Percentage Of Ex-smokers Research Articles

Postpartum breast cancer: Analysis of factors related to pregnancy and identification of differential prognostic markers.

557 Background: Postpartum breast cancer (PPBC) has an increasing incidence. It is associated with a worse prognosis compared to other breast cancers diagnosed outside of this stage. Objectives: To study clinical and histopathological differences between PPBC (diagnosed within 10 years after delivery) and non-postpartum breast cancer (NPBC, diagnosed more than 10 years after delivery or in nulliparous). Analyze whether reproductive factors such as parity or lactation influence these characteristics. Methods: An observational, analytical and retrospective case-control study is carried out. For the first part, we consider those women with PPBC as case; healthy mothers as control. For the second part, we consider PPBC women as case; NPBC women as control. The data have been analyzed with SPSS v.22. Results: 2698 women under 45 years were recruited. 264 (9.8%) have breast cancer and 2434 (90.2%) are healthy women. The percentage of ex-smokers is higher in PPBC compared to healthy mothers (30.6% vs. 19.7%) (X2=9.632; p=0.022; SS). The proportion of women with previous gynecological pathology is higher in PPBC group than in the group of healthy mothers (48.9% vs. 25.7%) (X2=33.767; p<0.001; SS). The same occurs with previous breast pathology (51.9% vs. 21.7%) (X2=62.75; p<0.001; SS). Women with early PPBC (diagnosed within 5 years after delivery) have higher percentage of previous mastitis compared to the rest of groups that develop tumor beyond 5 years postpartum (20.3% vs. 3.6%) (X2=17.76; p=0.023; SS). The percentage of female pregnancies is more frequent in early PPBC (58.6%) compared to non-postpartum or late PPBC (42.4%) (X2=4.039; p=0.044; SS). The percentage of women who abruptly discontinued breastfeeding is higher in those with PPBC with 27.5% compared to healthy mothers (12.6%) (X2=18.448; p<0.001; SS) (Table). PPBC has higher percentage of stages II (63.9%), the other group of NPBC is mostly diagnosed in stage I (64.9%) (X2=9.808; p=0.002; SS). We found higher elevated expression of Ki67 in early PPBC (90.1%), compared to non-postpartum cancer or late PPBC (77%) (X2=6.252; p=0.012; SS). We observe higher proportion of negative estrogen receptors in early PPBC (36.6%) compared to late PPBC or non-postpartum cancer (13.6%) (X2=9.880; p=0.002; SS). Conclusions: Postpartum breast cancer presents different clinical and histopathological characteristics, highlighting differences in early postpartum period. PPBC has worse prognosis, it constitutes a different entity. Breastfeeding abrupt interruption is associated with development of PPBC. [Table: see text]

CORRELATION BETWEEN SMOKE-FREE AREAS AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN INDONESIA

Background: Low public awareness of the impact of smoking makes the implementation of smoke-free areas (KTR) difficult. Smoke-free areas aim to protect the public from the direct and indirect effects of smoking. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the application of smoke-free areas and the prevalence of active and ex-smokers in Indonesia. Method: This study implemented a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Riskesdas 2018 on active and ex-smokers. KTR application data were obtained from the Profile of Non-Communicable Diseases in 2016. A Pearson product-moment test was conducted by a computer application to determine the correlation coefficient (r). This coefficient was used to describe the level of correlation between the two variables; significance was determined as a p value of 5%. Results: This study showed that the average application of KTR throughout Indonesia was 50.83%, active smokers comprised 23.49% of the population, and ex-smokers comprised 4.94%. Most active smokers were in Java and Sumatra, while the majority of ex-smokers were in Java and Sulawesi and the majority of KTR was in Java. This study shows that there is a positive correlation between KTR application and the percentage of ex-smokers (r = 0.46; p value = 0.01). Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the application of KTR and an increase in ex-smokers. The government needs to increase the application of KTR policies.

Smoking Among Spanish Workers After Smoking Regulation

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of smoking among Spanish workers after a new smoking regulation became law. The researchers conducted a retrospective study with a worker sample. Information was collected via health examinations of 185 adults with a mean age of 35.93±9.13 for men and 36.16±9.52 for women who agreed to participate in the study in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The percentages of occasional smokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers were compared by year for men and women. In 2010, 18% of women smokers were occasional, 45% light, 27% moderate, and 10% heavy smokers. Twenty-two percent of male smokers were occasional, 16% light, 28% moderate, and 34% heavy smokers. In 2011, 12% of ex-smokers were women and 14% were men. In 2012, 30% of ex-smokers were women and 22% were men. In conclusion, the percentage of ex-smokers has increased in this sample after the anti-smoking law was enacted.

