Percentage Of Lipids Research Articles

Novel and sustainable valorization of biogenic waste into microbial protein based fish dietary ingredient in bioreactor: Process optimization and sustainable utilization

Waste valorization is the concept of sustainability, and microbial floc is the valorised product of sustainable aquaculture. It converts nitrogenous waste into nutritious microbial protein that can replace fish meal partially or completely as feed for aquatic animals. The current study focuses on optimizing the process of production of microbial protein using aquaculture waste in a bioreactor and its utilization as feed for genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) reared in inland saline groundwater with various inclusion levels. The retention time, aeration, and microbial flocculant (chitosan) were optimized to intensify the reaction, using a response surface methodology approach based on a full factorial experimental design. The chosen responses for evaluation were crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), and floc volume (FV). The interaction between aeration and retention time was found to play a significant role in the percentage of crude protein and crude lipid of microbial floc (p<0.001). The floc volume was significantly influenced by retention time and chitosan concentration (p<0.05). The process was optimized with 4 days of retention time, 30 ppm of chitosan concentration, and intermittent aeration (0.5 hr aeration and 0.5 hr no aeration), which resulted good quality microbial floc with a maximum CP of 24.74 %, a maximum CL of 2.13 %, and a FV of 13.75 ml. A completely randomized design with the inclusion of 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % microbial floc (produced in a bioreactor) in feed was followed to evaluate the growth performance of GIFT. Among these, microbial flocs with a 20 % inclusion level showed a good growth trajectory. This study has shown that 20 % microbial floc meal in the diet is optimum for the growth of GIFT in inland saline groundwater. This study sustainably supports the waste valorization concept with microbial protein production in a bioreactor that is a suitable feed for GIFT.

A comparative study of chemical composition, the level of fatty acids, amino acids and mineral elements between two types of catfish (Bagrus and Muraena) found in the upper Tigris River

Fish meat is considered the second most interesting to consume in Iraq hence, consumers always consider the sensory and nutritional profile of the fish meat. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and level of fatty acids and amino acids in Bagrus and Muraena fish fillets. These fish for this study were obtained from the upper Tigris river in the Tikrit region of Iraq, as the demand for these types of fish increased in recent years. In this work, High Performance Liquid Chromatography −UV (HPLC-UV) was used for quantification of amino acids, and atomic absorption was used for quantifying the elements. The extraction was performed by liquid –liquid extraction and purified by dispersive phase purification. Results showed that the moisture percentages in Bagrus meat were 71.36 %, while Muraena meat recorded as 71.10 %. Moreover, the protein percentages for both fish types were found as 21.36 and 21.43 % respectively. Lipid percentages in fillets of Bagrus and Muraena were 3.59 and 4.62 %, respectively. The proportion of ash was 3.01 % in Bagrus meat, while it was 2.55 % in Muraena meat. The results also presented that the Muraena has a significantly higher saturated fatty acid level (26.06 %), whereas in Bagrus meat was much less (16.6 %). The highest percentage of amino acids in Bagrus meat recorded (92.66 %), while it was 61.94 % in Muraena meat. The Bagrus meat contained essential amino acids with a higher percentage (54.04 %), compared to Muraena meat (28.55 %), non-essential Amino acids percentage also reached 47.56 % in Bagrus fish fillets. The amino acids like alanine had recorded the highest percentage among non-essential amino acids, as its level resulted in 38.62 %, while the level (33.39 %) was lower in Muraena meat.

Short-term clinical and biochemical responses following treatment with dapagliflozin or ertugliflozin in horses with hyperinsulinemia: A retrospective case series

