Percentage Of Gd Research Articles

High energy mechanical-milling induced modifications in structural and microstructural properties of Gd2Zr2O7

A polycrystalline sample of gadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7) was synthesized through a solid-state reaction route (unmilled sample) and then subjected to high-energy ball-milling for 6 hrs and 18 hrs duration (milled samples). Interestingly, elemental analysis of the samples indicates the gradual reduction in the atomic percentage of Gd and Zr cations while significant enhancement in oxygen atomic percentage with the milling process. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction patterns suggests that all samples possess defect fluorite structure and the values of the goodness-of-fit parameter improve from 3.88 for the unmilled sample to 1.85 for 18 hrs milled sample. The diffraction pattern of 18 hrs milled sample showed reflections from the ordered pyrochlore phase. The formation of the disordered fluorite phase is owing to the preparation temperature and the ionic radius ratio, r(Gd3+)/r(Zr4+) = 1. 46. Transmission electron micrographs, and selected area electron diffraction patterns analysis confirm the nanophasic nature of the milled samples, and particle size is found to reduce with increasing milling time. It was found that BET surface area continuously increases from 1.99 m2/g for an un-milled sample to 17.79 m2/g for 18 hrs milled sample. The BET isotherms exhibited type-II hysteresis loop and suggested that all the samples are macroporous with pore width greater than 50 nm.

Synthesis, Morphology and Enhanced Optical Properties of Novel GdxCo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanostructures

Abstract: In the present studies, gadolinium doped cobalt oxide nanostructures (1 wt. %, 5 wt. % and 10 wt. %) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The samples were characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), UV-Visible spectroscopy. UV-Visible exhibited maximum absorption at 440.81 nm for Gd(10% wt)Co3O4 Band gap energy was calculated using Tauc plots and it was observed that band gap energy decreased from 7.74 eV to 2.64 eV upon increasing the doping percentage of Gd to Co3O4. The crystallinity of the Gd(10% wt) Co3O4 NS increased as compared with Gd(1% wt)Co3O4 NS. SEM morphology revealed average particle size were between 95 nm to 78 nm uniformly distributed over Co3O4 NS.

Impact of four components of money supply on GDP growth using ARDL: evidence from India

This study investigates the relationship between the money supply components demand deposits, time deposits, other deposits with RBI and currency in circulation each expressed as a percentage of GD...

The Gigantic {Ni36Gd102} Hexagon: A Sulfate-Templated "Star-of-David" for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Magnetic Cooling.

Gigantic coordination molecules assembled from a large number of metal ions and organic ligands are structurally and functionally challenging to characterize. Here we show that a heterometallic cluster [Ni36Gd102(OH)132(mmt)18(dmpa)18(H2dmpa)24(CH3COO)84(SO4)18(NO3)18(H2O)30]·Br6(NO3)6·(H2O)x·(CH3OH)y, (1, x ≈ 130, y ≈ 60), shaped like a "Star of David", can be synthesized using a "mixed-ligand" and "sulfate-template" strategy. In terms of metal nuclearity number, 1 is the second largest 3d-4f cluster to date. In the solid state, 1 is porous after removing the lattice guests. The N2 adsoption experiment reveals that the BET and Langmuir surface areas are 299.8 and 412.0 cm2 g-1, respectively. CO2 adsorption at 298 K gives the amount of 45 cm3 g-1 for 1. More importantly, 1 is soluble in common organic solvents and exhibits high solution stability revealed by high resolution MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and low-dose transmission electron microscopy. The solubility and the potential open metal sites owing to the labile coordinating components prompted us to investigate the photocatalytic properties of 1, which displays high selectivity and efficiency for reduction of CO2 to CO with turnover number and turnover frequency of 29700 and 1.2 s-1, respectively. These values are higher than most catalysts working under the same conditions, presumably due to the strong Ni-CO2 binding effect. In addition, the large percentage of Gd(III) in 1 leads to a large magnetic entropy change (41.3 J·kg-1·K-1) at 2.0 K for ΔH = 7 T.

Investigation on nebulizer spray deposited Gd-doped PbS thin films for photo sensing applications

Nebulizer assisted spray technique has been implemented for the deposition of pure and gadolinium (Gd) doped PbS thin films at a substrate temperature of 210 °C onto glass substrate using lead nitrate and gadolinium (III) acetate as precursors. Doping percentage of Gd was varied from 0 to 5 wt% for the preparation of Gd doped films and to analyze the film property. A variety of techniques like X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive X- ray, UV–Visible spectrometer, and keithley source meter were used to study the influence of Gd doping in PbS thin films X-ray diffraction revealed no change in preferential orientation of the crystal planes without any secondary phases formed for all the Gd-doped films. And also it confirmed that the nature of the films were polycrystalline with simple cubic structure. It also further confirmed polycrystalline simple cubic structure with decrease of crystallite size from 21 nm to 16 nm for the increase of gadolinium doping concentration from 0 to 5 wt%. Noticeable change in the grain size was observed for the 5 wt% of gadolinium doping with uniformly distributed spherical shaped nanosize grains fully covering the entire surface. The compositional analysis confirmed the presence of Pb, S and Gd in the films. The optical parameters of Gd doped PbS thin films such as band gap energy, refractive index; extinction co-efficient, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant were determined using transmission, absorption and reflectance spectra in the range of 300–2400 nm. A maximum value of photo current was observed for 5 wt% gadolinium doped film.