Issues in multiple imputation of missing data for large general practice clinical databases

Missing data are a substantial problem in clinical databases. This paper aims to examine patterns of missing data in a primary care database, compare this to nationally representative datasets and explore the use of multiple imputation (MI) for these data. The patterns and extent of missing health indicators in a UK primary care database (THIN) were quantified using 488 384 patients aged 16 or over in their first year after registration with a GP from 354 General Practices. MI models were developed and the resulting data compared to that from nationally representative datasets (14 142 participants aged 16 or over from the Health Survey for England 2006 (HSE) and 4 252 men from the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS)). Between 22% (smoking) and 38% (height) of health indicator data were missing in newly registered patients, 2004-2006. Distributions of height, weight and blood pressure were comparable to HSE and BRHS, but alcohol and smoking were not. After MI the percentage of smokers and non-drinkers was higher in THIN than the comparison datasets, while the percentage of ex-smokers and heavy drinkers was lower. Height, weight and blood pressure remained similar to the comparison datasets. Given available data, the results are consistent with smoking and alcohol data missing not at random whereas height, weight and blood pressure missing at random. Further research is required on suitable imputation methods for smoking and alcohol in such databases.

Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among Estonian physicians

This study examined the smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among Estonian physicians. Cross-sectional data for 2668 physicians were gathered by a self-administered postal survey. The current smoking prevalence was 24.9% for male physicians and 10.8% for female physicians. The percentages of ex-smokers were 32.9 and 16.8%, respectively. Smoking prevalence among physicians was below the levels reported for the highest educational bracket of the total population in Estonia. Non-smoking physicians had more unfavourable views towards smoking than those who smoked. The majority of physicians were aware of the association between smoking and various diseases, with significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. Non-smoking physicians were more active in asking patients about smoking habits than those who smoked. Most Estonian physicians, especially those who smoked, failed to perceive themselves as positive role models. This study found a lower prevalence of smoking among physicians compared with the general population, and demonstrated the impact of personal smoking on physicians' attitudes towards smoking. The results provide an important challenge to medical education in Estonia.

Difference of body mass index stratified by the period of smoking cessation from a cross-sectional study

Background Smoking cessation is associated with subsequent obesity. This study was designed to clarify the duration of weight gain lasted after cessation of smoking. Methods A total of 2,511 male subjects aged 25–62 years participated in an annual health examination at their workplace. The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the period since cessation of smoking was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis using age, drinking status, and physical activity as covariates. Results Percentages of current and nonsmokers with BMI not <25 kg/m 2 were 23.3 and 27.5%, respectively. Percentage of ex-smokers with BMI not <25 and with periods of 0–1 year, 2–4 years, 5–7 years, 8–10 years, and >10 years since giving up smoking were 37.5, 27.9, 43.2, 29.4, and 29.8%, respectively. Among ex-smokers with the previously mentioned periods after giving up smoking, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of BMI not <25 kg/m 2 were 1.58 (0.90–2.76), 1.01 (0.57–1.81), 2.01 (1.08–3.71), 1.10 (0.59–2.05), and 1.11 (0.75–1.65), respectively. ORs and 95% CIs of BMI with not <25 kg/m 2 on current smokers were 0.80 (0.66–0.97). Conclusions Obesity due to smoking cessation was observed in subjects within the period from 5 to 7 years after stopping smoking; obesity due to smoking cessation is not a permanent phenomenon.

Evolución de la prevalencia de tabaquismo entre las médicas y enfermeras de la Comunidad de Madrid

BackgroundSmoking is a major cause of mortality in Spain. Tobacco smoking by health care workers has a negative influence on the general population. In Spain, the prevalence of smoking is high and is increasing among women. The aim of this study was to identify tobacco consumption among female physicians and nurses in the Community of Madrid, as well as to determine their knowledge about smoking and whether smoke-free areas are available in health centers. MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in 1998 and 2001 through survey of smoking habits in the female medical staff in the Community of Madrid. Multi-stage sampling with conglomerates was used. ResultsWe studied 1235 health professionals (435 doctors and 800 nurses) in 1998 and 1000 in 2001 (400 doctors and 600 nurses); 43.1% were smokers in 1998 and 43% were smokers in 2001. In both years smoking was more prevalent among nurses (47.6% and 47%) than doctors (34.7% and 37%). Smoking was also more prevalent among health professionals working in hospitals (46.6% and 46.7%) than in those working in primary care (35.3% and 37.3%). When both years were compared, no significant differences in smoking prevalence according to profession were found. In both surveys, the prevalence of smoking was lowest among younger (< 30 years) doctors (22.9% and 23.6%). A similar situation was found in 2001 among nurses (43.8% of those aged < 30 years smoked). The percentage of exsmokers was higher in 2001 (18.9% vs. 27.8%). The percentage of health workers who smoked in front of patients decreased (2.9% vs. 1%) as did the percentage of those who thought smoking should be allowed smoke in waiting rooms (14.9% vs. 7.4%). The percentage of workers who smoked in staff rooms decreased (90.6% vs. 87.1%) and that of health professionals who worked in centers with a specific smoking area increased (30.4% vs. 59.4%). ConclusionsThe prevalence of smoking among female physicians and nurses in the Community of Madrid is very high, and in the case of nurses, it higher than among the generalpopulation. No substantial changes were observed between the two surveys. Smoking is more frequent among nurses than among doctors, and is more frequent in hospitals than in primary care. In the second survey, those who smoked less were the younger members of both professions, which allows a certain optimism. Although it has improved, observance of current legislation in health centers continues to be very low.