The metabolic and lipid profiles of horses treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are not well understood. This retrospective study evaluated blood parameters in hyperinsulinemic horses treated with either ertugliflozin (0.05 mg/kg) or dapagliflozin (0.02 mg/kg) orally once daily. Blood samples were collected at baseline (day 0) and after 7 and/or 30 days of treatment. Statistical analyses were conducted using Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann-Whitney and Spearman's rank correlation tests. Thirty-four horses received dapagliflozin and 24 received ertugliflozin. Significant (p<0.05) within-horse changes between day 0 and day 30 included [median, inter-quartile range (IQR)]: basal serum [Insulin] (uU/ml) reduced 170 (92-280) to 28.7 (14.5-90); [triglycerides] (mmol/l) increased 0.5 (0.3-0.6) to 1.0 (0.6-1.56), [β-hydroxybutyrate] (umol/l) increased 0.22 (0.17-2.7) to 0.30 (0.24-0.35); [total cholesterol] (mmol/l) increased 2.36 (2-2.6) to 2.84 (2.4-3.7); and GGT (IU/ml) increased 21 (16-32) to 25 (18-38). As a percentage of total serum lipids, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduced 52.4 % (47.9 %-61.0 %) to 50 % (41 %-54.8 %) and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased 10.4 % (6.4 %-14.4 %) to 12.3 % (9.9 %-16.8 %) (all p<0.05). Differences between ertugliflozin and dapagliflozin groups were not significant in any of these parameters at days 0, 7 or 30. At day 30, 10/48 (21 %) cases had [triglycerides] > 2.0 mmol/l (maximum = 10.8mmol/l). Day 30 [triglyceride] correlated with day 0: basal insulin (rho=0.47); [triglyceride] (rho=0.42); %VLDL (rho=0.34) day 30: [total cholesterol] (rho=0.67), %HDL (rho=-0.432) and %VLDL (rho=0.708). Our findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors induce minor changes in lipid profiles, with occasional cases of marked hypertriglyceridemia, and that dapagliflozin and ertugliflozin exhibit similar biochemical effects.

Optimizing lipid nanoparticles for fetal gene delivery in vitro, ex vivo, and aided with machine learning

There is a clinical need to develop lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver congenital therapies to the fetus during pregnancy. The aim of these therapies is to restore normal fetal development and prevent irreversible conditions after birth. As a first step, LNPs need to be optimized for transplacental transport, safety on the placental barrier and fetal organs and transfection efficiency. We developed and characterized a library of LNPs of varying compositions and used machine learning (ML) models to delineate the determinants of LNP size and zeta potential. Utilizing different in vitro placental models with the help of a Random Forest algorithm, we could identify the top features driving percentage LNP transport and kinetics at 24 h, out of a total of 18 input features represented by 41 LNP formulations and 48 different transport experiments. We further evaluated the LNPs for safety, placental cell uptake, transfection efficiency in placental trophoblasts and fetal lung fibroblasts. To ensure the integrity of the LNPs following transplacental transport, we screened LNPs for transport and transfection using a high-throughput integrated transport-transfection in vitro model. Finally, we assessed toxicity of the LNPs in a tracheal occlusion fetal lung explant model. LNPs showed little to no toxicity to fetal and placental cells. Immunoglobin G (IgG) orientation on the surface of LNPs, PEGylated lipids, and ionizable lipids had significant effects on placental transport. The Random Forest algorithm identified the top features driving LNPs placental transport percentage and kinetics. Zeta potential emerged in the top driving features. Building on the ML model results, we developed new LNP formulations to further optimize the transport leading to 622 % increase in transport at 24 h versus control LNP formulation. To induce preferential siRNA transfection of fetal lung, we further optimized cationic lipid percentage and the lipid-to-siRNA ratio. Studying LNPs in an integrated placental and fetal lung fibroblasts model showed a strong correlation between zeta potential and fetal lung transfection. Finally, we assessed the toxicity of LNPs in a tracheal occlusion lung explant model. The optimized formulations appeared to be safe on ex vivo fetal lungs as indicated by insignificant changes in apoptosis (Caspase-3) and proliferation (Ki67) markers. In conclusion, we have optimized an LNP formulation that is safe, with high transplacental transport and preferential transfection in fetal lung cells. Our research findings represent an important step toward establishing the safety and effectiveness of LNPs for gene delivery to the fetal organs.

