Pass Percentage Research Articles

The Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear on Player Performance and Longevity in La Liga League Soccer Players

AbstractAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is among the most studied sports injuries. We investigate the impact of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) on performance and longevity in La Liga to elucidate performance parameters impacted after surgery in professional soccer players and variables impacting return-to-play (RTP).Demographic and performance data for La Liga players with ACLR between 1993 and 2020 were collected three seasons before and after injury and compared with two healthy controls. Analysis was conducted between and within ACLR and control groups. Pearson's correlation coefficients and a multiple linear regression model analyzed relationships between demographic variables and RTP.After exclusion, 23 professional soccer players were identified for the ACLR group. One year after index, ACLR had lower goals, shots on-target, assists, pass percentage, tackles, tackle success percentage, blocks, and clearances compared with control (p < 0.05). Two years after index, ACLR had lower assists, pass percentage, and tackle success percentage than control (p < 0.05). Three years after index, ACLR had fewer matches and blocks versus control (p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation showed a positive correlation between experience and RTP (p = 0.001). Multiple linear regression found RTP to increase 32.66 days for each additional year of experience (p < 0.001).With performance metrics showing significant decreases up to 2 years post-ACLR but largely recovering within 3 years of RTP, results support that soccer players undergoing ACLR eventually recover to preinjury levels of play. Players should be counseled on initial declines in performance metrics the first few years after RTP.

Investigation of the Effect of Technical and Physical Performance on Success in Elite Level Women's Soccer

The aim of this study is to reveal the differences in the technical, physical and tactical performances of the countries participating in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup and their impact and relationship on the success of the tournament. 14 technical-tactical and 2 physical performances, 16 parameters in total were evaluated. As a result of the analyses, statistically significant differences were found between the number of goals scored, the number of goals conceded, the number of shots on goal, the number of possession in the final third and the number of corners used by the countries that reached the last 16 and the countries that failed to advance to the next round. At the end of the quarter-final matches, no statistically significant difference was found between the performances of the countries that advanced to the semi-finals and the countries that were eliminated. There is a moderate to high positive correlation between the percentage of possession, total and accurate number and percentage of passes, attempts at goal, attempts at goal on target, completed line breaks and interceptions in the final third and total number of goals for the countries that won the competition in the tournament. As a result, it can be said that physical performances are similar in elite level women's soccer, but teams that have more possession of the ball and are willing to take advantage of opportunities to score goals can make a difference.

Implementing communication technologies to enhance learning efficiency at a technical vocational education and training college in Cape Town

This paper explores the impact of extending instructional time at technical vocational education and training (TVET) colleges using WhatsApp's mobile social network (MSN) application. In South Africa, there is relatively little discussion on extending instructional time within the TVET sector, yet instructional time loss is consistently mentioned as one of the most significant challenges. During the study, the subject of Computer Programming was examined in light of poor learner performance. This study employed mixed-methods research following a pragmatic paradigm to formulate educational policies potentially dealing with TVET instructional time losses in South Africa. Data were collected from two TVET centres (FB1 and FB2) involving two lecturers and 48 students in Cape Town. Despite the study's mixed results, qualitative data reflected the need to extend instructional time and improve the efficiency of applications like WhatsApp. Quantitative data reflected an overall percentage pass rate of 56% and 100% for FB2 and FB1, respectively. The messaging application, however, has challenges, such as disrupting conversations. By participating in learner WhatsApp groups, the paper believes lecturers can reap positive benefits from these initiatives. This study adds voice to mixed-method practices. To maximise pedagogical efficiency, this study recommends that educators provide practical guidance on using MSN applications to increase instruction time.

The Power of PBL and TPACK: Catalysts for Elevating Students' Writing Learning Outcomes

The English writing learning process is crucial in English language education, but it often faces challenges such as limited resources and ineffective teaching methods. To address these issues, this study explores the use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) integrated with Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in the context of English as a foreign language (EFL) learning, specifically in the writing course. The research aims to investigate how the integration of PBL and TPACK can enhance students' writing learning outcomes (assessing their content and clarity, structure of the writing, and language quality). The research follows a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design with a quantitative approach. The subjects consist of 10th-grade students from a public high school in Pasuruan Regency, with a total of 33 participants. Data collection instruments include pre and post writing tests and observation. Data analysis is conducted using Microsoft Excel, employing percentages. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of PBL integrated with TPACK leads to significant improvements in students' writing learning outcomes. In the pre-cycle, the pass percentage was only 39.39%, while in cycle I, it increased to 75.76%, and in cycle II, it reached 93.94%. This study contributes to the development of curricula and teaching methods for English writing. These findings have important implications for future writing instruction that can help improve students' writing learning outcomes. This study’s limitations are constraining the applicability of its findings to diverse educational environments and a relatively brief timeframe. Future research could explore cross-cultural variations, delve into extended research periods, and compare the effectiveness of PBL and TPACK with alternative teaching models in EFL education.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Dengan Model PBL Pada Materi Sepuluh Perintah Allah di Kelas IV SDN 29 UPT SP IV