Evolution of the prevalence of smoking among female physicians and nurses in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain

BACKGROUND Smoking is a major cause of mortality in Spain. Tobacco smoking by health care workers has a negative influence on the general population. In Spain, the prevalence of smoking is high and is increasing among women. The aim of this study was to identify tobacco consumption among female physicians and nurses in the Community of Madrid, as well as to determine their knowledge about smoking and whether smoke-free areas are available in health centers. METHODS A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in 1998 and 2001 through survey of smoking habits in the female medical staff in the Community of Madrid. Multi-stage sampling with conglomerates was used. RESULTS We studied 1235 health professionals (435 doctors and 800 nurses) in 1998 and 1000 in 2001 (400 doctors and 600 nurses); 43.1% were smokers in 1998 and 43% were smokers in 2001. In both years smoking was more prevalent among nurses (47.6% and 47%) than doctors (34.7% and 37%). Smoking was also more prevalent among health professionals working in hospitals (46.6% and 46.7%) than in those working in primary care (35.3% and 37.3%). When both years were compared, no significant differences in smoking prevalence according to profession were found. In both surveys, the prevalence of smoking was lowest among younger (< 30 years) doctors (22.9% and 23.6%). A similar situation was found in 2001 among nurses (43.8% of those aged < 30 years smoked). The percentage of exsmokers was higher in 2001 (18.9% vs. 27.8%). The percentage of health workers who smoked in front of patients decreased (2.9% vs. 1%) as did the percentage of those who thought smoking should be allowed smoke in waiting rooms (14.9% vs. 7.4%). The percentage of workers who smoked in staff rooms decreased (90.6% vs. 87.1%) and that of health professionals who worked in centers with a specific smoking area increased (30.4% vs. 59.4%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of smoking among female physicians and nurses in the Community of Madrid is very high, and in the case of nurses, it higher than among the general population. No substantial changes were observed between the two surveys. Smoking is more frequent among nurses than among doctors, and is more frequent in hospitals than in primary care. In the second survey, those who smoked less were the younger members of both professions, which allows a certain optimism. Although it has improved, observance of current legislation in health centers continues to be very low.

Urothelial cancer of the bladder in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries in Germany: a case-control study.

In a case-control study performed in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries, the professional and lifestyle histories of 412 male urothelial bladder cancer inpatients (cases) and 414 inpatients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (controls) were investigated. Smoking habits were identified as the main confounder for occupational bladder cancer risk. Two hundred and forty (58.3%) of the bladder cancer inpatients and 146 (35.3%) of the inpatients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were smokers. The percentage of ex-smokers in the bladder cancer cases was 10.2%; the percentage of ex-smokers in the controls was 9.7%. Smoking-adjusted Mantel-Haenszel estimates of the odds ratios (OR&infMH;) for bladder cancer were elevated in underground hard-coal miners (OR&infMH; =2. 54, 95% CI =[1.64; 3.93]), chemical workers (OR&infMH; =2.16, 95% CI =[0.87; 5.38]), painters/varnishers (OR&infMH; = 2.42, 95% CI =[1. 05; 5.57]), technicians (OR&infMH; = 1.99, 95% CI =[0.95; 4.16]), and foundry workers (OR&infMH; = 2.22, 95% CI = [0.53; 9.08]). Administrative officers had significantly lower smoking-adjusted odds ratios (OR&infMH; = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.42; 0.88]). Although statistically not significant, the results of the Breslow-Day test of homogeneity of the odds ratios over the strata are compatible with interactions between tobacco smoking and the occupations of underground hard-coal miners (chi(2)&infBD; = 4.91, p=0.07) and chemical workers (chi(2)&infBR; = 3.32, p=0.06).

Changes of smoking habits and beliefs during nurse training: a longitudinal study.

This prospective cohort study has been performed to evaluate the changes in student nurses smoking habits and beliefs during their training. The source of information was an anonymous questionnaire about tobacco smoking, administered to students who entered the first year of School of Nursing in Florence in 1991-1992, 1992-1993 and 1993-1994. Five hundred and thirty-six (95%) of these student nurses completed the questionnaire. Five hundred and one (93%) of these 536 respondents completed the questionnaire again at the end of the third (final) year of training. Student nurses who smoked increased the average number of cigarettes smoked per day (p < 0.01) and the degree of dependence to nicotine (p < 0.01). Tobacco smoking remained widespread and the percentage of ex-smokers who started smoking again increased (p < 0.05). The knowledge about the health hazards due to tobacco smoking remained generic and the prevalence of current smokers among student nurses and health care workers was overestimated. We conclude that Nursing School does not succeed in reducing the smoking habits of students. Effective antitobacco strategies and smoking cessation services still need be organized in Italy.