Dual Role of Anionic Lipids in Amyloid Aggregation.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, affect millions worldwide and share a common feature: the aggregation of intrinsically disordered proteins into toxic oligomers that interact with cell membranes. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides accumulate and bind to plasma membranes, potentially disrupting cellular function. The complex interplay between amyloidogenic peptides and lipid membranes, particularly the role of anionic lipids, is crucial in disease pathogenesis but challenging to characterize experimentally. The literature presents conflicting results on the influence of anionic lipids on peptide aggregation kinetics, highlighting a knowledge gap. To address this, we used coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations to study interactions between a model amyloidogenic peptide, amyloid-β's K16LVFFAE22 fragment (Aβ16-22), and mixed lipid bilayers. We used phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) as representative anionic and zwitterionic lipids, respectively, examining the mixed bilayer compositions of 0% PS-100% PC, 10% PS-90% PC, and 30% PS-70% PC. Our simulations revealed that membranes enriched in anionic lipids enhance peptide adsorption and interaction kinetics. The aggregation dynamics was modulated by two competing factors: increased local peptide concentration near negatively charged membranes, which promoted aggregation, and peptide-lipid interactions, which slowed it down. Higher percentages of anionic lipids led to smaller and more ordered aggregates and enhanced lipid demixing, leading to the formation of PS clusters. These findings contribute to understanding membrane-mediated peptide aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders, potentially guiding new therapeutic strategies targeting the early stages of protein aggregation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Yellow mealworm: effects of adults breeding density on adults and larvae performances from an industrial perspective

A key aspect to optimise the Tenebrio molitor (TM) farm productivity is to find an optimal breeding density for adults. To this purpose, this study investigated, from an industrial perspective, the impact of four breeding densities (D1, D2, D3 and D4, equal to 0.8, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.6 adults/cm2, respectively) on mortality and reproductive performances of TM adults and larvae. Two weeks after pupae emergence, TM adults were randomly assigned to the four groups and housed in 48 breeding crates (60 × 40 × 14.5 cm; 12 crates/group). The trial consisted of 4 consecutive weeks of adult breeding (each week represented one oviposition), and 8 weeks of larvae growth. From each week of oviposition, a batch of larvae was obtained for a total of four batches of larvae (48 crates/batch). Larvae of each batch were grown until 8 weeks of age, corresponding to the period required to reach the selling size. Larvae were kept in the original crates until the 5th weeks of age, after which they were divided into additional crates to ensure a density of 4.2 larvae/cm2 and a final weight of 1 500 g of larvae/crate (0.6 g of larvae/cm2). For each oviposition week, TM adult’s mortality, egg hatchability, BW, feed intake, chemical composition and fatty acids profile were evaluated, while ovary weight was measured at weeks 1 and 4. The number of larvae was monitored at week 5 of age while their chemical composition was at weeks 5 and 8. Larvae feed intake and BW were monitored over the 8-week growth period. Individual feed intake and BW of adults increased with increasing breeding density (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively). With increasing adult breeding density, the number of larvae per crate increased (P < 0.001) while the grams of larvae/gram of adult decreased (R2 = 0.8856). Larvae from groups D2, D3 and D4 showed higher feed intake per crate and higher individual and total final BW than D1 (P < 0.001). However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) worsened with increasing breeding density (P < 0.001). D4 larvae had higher percentages of protein (P < 0.001), lipids (P < 0.05) and cholesterol (P < 0.001) compared to larvae from other groups. Concluding, a breeding density of 0.8 adults/cm2 maximised both grams of larvae produced/grams of adults and larvae FCR. However, breeding densities above 0.8 adults/cm2 resulted in a higher number of produced larvae per crate with a greater final mass weight making a density of 1.6 adults/cm2 the preferable choice from and industrial perspective.

Models for the Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens in Salad Dressing from Challenge Studies

The Association for Dressings and Sauces’ (ADS) members have conducted challenge studies on salad dressing products to assess pathogen survival. Data from 79 different challenge studies provided by ADS were used in this analysis. The acid-moisture ratio, pH, incubation temperature, and ingredient details were provided for each study. Linear regression models were used to predict the time to 3-log, 4-log, and 5-log reduction as a function of study parameters. A statistically based approach also was used to estimate the concentration of pathogens in ingredients based on testing history. This was combined with decline modeling to estimate pathogen concentration over time. The time-to-five log reduction for each of the target pathogens were highly skewed. A logarithmic transformation of time to 5 log reduction resulted in approximately normal distributions. Incubation temperature and formulation pH were highly significant (p < 1E−6), in predicting the number of days to a five-log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, while the percentage of spices in the formulation is also quite significant (p = 0.01). Salmonella modeling showed that the most highly significant parameter was the percentage of water (p < 1E−8). Other parameters in order of descending significance include the percent fruit (p = 0.00032), incubation temperature (p = 0.00268), followed by percent sugar (p = 0.02161) and percent vegetables (p = 0.03149). The most significant parameter in predicting Listeria monocytogenes reduction was incubation temperature (p = 0.000687), followed by acid moisture ratio (p = 0.012423). The next two significant parameters in the Listeria model were percent lipid (p = 0.023772) and percent water (p = 0.025701). The least significant parameter that meets the minimum criteria for inclusion in the Listeria model (p < 0.05) was percent fruit (p = 0.047074). Our analysis will be useful in developing risk-based approaches to continue to assure the safety of commercially prepared salad dressings.