Gadolinium accumulation, distribution, chemical forms, and influence on the growth of rice seedlings

The content of gadolinium (Gd) is continuously increased in environment, which potentially threatens human health and ecological equilibrium. However, the phytotoxicity of Gd on plants remains unknown until now. In this study, the accumulation, distribution, and chemical forms of Gd as well as its influence on growth and nutrient balance were systematically studied in rice seedlings after the treatments of different concentrations of Gd (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM) for 10 days. The results showed that most Gd was accumulated in the roots and only a little percentage of Gd was transported to shoots. The accumulation of Gd was increased in a dose-dependent manner in various chemical forms and subcellular fractions. More than 80% of Gd was in the forms of insoluble oxalates and phosphates. Gd was mainly compartmentalized in the cell wall, and the content of Gd was increased with increasing concentrations of Gd. In addition, hormetic effects of Gd were found on rice growth. The growth of rice was induced by the lower concentration of Gd, but inhibited by the higher concentration of Gd. The results indicated that rice seedlings could cope with Gd toxicity through cell wall compartmentalization as well as forming of precipitates with oxalate and phosphate.

Selective separation and enrichment of neodymium and gadolinium by emulsion liquid membrane using a novel extractant CYANEX® 572

In present study, the novel commercial extractant, CYANEX® 572, was applied for selective separation and enrichment of neodymium and gadolinium through an emulsion liquid membrane. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) is carried out to explore the relationships between process variables namely, carrier concentration, initial pH of feed phase, surfactant concentration and mixing speed, and their interactions. The contours and 3D response surfaces of selective extraction of Gd(III) were achieved and significance of four important variables and their interactions on extraction efficiency of Gd(III) and Nd(III) and separation factor were found out. Also, three regression models for them were developed. A multiple optimization was performed to evaluate the best possible goals for the responses, simultaneously. Results indicated that the maximum separation factor of Gd(III) over Nd(III) was achieved using 0.75 M CYANEX® 572 as minimum concentration of carrier, initial feed pH of 1.56, surfactant concentration of 4% (v/v) and mixing speed of 135 rpm. Under the optimum condition, the extraction percentage of Gd(III) was maximum (67.45%), while the extraction percentages of Nd(III) was minimum (28.98) and the separation factor was found to be 3.78. Under the optimized condition, further experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid as internal stripping phase on the stripping efficiencies and enrichment factors were examined. At the internal concentration of 0.5 M, the stripping efficiency and enrichment factor reached the maximum of 89.04% and 12.01 for Gd(III), and 19.45% and 1.13 for Nd(III).

Spectroscopic and fiber optic ethanol sensing properties Gd doped ZnO nanoparticles

We report the structural, optical and gas sensing properties of prepared pure and Gd doped ZnO nanoparticles through solgel method at moderate temperature. Structural studies are carried out by X-ray diffraction method confirms hexagonal wurtzite structure and doping induced changes in lattice parameters is observed. Optical absorption spectral studies shows red shift in the absorption peak corresponds to band-gap from 3.42eV to 3.05eV and broad absorption in the visible range after Gd doping is observed. Scanning electron microscopic studies shows increase in particle size where the particle diameters increase from few nm to micrometers after Gd doping. The clad modified ethanol fiber-optic sensor studies for ethanol sensing exhibits best sensitivity for the 3% Gd doped ZnO nanoparticles and the sensitivity get lowered incase of higher percentage of Gd doped ZnO sample.

The optical properties of rare earth Gd doped ZnO nanocrystals

We present a study of the light emission properties, from UV to blue spectral region, of Gd doped ZnO nanocrystals fabricated by means of a thermal evaporation vapor phase deposition process. The samples were grown from a mixed Zn/Gd source, with a molar percentage of Gd ranging from 0% (pure ZnO) to 5%, 10%, or 15%, in a constant O2/Ar gas mixture flowing at 500°C. The pure ZnO nanocrystals exhibited a strong and predominant UV emission peaking at 375nm. Besides the UV emission of ZnO nanocrystals, two strong blue emissions, located at 432 and 397nm, are observed for the sample doped with 5% Gd. The strong blue emissions are mainly induced by the impurity levels of Gd introduced into the band gap of the ZnO nanocrystals. The UV emission of ZnO decreases as the doping concentration of Gd increases, and the blue emission is replaced by a broad defect emission due to the greater number of defects and impurities, as well as Gd2O3 on the surface. The results show that the optical properties of ZnO can be tuned by the doping concentration of Gd.