The learning outcomes of class IV students at SD Negeri 29 UPT SP IV for the 2022/2023 academic year are still low because they are only focused on activities such as listening, doing assignments, and relying completely on books resulting in less active learning. As a result, interaction between teachers and students and between students with each other becomes limited, causing learning to be not optimal and having a negative impact on achieving student learning outcomes. The material is delivered through the lecture method, teachers do not relate the material to real situations, and students are less active in the learning process. . This research aims to improve the learning achievement of class IV students and teacher performance in teaching the ten commandments of God as a guide to life by implementing the PBL model at SD Negeri 29 UPT SP IV. This research uses a classroom action research design consisting of two cycles. Each cycle consists of four steps: planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. Data was collected through formative tests and observation and documentation. The results of research in cycle I showed that the average score reached 81.2 with a classical pass percentage of 70.59%. In cycle II, the average score increased to 89.00 with a classical pass percentage reaching 92.16%. The student attendance rate remained high in both cycles, namely 97.39%. Student involvement in learning also increased from 66.28% (high) in cycle I to 76.50% (very high) in cycle II. The teacher performance score increased from 82.25 (AB) in cycle I to 93.58 (A) in cycle II. In this series, it can be concluded that the application of the PBL model is effective in improving student learning achievement and teacher performance in teaching Catholic religious education material and morals about the ten commandments of God as a guide to life in class IV of SD Negeri 29 UPT SP IV

Three years versus four years Saudi Board Family Medicine program: Graduates' academic performance, perceptions, burnout, and satisfaction with professional life.

The specialty of family medicine, established in Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, has rapidly progressed in healthcare settings and is increasingly utilized by the population as well as recent MBBS graduates. Universally, there is ambiguity in the duration, curriculum, and assessment methods used in family medicine specialization programs. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 183 fresh graduates from a 3-year and 4-year residency program. Data were collected using electronic forms, which were subsequently transferred to Microsoft Excel. Following appropriate coding, the data were transferred to SPSS for analysis. The dataset was then cleaned, and statistical tests, such as Chi-square and independent t-tests, were used to draw inferences. Males (50.3%) and females (49.7%) had almost equal distribution in the study. Overall, 67.6% of respondents had passed the final exam; the pass percentage was 69.3% for the 3-year residency program and 66.4% for the 4-year program. The overall mean score for perceived achievement of SaudiMED-FM 2020 competencies was 23.06 ± 5.52 out of a total score of 30. On comparing the 3-year versus 4-year residency program, there was no statistically significant difference between perceived competency scores and professional satisfaction scores. Among the study participants, 19 (10.4%) had 'serious burnout', and 22 (12%) had 'extremely serious burnout'. Professional satisfaction was significantly associated with burnout (P = 0.006). Based on the study results, there was no significant difference regarding academic performance, perceived competencies, and professional satisfaction among the graduates of the 3-year versus 4-year residency program. Approximately more than half of the graduates had suffered from burnout which was reported more by the females and those with financial issues. The majority of the respondents suggested improvements in clinical rotation and assessment methods.

Synchronization of passes in event and spatiotemporal soccer data

The majority of soccer analysis studies investigates specific scenarios through the implementation of computational techniques, which involve the examination of either spatiotemporal position data (movement of players and the ball on the pitch) or event data (relating to significant situations during a match). Yet, only a few applications perform a joint analysis of both data sources despite the various involved advantages emerging from such an approach. One possible reason for this is a non-systematic error in the event data, causing a temporal misalignment of the two data sources. To address this problem, we propose a solution that combines the SwiftEvent online algorithm (Gensler and Sick in Pattern Anal Appl 21:543–562, 2018) with a subsequent refinement step that corrects pass timestamps by exploiting the statistical properties of passes in the position data. We evaluate our proposed algorithm on ground-truth pass labels of four top-flight soccer matches from the 2014/15 season. Results show that the percentage of passes within half a second to ground truth increases from 14 to 70%, while our algorithm also detects localization errors (noise) in the position data. A comparison with other models shows that our algorithm is superior to baseline models and comparable to a deep learning pass detection method (while requiring significantly less data). Hence, our proposed lightweight framework offers a viable solution that enables groups facing limited access to (recent) data sources to effectively synchronize passes in the event and position data.