Enhancing photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency through coordination of leaf phosphorus fractions, allocation and anatomy during soybean domestication.

Soybean domestication has significantly changed key agronomic traits, yet its impact on leaf photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency (PPUE) and its underlying traits remain poorly known. Further information on this would be important to increase soybean P-use efficiency. To address this gap, 48 soybean accessions (16 wild relatives, 16 landraces and 16 cultivars) were used to compare leaf anatomical traits, foliar chemical P fractions, P allocation and PPUE under two P levels. The results showed that the cultivars had higher area-based and mass-based photosynthesis rates, PPUE, metabolite P concentration, and its percentage of leaf total P, as well as a greater percentage of lipid P, nucleic acid P and residual P. Conversely, wild relatives tended to have higher leaf P concentration, palisade:spongy thickness ratio, and concentrations of inorganic P, nucleic acid P, lipid P and residual P. PPUE was negatively correlated with leaf inorganic P concentration and its percentage relative to leaf total P, while it was positively correlated with the concentration and percentage of metabolite P. We concluded that soybean domestication increased PPUE, as a result of both increased photosynthesis rate and decreased leaf P concentration; domestication reduced the palisade:spongy thickness ratio coupled with increased allocation of P to P-containing metabolites, thereby contributing to faster photosynthesis and higher PPUE. This study shed light on the significance of leaf P allocation and anatomical traits affecting PPUE during soybean domestication, offering a mechanistic understanding to further enhance soybean P-use efficiency.

Nosema ceranae infection reduces the fat body lipid reserves in the honeybee Apis mellifera

Nosema ceranae is an intestinal parasite frequently found in Apis mellifera colonies. This parasite belongs to Microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular parasites known to be strongly dependent on their host for energy and resources. Previous studies have shown that N. ceranae could alter several metabolic pathways, including those involved in the nutrient storage. To explore the impact of N. ceranae on the fat body reserves, newly emerged summer bees were experimentally infected, and we measured (1) the lipid percentage of the abdominal fat body at 2-, 7- and 14-days post-inoculation (p.i.) using diethyl ether lipid extraction, (2) the triglyceride and protein concentrations by spectrophotometric assay methods, and (3) the amount of intracellular lipid droplets in trophocytes at 14- and 21-days p.i. using Nile Red staining. Comparing the three methods used to evaluate lipid stores, our data revealed that Nile Red staining seemed to be the simplest, fastest and reliable method. Our results first revealed that the percentage of fat body lipids significantly decreased in infected bees at D14 p.i. The protein stores did not seem to be affected by the infection, while triglyceride concentration was reduced by 30% and lipid droplet amount by 50% at D14 p.i. Finally, a similar decrease in lipid droplet reserves in response to N. ceranae infection was observed in bees collected in fall.

Machine Learning Elucidates Design Features of Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Lipid Nanoparticles for Cell Type-Preferential Transfection.

To broaden the accessibility of cell and gene therapies, it is essential to develop and optimize nonviral, cell type-preferential gene carriers such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). While high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches have proven effective in accelerating LNP discovery, they are often costly, labor-intensive, and do not consistently yield actionable design rules that direct screening efforts toward the most relevant chemical and formulation parameters. In this study, we employed a machine learning (ML) workflow, utilizing well-curated plasmid DNA LNP transfection data sets across six cell types, to extract compositional and chemical insights from HTS studies. Our approach achieved prediction errors averaging between 5 and 10%, depending on the cell type. By applying SHapley Additive exPlanations to our ML models, we uncovered key composition-function relationships that govern cell type-preferential LNP transfection efficiency. Notably, we identified consistent LNP composition parameters that enhance in vitro transfection efficiency across diverse cell types, including a helper lipid molar percentage of charged lipids between 9 and 50% and the inclusion of cationic/zwitterionic helper lipids. Additionally, several parameters were found to modulate cell type-preferentiality, such as the total molar percentage of ionizable and helper lipids, N/P ratio, PEGylated lipid molar percentage of uncharged lipids, and hydrophobicity of the helper lipid. This study leverages HTS of compositionally diverse LNP libraries combined with ML analysis to elucidate the interactions between lipid components in LNP formulations, providing insights that contribute to the design of LNP compositions tailored for cell type-preferential transfection.