BG-12 reduces evolution of new enhancing lesions to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis

BG-12, an immunomodulatory agent, reduces frequency of new gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesions in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). This study reports the effect of 240 mg BG-12 orally three times daily (tid) for 24 weeks on the evolution of new Gd+ lesions to T1-hypointense lesions. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from patients in placebo and 240 mg BG-12 tid arms of a phase 2b study were examined retrospectively. Included patients had at least one new Gd+ lesion from weeks 4 to 12. Week 24 scans were analyzed for number and proportion of new Gd+ lesions that evolved to T1-hypointense lesions. Eighteen patients receiving BG-12 and 38 patients receiving placebo were included in the analysis. The analysis tracked 147 new Gd+ lesions in patients from the BG-12 group and 221 Gd+ lesions in patients from the placebo group. The percentage of Gd+ lesions that evolved to T1-hypointense lesions was 34% lower with BG-12 treatment versus placebo (29%, BG-12; 44%, placebo; odds ratio 0.51; 95% confidence interval 0.43, 0.61; p < 0.0001). In addition to reducing frequency of new Gd+ lesions, BG-12 significantly reduced probability of their evolution to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with MS compared with placebo.

Characteristics of Ni/Gd FUSI for NMOS Gate Electrode Applications

This letter investigates the work function tuning of nickel/gadolinium (Ni/Gd) fully silicided (FUSI) gate electrodes on HfSiOx dielectrics. It was found that as the percentage of Gd in the Ni/Gd increased from 10% to 30%, the effective work function value after a one-step 450-degC FUSI anneal decreased from 4.75 to 4.35 eV. In addition, the presence of Gd also resulted in lowering of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) values. The mechanism for a decreased EOT is attributed to the reduction of low-kappa interfacial layers by the presence of Gd in the gate stack. The decrease in work function is attributed to the creation of oxygen vacancies within the high-kappa layer created by the presence of Gd layer.

Core labour standards and foreign direct investment

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Formation of ductile Al-based metallic glasses without rare-earth elements

Al75Cu17Mg8 is a eutectic composition according to the ternary phase diagram, which can be quenched into a fully amorphous phase by adding 2-8at.% Ni, but the addition of a similar percentage of Gd failed to form the amorphous phase. The amorphous alloys obtained exhibit two broad diffuse peaks in the X-ray diffraction curves and, correspondingly, two halo rings in the electron diffraction patterns, implying that two types of local atom configuration exist. Thermal analysis of the amorphous alloys indicates that the primary crystallization peak shifts to higher temperatures with increasing Ni content. The occurrence of a nucleation and crystal growth peak during isothermal crystallization reveals the amorphous nature of the quenched ribbon alloys. The quenched amorphous ribbons do not break after bending by 180°. Mechanical testing yielded a tensile strength of 810MPa for (Al75Cu17Mg8)95Ni5, and a vein structure, characteristic of amorphous fracture, is apparent in scanning electron micrographs. The different effects of Ni and Gd on the glass formation indicate that the large atomic size of Gd is not critical to the glass formation.

Coexpression of GD3Ganglioside with CD45RO in Resting and Activated Human T Lymphocytes

The ganglioside GD3is preferentially expressed on the surface of malignant T cell lymphoblasts and on resting T cells which express the memory cell phenotype, CD45RA−CD29+. However, GD3expression in activated T cells and its potential function in proliferating normal and malignant T cells are unclear. Utilizing three-color immunostaining and flow cytometry, we examined changes in the expression of GD3in conjunction with the RA and RO isoforms of CD45 duringin vitroT cell activation. GD3was equally expressed in resting CD4 and CD8 cells and was specifically found in the CD45RO+RA−population. Activation of T cells with PHA resulted in an increased percentage of GD+3cells. This increase was evident by the first day and was observed in the CD45RO−(naive cell) population; by 2 days, GD3was expressed heterogeneously in a large population of CD45RO+RA+cells. Further activation of T cells with PHA or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3) resulted in a further increase in GD3-expressing cells, and the increase in GD3density correlated with increased CD45RO and loss of CD45RA. In contrast, increases in GD3and interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) expression in response to PHA or OKT3 occurred independently, indicating that the GD3/CD45RO coexpression observed was not a general consequence of cell activation. The results provide evidence for specific comodulation of GD3and CD45RO during T cell mitogenesis, and thus suggest that these molecules may colocalize on the T cell surface.