Development ETL (Extract, Transform and Load) Module in Indonesian Agricultural Commodities OLAP System

The SOLAP system for Indonesian Agricultural Commodities is a successful development based on previous studies. Agricultural commodity data are managed in a data warehouse with a galactic schema, which has 7 fact tables, namely cut flower horticulture, ornamental plant horticulture, horticulture, food crops, plantation, livestock population, and livestock production, as well as 3 dimensional tables, namely location, time, and commodity. The results of SOLAP operations on the system can be visualized in the form of crosstabs, graphs and maps. The system uses a web platform so that it can be accessed by the public. However, the SOLAP system cannot update data in real time. This study aims to develop a data warehouse for Indonesian Agricultural Commodities SOLAP in real time by creating a scraping system. This study has succeeded in developing a data warehouse in real time on the indonesian agricultural commodity SOLAP system by creating a real time scraping system that is applied to the SOLAP server and has succeeded in making the ETL process run in real time on the SOLAP server and optimizing polygon-based spatial data visualization using the Douglas-Peucker. This study has also carried out functional testing of OLAP features and functions on the Indonesian Agricultural Commodity SOLAP system using the black box testing method. The results of this study provide accurate and real-time data on the SOLAP of Indonesian Agricultural Commodities, with the results of SOLAP feature testing achieving 100 percent pass and the data conformity test results of OLAP function as expected. In addition, the results of this study make it possible to automatically update the data according to a predetermined schedule to provide real-time information.

Expectations, Crisis, and Vulnerability: Impact on Student Behaviour

The exodus of new generation passes outs completing schooling and seeking to pursue degree programs is at an all-time high in colleges across the State of Kerala. As a matter of fact, many of them are short of the basic standards required to cope with the levels demanded of higher education. Barring premier institutes and professional courses, students in UG programs in Arts and Science colleges reveal a declining trend in overall academic standards. Adding to the difficulty, subjects are taught in the local language at the UG and PG levels. This incapacitates students from utilizing the vast repository of knowledge open before them. Resultantly pass percentages are on the decline. Even those who pass are not worth the expectations of a graduate. Classroom experience conveys an apparently dismal picture of student indifference and lack of interest in studies. The main reason for this is that students join the institution with an entirely different set of expectations contrary to what is required. They expect unlimited freedom, leisure, and enjoyment. These are the basic urges in stark contrast with the ground realities of real requirements. If effective learning has to take place, the prime requirement to be met is that students should be interested to learn, willing to learn, and motivated to learn. Their unrealistic expectations are giving way to an array of problems. This is further compounded by a set of contributing factors rooted in crisis such as emotional and personal distress, and low energy levels. A set of predisposing factors adds to the vulnerability. On top of this is the supplementing factors that backtrack them. This paper is an attempt to explore the factors that are responsible for the behavior of students which drives them to pursuits other than studies in the place of their primary objective. The findings are the result of a Case Study conducted in an educational institution in Malappuram district of Kerala.

Impacto del aula invertida en el rendimiento académico: Una experiencia en estudiantes de salud

The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of the Flipped Classroom Method on the academic performance of Research Methodology students at the Faculty of Health of the National University of the East, Bolivia. The study was developed under a quantitative and quasi-experimental approach. The sample was made up of 57 students divided into Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG). Variables such as academic performance and the application of the Flipped Classroom Method were evaluated, considering measures such as grades, percentage of passes and failures. As a result, a significant difference was obtained in the knowledge test scores between the pre-test and post-test of the Experimental Group, which indicates a positive effect of the Flipped Classroom on academic performance. The students of the Faculty of Health who participated in the study achieve better results, they value innovative pedagogical approaches for training in health research.