La dieta sin gluten cambia el perfil lipídico de los niños y adolescentes celíacos

Introduction: the gluten-free diet is the only treatment for coeliac disease. Gluten-free products contain a higher percentage of carbohydrates and saturated lipids, which can lead to long-term metabolic problems. The aim of this study was to analyse the lipid profile of children and adolescents aged less than 18 years after receiving the diagnosis of coeliac disease and its changes after starting treatment. Material and methods: to this end, we carried out a retrospective observational study of children diagnosed with coeliac disease without other comorbidity and following a strict gluten-free diet. Lipid profiles were collected at disease onset and 1 year and 6 years after initiation of the gluten-free diet and subsequently compared. Results: the sample included 24 paediatric patients, and we observed an increase in total cholesterol levels and a decrease in triglyceride levels, both of which were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: we believe it is important to analyse the nutritional profile of paediatric coeliac patients at the time of diagnosis and during the followup of the gluten-free diet to detect metabolic and/or nutritional problems at an early stage, with the purpose of preventing the development of complications that may manifest as early as childhood.

Nutrient Analysis of Raw and Cooked USDA Prime Beef Cuts.

Nutrient composition data that accurately represent available beef products are critical to understanding beef's role in healthy dietary patterns. The quality of beef products has changed over the past several decades, and updated nutrient data are warranted as USDA Prime beef cuts become more available. In an effort to provide a complete nutrient profile for frequently purchased USDA Prime beef cuts, five USDA Prime cuts; strip loin steak, tenderloin steak, ribeye steak, top sirloin steak, and rib roast were collected from retail stores in six geographical locations over three collections for macro- and micronutrient analysis in both the raw and cooked state. The separable lean portion of all analyzed USDA Prime cuts qualified as a good or excellent source, providing 10-19% or at least 20% of the daily value, respectively, for protein, niacin, vitamin B12, selenium, phosphorus, and zinc per FDA labeling claim standards. There was not a significant difference in cholesterol content between any of the cuts, raw or cooked (p ≥ 0.44 and 0.34, respectively). The percent lipid in raw, separable lean portions of the rib roast and strip loin steak was significantly greater than the lipid portion in tenderloin and top sirloin steaks (p ≤ 0.01). Per USDA standards, the separable lean portions of tenderloin steak and top sirloin steak qualify as lean beef, containing less than 10 g total fat, less than 4.5 g saturated fat, and less than or equal to 95 mg cholesterol. The current study provides the most up-to-date nutrient analysis for USDA Prime beef cuts, helping consumers and health professionals better identify the role of high-quality beef cuts in healthy dietary patterns.

Potential Use of Common Administration of Emulsion for Parenteral Nutrition and Vinpocetine: Compatibility Study and Prospect.

Vinpocetine (VP) is distributed after oral and intravenous administration, and its uptake in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and visual cortex. Due to poor bioavailability (~7%) and marked first-pass effect (~75%), including a short half-life (2-3 h), oral administration of VP is limited. It requires frequent administration of the drug to obtain a therapeutic effect. Attempts to overcome these difficulties include the use of new drug delivery systems and/or alternative routes of drug administration. One possibility is the common administration of lipid emulsion and drug using the same catheter. However, this procedure is not recommended due to potential interaction and lack of safety data. For this purpose, we checked the compatibility of VP solutions with eight commercially available parenteral nutrition admixtures, i.e., Lipoflex special, Omegaflex special, Lipoflex peri, Omegaflex peri, Kabiven, SmofKabiven, Kabiven Peripheral, and Olimel Peri N4E. Coadministration is only possible if the stability of the drug and the lipid emulsion is confirmed. The available data are scarce and only concern the incompatibility of VP with ibuprofen. Compatibility tests were carried out in simulated administration through a Y-site connector using clinical flow rates. The stability of the drug and lipid emulsion was assessed by visual inspection and measurement of pH, osmolality, particle size as mean droplet diameter (MDD) and percentage of lipids residing in globules larger than 5 µm (PFAT5), zeta potential, polydispersity index, and lipid-free parenteral nutrition admixture(PNA) turbidity. The results of the compatibility of VP with eight commercial PN admixtures showed that all lipid emulsions show different signs of destabilization. In the studied samples, particles larger than 1000 nm, a significant increase in MDD, zeta potential, and loss of homogeneity visible as an increase in the polydispersity index were observed. Most of the samples had PFAT5 above the USP limit (0.05%). Taking into account the obtained data, VP should not be administered with the studied lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition.

