQ, the model accounted for 36% of the variation in RBC-DHA.

Development of Growth Media from Agricultural By-Products for Cultivation of PUFA-Producing Sicyoidochytrium minutum

The demand for novel sources of marine oils, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has increased due to the realization of the importance of PUFAs, e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the human diet. However, the natural supply is limited. By-product peptones (BYPP) intended as a growth medium for the PUFA-producing strain Sicyoidochytrium minutum of family Thraustochytriaceae were produced after several experiments on the pancreatic digestion of bovine lungs and spleens. S. minutum was able to grow in a medium containing BYPP made from the pancreatic digestion of lung and spleen with glycerol, resulting in 1.14 ± 0.03 g cell dry weight (CDW)/L and 1.44 ± 0.24 g CDW/L, respectively, after 5 days of incubation at 25 °C, compared to 1.92 ± 0.25 g CDW/L in Basal Medium (BM) containing tryptone, peptone, and glycerol. The lipid content, obtained after growth in lung BYPP media with glycerol as a carbon source, was significantly higher (28.17% ± 1.33 of dry weight) than in the control basal medium (BM) (21.72% ± 2.45); however, DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids was lower in BYPP than in the control BM (25.24% ± 1.56 and 33.02% ± 2.37, respectively). It is concluded that low-value by-products from abattoirs can be used as ingredients for the cultivation of oligogenic Thraustochytriaceae.

Abstract 13338: Sociodemographic Differences in the Associations Between Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Lipid Profiles in the United States

Introduction: Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids have been shown to improve cardiovascular disease related lipid profiles, however, it is unclear whether these benefits vary by sociodemographic status. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to examine sociodemographic differences in n-3 fatty acids and their associations with lipid profiles in the general US population. Methods: Data from 2,444 participants in the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in the study. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were measured in serum and analyzed as a percentage of total fatty acids. The primary outcomes included LDL/HDL ratio, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, and log of triglycerides/HDL ratio. Survey weighted regression with domain analysis were used to test for sociodemographic differences in associations. Results: We found that males had significantly lower levels of total n-3 fatty acids than females. Compared with Non-Hispanic Whites, Mexican Americans had lower levels of n-3 fatty acids, while Non-Hispanic Asians had higher levels. Omega-3 levels were also highest in college graduates and participants with a household income greater than $65,000. After adjusting for relevant confounders, we found an inverse association between DHA and LDL/HDL (-0.14 per 1% higher relative DHA; 95% CI:-0.25,-0.02), total cholesterol/HDL (-0.31; 95% CI: -0.45,-0.17), and triglyceride/HDL (-0.26; -0.34,-0.17). We also found an inverse association between EPA and triglyceride/HDL (-0.15; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.5). No associations were found with DPA. Subgroup analysis revealed that the association between DHA and LDL/HDL ratio was only significant in females, Non-Hispanic Whites, those with an annual household income greater than $65,000, and college graduates. Subgroup analysis of total cholesterol/HDL revealed an inverse association with EPA in females, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and college graduates. Conclusions: In the United States, the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid profiles vary by sociodemographics. These results may be due to sociodemographic inequalities in n-3 fatty acid consumption.

Abstract 12309: Effects of Sex and Age on Plasma Fatty Acids as Measured by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in a Very Large Population Analysis

Background: Studies have documented the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as found in oily fish and/or fish oil capsules, on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. JELIS using purified EPA 1800 mg/day and REDUCE-IT using EPA 4 g/day reported significant reductions in CVD endpoints in statin-treated subjects versus controls. Median plasma EPA levels increased from 97 to 166 μg/mL in the treatment group in JELIS and from 26 to 169 μg/mL in REDUCE-IT. Reductions in CVD endpoints were related to EPA levels. No benefit on CVD risk was observed in STRENGTH, when subjects were given 4 g/day of a carboxylic acid formulation containing both EPA and DHA. Objective: We aimed to ascertain interrelationships of sex and age with plasma fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, in a very large clinical population. Methods: Plasma fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after lipid extraction in 1,169,621 fasting United States subjects (56.2% female; median age 58.2 yr). Results: Plasma fatty acid indices (median±IQR), expressed as percentage of total fatty acids, were 31.5±1.5% for saturated fatty acids (sum of 14:0, 16:0, and 18:0); 21.4±2.2%, monounsaturated fatty acids (sum of 16:1n7- cis and 18:1n9- cis ); 0.45±0.23%, trans fatty acids (sum of 16:1n7- trans and 18:1n9- trans ); 42.4±3.0%, omega-6 fatty acids (sum of 18:2n6, 20:3n6, and 20:4n6); and 2.55±0.80%, omega-3 fatty acids (sum of 20:5n3 and 22:6n3). EPA plasma levels were 22.0±9.6 μg/mL (median±IQR), significantly lower than levels ≥150 μg/mL required for significant CVD risk reduction in randomized trials. Females had significantly ( P &lt;0.0001) lower indices of monounsaturated (-4.31%) and trans fatty acids (-9.30%) and significantly higher indices of omega-6 (+2.79%) and omega-3 fatty acids (+6.82%) than males. Older subjects (≥65 years of age) had a significantly ( P &lt;0.001) higher median omega-3 fatty acid index (+29.68%) and higher plasma EPA levels (+57.05%) than younger subjects (&lt;30 years of age). Conclusion: In one of the largest US population studies looking at fatty acids, we found sex and age specific differences. Plasma EPA levels were very low in all groups.

Trimester-Specific Reference Ranges for Saturated, Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Serum of Pregnant Women: A Cohort Study from the ECLIPSES Group.

In the course of pregnancy, increasing importance is being placed on maintaining optimal fatty acid (FA) levels and particularly n-3 PUFAs to ensure correct fetal development. However, reference ranges for FA have been reported in only a few studies. Our objective is to provide quantitative reference intervals for SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (n-6 and n-3) in a large population of healthy pregnant women from a developed country. A prospective study of pregnant women (n = 479) was conducted from the first trimester (T1) to the third trimester (T3). A total of 11 fatty acids were analyzed in serum by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and were expressed as absolute (µmol/L) and relative (percentage of total FA) concentration units. Serum concentrations of SFAs, MUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, various FA ratios, and the EFA index were determined. The reference intervals (2.5/97.5 percentiles) in absolute values from T1 ranged from 1884.32 to 8802.81 µmol/L for SFAs, from 959.91 to 2979.46 µmol/L for MUFAs, from 2325.77 to 7735.74 µmol/L for n-6 PUFAs, and from 129.01 to 495.58 µmol/L for n-3 PUFAs. These intervals mainly include the values of other studies from European populations. However, reference ranges vary according to some maternal factors. The FA levels proposed, obtained from a large sample of pregnant women, will be a useful tool for assessing the degree of adequacy of FAs in pregnant women and will help to carry out dietary interventions based on certain maternal factors.