Medial Collateral Ligament Pie-Crusting for Isolated Medial Meniscal Root Repair Is Associated With Improved Clinical Outcomes with Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up

To determine clinical and radiographic outcomes of medial collateral ligament (MCL) pie-crusting during isolated medial meniscal root repair. A retrospective review was conducted between August 2013 and December 2019 in patients undergoing isolated medial meniscal root repair. Outcomes, including International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, re-tears, MCL laxity, and conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), were compared between pie crust (PC) and non-pie crust (NPC) cohorts. Other assessments included subjective instability or stiffness, infection, and intra-operative chondromalacia. Additionally, radiographic outcomes were compared to determine progression of medial compartment arthrosis. Final analysis included 97 knees, 45 in the PC, and 52 in the NPC group. IKDC and Lysholm scores were similar between both groups preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. However, at the 6,12, and 24-month follow up, the PC group had a significantly higher measured IKDC and Lysholm scores than the NPC group. PASS percentages for the IKDC score were significantly higher in the PC group at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years (96.2%; P= .02) follow-up compared to the NPC group. MCID percentages for the IKDC score were also significantly higher at the 1- and 2-year (100%; P= .05) follow-up in the PC group compared to the NPC group. There was also a significantly higher rate of recurrent medial meniscal root tears in the NPC group (4 [8.9%]) compared to the PC group (0 [P= .03]). No MCL laxity was observed at 6 months follow-up. MCL pie-crusting during isolated medial meniscal root repair can be used as an alternative surgical technique, as it leads to improved clinical and patient outcomes compared to patients who do not undergo MCL pie-crusting in the short term. Additionally, those that underwent MCL pie-crusting had a lower incidence of recurrent tears, and no patients experienced MCL laxity at 6 months. Level III, retrospective cohort/comparative study.

Verbal Encouragement Improves Game Intensity, Technical Aspects, and Psychological Responses During Soccer-Specific Training.

Soccer match outcomes rely on technical accuracy, intensity of play, and athlete motivation, and these parameters can be developed during sport-specific practice such as during small-sided games (SSGs). Verbal encouragement as a coaching technique improves exercise intensity and athlete enjoyment (indicative of motivation), but the impact on technical performance alongside these critical parameters remains unknown. To examine the effects of verbal encouragement on technical performance, exercise intensity, and enjoyment during SSGs. Sixteen male youth soccer players (mean [SD]; age: 17.2 [0.4]y; height: 176.3 [7.0]cm; body mass: 68.0 [4.1]kg; body fat: 11.9% [2.2%]) completed 4 sessions of 4-per-side SSG without a goalkeeper. Two sessions were conducted as SSGs with verbal encouragement and 2 without verbal encouragement. Each SSG lasted 25minutes (4 × 4-min work, 3-min passive recovery between bouts) on a 25 × 35-m pitch. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded, and rating of perceived exertion was collected after each SSG. Video analysis was used to quantify technical actions during SSG. Enjoyment was assessed after each SSG using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. Paired t tests revealed that SSGs with verbal encouragement induced higher HR (% maximum HR and mean HR), rating of perceived exertion, and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale score than SSGs without verbal encouragement (all P < .001, all d ≥ 0.92, large). Compared with SSGs without verbal encouragement, SSGs with verbal encouragement resulted in an increased percentage of successful passes (P < .001, d = 0.73, medium) and number of interceptions (P < .001, d = 0.89, large) and fewer lost balls (P < .001, d = 0.68, medium). Coaches should use verbal encouragement during SSGs to improve physical effort, technical performance, and psychological status in soccer players.

Testing styles of play using triad census distribution: an application to men’s football

Abstract Summary statistics of football matches such as final score, possession and percentage of completed passes are not satisfyingly informative about style of play seen on the pitch. In this sense, networks and graphs are able to quantify how teams play differently from each others. We study the distribution of triad census, i.e., the distribution of local structures in networks and we show how it is possible to characterize passing networks of football teams. We describe the triadic structure and analyse its distribution under some specific probabilistic assumptions, introducing, in this context, some tests to verify the presence of specific triadic patterns in football data. We firstly run an omnibus test against random structure to asses whether observed triadic distribution deviates from randomness. Then, we redesign the Dirichlet-Multinomial test to recognize different triadic behaviours after choosing some reference patterns. The proposed tests are applied to a real dataset regarding 288 matches in the Group Stage of UEFA Champions League among three consecutive seasons.

Iterative image reconstruction with polar coordinate discretized system matrix for optical CT radiochromic gel dosimetry.