A Preliminary Study on Factors That Drive Patient Variability in Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues.

Adipose tissue is a dynamic regulatory organ that has profound effects on the overall health of patients. Unfortunately, inconsistencies in human adipose tissues are extensive and multifactorial, including large variability in cellular sizes, lipid content, inflammation, extracellular matrix components, mechanics, and cytokines secreted. Given the high human variability, and since much of what is known about adipose tissue is from animal models, we sought to establish correlations and patterns between biological, mechanical, and epidemiological properties of human adipose tissues. To do this, twenty-six independent variables were cataloged for twenty patients, which included patient demographics and factors that drive health, obesity, and fibrosis. A factorial analysis for mixed data (FAMD) was used to analyze patterns in the dataset (with BMI > 25), and a correlation matrix was used to identify interactions between quantitative variables. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and actin alpha 2, smooth muscle (ACTA2) gene expression were the highest loadings in the first two dimensions of the FAMD. The number of adipocytes was also a key driver of patient-related differences, where a decrease in the density of adipocytes was associated with aging. Aging was also correlated with a decrease in overall lipid percentage of subcutaneous tissue, with lipid deposition being favored extracellularly, an increase in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), and an increase in M1 macrophage polarization. An important finding was that self-identified race contributed to variance between patients in this study, where Black patients had significantly lower gene expression levels of TGFβ1 and ACTA2. This finding supports the urgent need to account for patient ancestry in biomedical research to develop better therapeutic strategies for all patients. Another important finding was that TGFβ induced factor homeobox 1 (TGIF1), an understudied signaling molecule, which is highly correlated with leptin signaling, was correlated with metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, this study draws attention to what we define as "extracellular lipid droplets", which were consistently found in collagen-rich regions of the obese adipose tissues evaluated here. Reduced levels of TGIF1 were correlated with higher numbers of extracellular lipid droplets and an inability to suppress fibrotic changes in adipose tissue. Finally, this study indicated that M1 and M2 macrophage markers were correlated with each other and leptin in patients with a BMI > 25. This finding supports growing evidence that macrophage polarization in obesity involves a complex, interconnecting network system rather than a full switch in activation patterns from M2 to M1 with increasing body mass. Overall, this study reinforces key findings in animal studies and identifies important areas for future research, where human and animal studies are divergent. Understanding key drivers of human patient variability is required to unravel the complex metabolic health of unique patients.

Meat quality of Santa Inês sheep fed forage palm (Opuntia ficus-indica, Mill) and water restriction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition, fatty acids, and sensory properties of meat from Santa Inês sheep fed forage palm in the diet and with water restriction. They used 42 non-castrated male Santa Inês lambs, with about 180 days of age and an average weight of 21.6 ± 2.2 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and six repetitions, and the data were submitted to regression analysis, factorial (level × water), and contrast between the control treatment and others. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of spineless cactus (0, 30, 50, and 70%). In treatments containing cactus pear (36 animals), half of the animals were placed under voluntary water consumption restriction. According to the physicochemical characteristics analyzed, lipids suffered an increasing linear effect (p&lt;0.05) as they included spineless cactus in the diet of sheep. The control diet had the lowest percentage of lipids (2.44%). The inclusion of 50% cactus pear promoted a higher content of lipids (3.41), and restricting water intake resulted in higher lipid content (3.09). The inclusion of cactus pear and water restriction did not affect the profile of fatty acids in meat. In the studied sensory attributes (hardness, juiciness, flavor, color, aroma, and overall acceptability), only meat color suffered an increasing linear effect (p &lt; 0.05). With the inclusion of spineless cactus in the diet, the meat from the lambs received good grades from the panelists, showing good acceptability. This demonstrates that the cactus pear provides sufficient water and nutrients for animals, resulting in the deposition of intramuscular fat, thus becoming a good-quality meat.

Anchovy and sardine condition and energy content in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) in relation to their contrasting reproductive strategies.

Forage species with high biomass, such as anchovies and sardines, play a key role in pelagic ecosystems and make up a significant proportion of the world's capture fisheries production. In recent years, condition indices have gained interest as significant indicators for assessing the effects of environmental and human pressures on these species and the quality of their habitats. In the present study, we examined, for the first time in the North Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean), the year-round variation in somatic and gonadal condition, energy density, and percentage of lipid content of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Energy density was measured with bomb calorimetry and percentage lipid content with the fatmeter, a portable electronic device. Finally, the monthly changes in gonadal and energetic condition were examined in relation to the annual cycle of temperature and mesozooplankton biomass, simulated by the implementation of a coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model (POM-ERSEM). There was a strong relationship between fish energy density (kJ g-1) and percentage dry weight. Furthermore, the mean monthly energy density and fatmeter measurements were strongly correlated, especially in sardine. Overall, the monthly changes in energetic condition were indicative of the species' different strategies for energy acquisition and allocation to reproduction (capital vs. income breeding): sardine exhibited low energy density and percentage lipid content during the winter spawning period (November-March) and markedly higher energetic condition from spring to autumn (April-October). Anchovy spawning period, as inferred from gonadal condition, lasted from April to September, i.e., during the warm period of the year but its energy density and percentage lipid content did not exhibit any seasonal changes and were markedly lower than in sardine from April to October. Finally, the simulated mesozooplankton biomass was higher from January to July, which corresponded to the second half of the spawning season for sardine, but first half of the spawning season for anchovy.

Growth performance, proximate composition and fatty acid profile of black soldier fly larvae reared on two grape pomace varieties

The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is attracting increasing interest for its ability to convert low-value substrates into highly nutritious feed. This study aimed at evaluating grape pomace from two varieties (Becuet – B; Moscato – M) as rearing substrates for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), focusing on the related effects on larval growth performance, proximate composition, and fatty acid profile. A total of six replicates per treatment, and 1 000 BSFL per replica, were used. Larval development was assessed by larvae weight, which was recorded eight times during the trial: the day after the beginning of the trial, and then on days 5, 8, 13, 15, 20, 22, and 27 (day in which the 30% of BSFL reached the prepupal stage). Production and waste reduction efficiency parameters, namely the growth rate, substrate reduction and substrate reduction index, were calculated. The two grape pomace varieties were analysed for their proximate composition and fatty acid profile; the same analyses were conducted on BSFL (30 larvae per replica) that were collected at the end of the trial (day 27). The growth rate of BSFL showed a higher value when the larvae were reared on B substrate (4.4 and 3.2 mg/day for B and M, respectively; P < 0.01). The rearing substrate did not significantly affect the proximate composition of BSFL. The percentage of total lipids (TL) in M-fed BSFL was significantly higher than in B ones. Total saturated (P < 0.001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in M-fed BSFL, while an opposite trend was observed for total branched-chain (P < 0.001) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001). Interestingly, some conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers [i.e., C18:2 c9t11(+t7c9+t8c10) and t9t11] were detected in low amounts in both rearing substrates (total CLA equal to 0.085 and 0.16 g/100 g TL in B and M substrate, respectively). Some CLA isomers (i.e., C18:2 c9t11, t7c9, and t10c12) were also found in BSFL, reaching a total CLA concentration equal to 2.95 and 0.052 g/100 g of TL in B-fed and M-fed BSFL, respectively. This study demonstrates that winery by-products from different grape varieties can significantly affect the development and lipid composition of BSFL. The CLA biosynthesis potential of BSFL opens newsworthy perspectives for a new valorisation of winery by-products to produce full-fat black soldier fly meal and black soldier fly oil enriched in specific fatty acids of potential health-promoting interest.