Gel dosimeters are a potential tool for measuring the complex dose distributions that characterize modern radiotherapy. A prototype tabletop solid-tank fan-beam optical CT scanner for readout of gel dosimeters was recently developed. This scanner does not have a straight raypath from source to detector, thus images cannot be reconstructed using filtered backprojection (FBP) and iterative techniques are required. Iterative image reconstruction requires a system matrix that describes the geometry of the imaging system. Stored system matrices can become immensely large, making them impractical for storage on a typical desktopcomputer. Here we develop a method to reduce the storage size of optical CT system matrices through use of polar coordinate discretization while accounting for the refraction in optical CTsystems. A ray tracing simulator was developed to track the path of light rays as they traverse the different mediums of the optical CT scanner. Cartesian coordinate discretized system matrices (CCDSMs) and polar coordinate discretized system matrices (PCDSMs) were generated by discretizing the reconstruction area of the optical CT scanner into a Cartesian pixel grid and a polar coordinate pixel grid, respectively. The length of each ray through each pixel was calculated and used to populate the system matrices. To ensure equal weighting during iterative reconstruction, the radial rings of PCDSMs were asymmetrically spaced such that the area of each polar pixel was constant. Two clinical phantoms and several synthetic phantoms were produced and used to evaluate the reconstruction techniques under known conditions. Reconstructed images were analyzed in terms of spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal nonuniformity (SNU), and Gamma map passpercentage. A storage size reduction of 99.72% was found when comparing a PCDSM to a CCDSM with the same total number of pixels. Images reconstructed with a PCDSM were found to have superior SNR, CNR, SNU, and Gamma (1mm, 1%) pass percentage compared to those reconstructed with a CCDSM. Increasing spatial resolution in the radial direction with increasing radial distance was found in both PCDSM and CCDSM reconstructions due to the outer regions refracting light more severely. Images reconstructed with a PCDSM showed a decrease in spatial resolution in the azimuthal directions as radial distance increases, due to the widening of the polar pixels. However, this can be mitigated with only a slight increase in storage size by increasing the number of projections. A loss of spatial resolution in the radial direction within 5mm radially from center was found when reconstructing with a PCDSM, due to the large innermost pixels. However, this was remedied by increasing the number of radial rings within the PCDSM, yielding radial spatial resolution on par with images reconstructed with a CCDSM and a storage size reduction of 99.26%. Discretizing the image pixel elements in polar coordinates achieved a system matrix storage size reduction of 99.26% with only minimal reduction in the imagequality.

A Comparative Study of the High School Leaving Certificate (H.S.L.C.) Examination Results of Government and Private High School Between 2017-2021

A comparative study of the High School leaving Certificate (H.S.L.C.) Examination Results of Government and Private High School is a study to compare the results of students in class X standard in Aizawl city. This study is a study to compare the results of students in class X standard studying in government and private schools. A purposive sampling technique was applied for the present study, comprising 4394 students from 11 government schools and 12 private schools in Aizawl city. The study revealed the pass percentage of private schools are better than government schools within the five year span of school session.

Establishment of a urogynecology cadaver-based hands-on workshop.

It is important to train gynecologists and urologists on the principles of urogynecological surgery. To report our recent experience in developing a curriculum, application, and the learning outcome of a urogynecology workshop using cadaver training. A full day structured urogynecology cadaver-based educational hands-on course was developed. The theoretical component consisted of lectures on female urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. Hands-on training was on three cadaver stations: First to instruct and guide through the surgical steps of transobturator vaginal tape; second to perform sacrospinous fixation; and third to insert of vaginal mesh. Knowledge gained was evaluated using multiple choice questions. The course was evaluated using a structured seven-point Likert type questionnaire. There was an a statistically significant improvement in the post-test MCQ marks compared with the pre-test marks (P <0.01) and in the pass percentage (7% compared with 100%, P< 0.001). The overall rating of the workshop was 6.7 out of 7. Our course was highly valued by the participants who came from all over the Middle East. The course was enjoyable and achieved its objectives while the participants gained new knowledge and surgical skills.

IMRT QA result prediction via MLC transmission decomposition.