Isolation, characterization and optimization of oleaginous Providencia vermicola as a feedstock for biodiesel production using Response Surface Methodology

Oleaginous organisms accrue more than twenty percent of their biomass as lipids and hence are promising feedstocks for biodiesel production. In this study, lipid accumulating bacteria were isolated from diesel-contaminated soils and screened with Sudan black B stain. The most oleaginous was done using 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Lipid production was initially optimized based on media, nitrogen source, pH and temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was then employed for the enhancement of lipid weight and content. Obtained lipid was converted to biodiesel using direct transesterification, and both lipid and biodiesel were characterized using FTIR. A total of thirteen bacteria were isolated and the most prominent lipid producer was identified as Providencia vermicola with lab number BA6. Preliminary optimization studies revealed optimum lipid production when nutrient broth and acetic acid served as carbon source; KNO3 as nitrogen source, pH 7.0 and 30 °C. Optimization using RSM resulted in a 5.1% and 74.1% increase in the biomass and lipid content of BA6 respectively. FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of lipids and biodiesel. P. vermicola is a novel oleaginous organism that represents a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. HIGHLIGHTS The bacterium designated as BA6 identified as Providencia vermicola has the highest lipid contents of the oleaginous bacteria isolated. It accumulates lipids up to 47.73 % of its biomass The percentage lipids accumulation increased to about 74 % when RSM was used. Providencia vermicola is being reported as an oleaginous organism for the first time.

Tissue characteristics of residual lesion in patients with acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque rupture versus plaque erosion: a single-center, retrospective, observational study.

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), frequently caused by plaque rupture (PR), often have vulnerable plaques in residual lesions as well as in culprit lesions. However, whether this occurs in patients with plaque erosion (PE) as well is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 88 patients with ACS who underwent both optimal coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Based on plaque morphology of the culprit lesions identified using OCT, patients were classified into PE (n=23) and PR (n=35) groups. The tissue characteristics of residual lesions evaluated using integrated backscatter IVUS were compared between both groups after percutaneous coronary intervention. The PE group had a significantly lower percent lipid volume and a higher percent fibrous volume than the PR group (35.0±17.8% vs 49.2±13.4%, p<0.001; 63.2±17.1% vs 50.3±13.1%, p=0.002, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that percent lipid volume in the residual lesions was a significant discriminant factor in estimating the plaque morphology of the culprit lesion (optimal cut-off value, <43.5%; sensitivity and specificity values were 73.9% and 68.6%, respectively). In conclusion, patients with PE had a significantly lower percent lipid volume and a significantly higher percent fibrous volume in the residual lesions than those with PR, suggesting that the nature of coronary plaques in patients with PE is different from that of those with PR.

Comparative study of different Malaysian Stingless bee propolis: Physicochemical characterization, Phytochemical contents and Antibacterial activity

Stingless bee propolis is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including phenolic and flavonoids, which have been linked to its antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, the phytochemical compositions of stingless bee propolis are significantly influenced by a complex interplay of multiple factors such as geographical origin, floral source, and bee species. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties, phytochemical contents, and antibacterial activity of propolis from different stingless bee species found in the same environment and ecological system. The propolis samples obtained from Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica and Tetrigona apicalis were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the pH, moisture, lipid, resin, and wax contents. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. The antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method against four Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. The physicochemical analysis of the propolis samples yielded the following results: moisture (12.17-16.45%), lipid (2.95-9.48%), resin (39.00-51.00%), wax (26.50-37.00%), and pH (5.07-5.61). Results revealed that propolis produced by G. thoracica displayed significantly higher moisture (16.45±0.38%), and resin contents (51.00±1.41%), as well as significantly lower percentage of lipid (2.95±0.12%), and wax content (26.50±0.71%). Similarly, G. thoracica propolis extract exhibited significantly higher TPC (200.70±0.06mg/mL GAE) and TFC (141.60±3.63mg/mL QE) values compared to the other propolis samples. Additionally, G. thoracica propolis extract was significantly active against B. cereus and M. luteus with inhibition zones of 15.00 and 16.00, respectively, and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 390.63μg/mL. A strong correlation was found between resin content, TPC and antibacterial activity of propolis. This study indicated that the presence of high resin content in propolis resulted in a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which contributed significantly to its antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the research highlighted the species-dependent effect of propolis on its physicochemical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial properties. The observed antibacterial efficacy of G. thoracica propolis suggested that the propolis extract held promise as an alternative treatment option against bacterial infections. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the specific phenolic compounds that could contribute to its antibacterial properties.