Quality assurance measurement of IMRT/VMAT treatment plans is resource intensive, and other more efficient methods to achieve the same confidence are desirable. We aimed to analyze treatment plans in the context of the treatment planning systems that created them, in order to predict which ones will fail a standard quality assurance measurement. To do so, we sought to create a tool external to the treatment planning system that could analyze a set of MLC positions and provide information that could be used to calculate various evaluation metrics. The tool was created in Python to read in DICOM plan files and determine the beam fluence fraction incident on each of seven different zones, each classified based on the RayStation MLC model. The fractions, termed grid point fractions, were validated by analyzing simple test plans. The average grid point fractions, over all control points for 46 plans were then computed. These values were then compared with gamma analysis pass percentages and median dose differences to determine if any significant correlations existed. Significant correlation was found between the grid point fraction metrics and median dose differences, but not with gamma analysis pass percentages. Correlations were positive or negative, suggesting differing model parameter value sensitivities, as well as potential insight into the treatment planning system dose model. By decomposing MLC control points into different transmission zones, it is possible to create a metric that predicts whether the analyzed plan will pass a quality assurance measurement from a dose calculation accuracy standpoint. The tool and metrics developed in this work have potential applications in comparing clinical beam models or identifying their weak points. Implementing the tool within a treatment planning system would also provide more potential plan optimization parameters.

A Theoretical-Experimental Study on the Influence of FDM Parameters on the Dimensions of Cylindrical Spur Gears Made of PLA

This paper presents the results of a theoretical-experimental study on the influence of FDM parameters (height of the deposited layer at one pass Hs and percentage of filling Pu) on the dimensions of cylindrical spur gears made of PLA (shaft diameter d and bore diameter D). In this context, we designed the 3D model of a cylindrical gear with module m= 1 and z= 60 spur teeth, which we used for FDM 3D printing of 27 PLA parts with different values of coating height deposited at a pitch Hs of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20mm and different values 50, 75, and 100% of filling percentage Pu. The 324 values obtained from measuring the diameters d and D of 27 cylindrical spur gears made of PLA and the calculated values of statistical indicators (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, dispersion) were used to determine the dimensional accuracy of the analyzed parts. The study results show that the percentage of filling has a greater influence than the shaft diameter on the dimensional accuracy of cylindrical spur gears made of PLA.

From Observation to Active Learning: A Collaborative Learning Approach for Object Oriented Programming Course

Abstract: Collaborative learning using Active Learning Strategies (ALS) and Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools in programming subjects facilitate the studentsinstructors into effective ways to make everyone engaged in Teaching Learning Process. In such learning, learners required to respond one another’s ideas. Teachers are the key players in collaborative learning process by launching the learning environment, accommodating student requirements and ensuring the classroom activities. In this study, benefits of ALS and ICT tool usages have been analyzed for the Object-Oriented Programming course offered to engineering undergraduates. The impacts are analyzed in terms of teaching methodology, practicing lab, pass percentage, course outcome attainment, internal and terminal test performances and course exit survey. The outcomes indicate that, ALS and ICT approach yields positive result in performance. Keywords: Collaborative Learning, Active Learning Strategies, Information and Communication Technology, Online Learning, Object Oriented Programming, Course Outcome, Pedagogy.

How does the increase in foreign players affect football?

BackgroundIn the study, we tried to analyze the effects of foreign players on Turkish Super League matches. For this purpose, in this long-term study, 1836 competition data played in 6 seasons between 2014 and 2020 was obtained from www.mackolik.com each year.MethodPearson's correlation coefficient applied between 18 different variables (goal, shoot, pass, cross, corner, offside, foul, yellow card, red card, accurate shot, percentage of the precise pass, rate of accurate access on opponent's field, the difference of ball possession percentage, shot difference, pass difference, big team superiority, home team superiority) and the number of foreign players (NoFP, active foreign players in 90 min.).ResultIn the Turkish Super League, within six seasons (2014–20), the NoFP in a match increased from 10.43 (38.06%) to 17.99 (64.26%). The increment was partially linear and statistically significant (F = 594.85) in all seasons. A positive association was found between NoFP several of passes (r = 0.219), percentage of accurate passes (r = 0.133), percentage of precise passes on the opponent's field (r = 0.139), exact pass difference between opponents (r = 0.114), and ball possession difference between opponents (r = 0.113). Fouls committed decreased with the increase of NoFP (r = -0.250). Although the win probability of the teams named The Big Three (Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, and Beşiktaş) decreased from 67% (2014 season rate) to 50% in the last two seasons, no association was identified between the NoFP and big team superiority.ConclusionsConsequently, NoFP increment may improve the game quality by increasing accurate passes and passes in the opponent's field. The number of passes and the ball possession percentage difference between opponent teams may indicate that one team has control of the game by keeping possession or the other is tactically giving possession. These findings may suggest that the game evolved into half-field, tactical, set-play, possessioning competition. Analyzing variables such as game speed, intensity, the duration of the ball in play, running distance, energy consumption, and fatigue markers may light future studies.