Percent Of Deaths Research Articles

Evaluation of post-COVID mortality risk in cases classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome in Brazil: a longitudinal study for medium and long term

BackgroundThere are few studies in the literature evaluating post-COVID mortality in Brazil, along medium and long term, especially in those who presented severe clinical disease.ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the factors associated with post-COVID mortality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases from 2020 to 2023 in Brazil, along medium and long term.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using notification data of SARS classified as COVID-19 from the Brazilian National Information System, “Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica (SIVEP),” during the period 2020 to 2023. Data included demographics, comorbidities, vaccination status, number of COVID-19 vaccine doses, city of residence, and survival outcomes. Classic Cox, Cox mixed effects, and Cox fragility models were used to assess medium and long-term risks of dying post-COVID.ResultsIn the medium and long-term periods studied, 5,157 deaths were recorded out of 15,147 reported SARS/COVID-19 cases. Of these deaths, 91.5% (N = 4,720) occurred within the first year, while 8,5% (N = 437) after the first year. People without formal education, the older adult, had higher percentages of deaths in both periods. In the medium-term post-COVID period, the risk of death was reduced by 8% for those who had been vaccinated while in the long-term post-COVID period, the risk of death almost doubled for those who had been vaccinated. While in the medium term, there was a reduction in mortality risk for those who took two or three doses, in the long term the risk of death was greater for those who took one or two doses.ConclusionThe protective effect of COVID-19 immunization was observed up to one year after the first symptoms. After one year, the effect was reversed, showing an increased risk of death for those vaccinated. These results highlight the need for further research to elucidate the factors that contribute to these findings.

Burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient ozone pollution across China and its provinces, 1990-2021: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a causal relationship between ambient ozone (O3) and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is the only outcome considered in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 for O3. This study aims to evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of the COPD burden attributable to O3 across China from 1990 to 2021. The ambient O3 concentrations in China were estimated. Based on the methodology framework and standard analytical methods applied in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we estimated the annual number, age-standardized rate, and percentage of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from COPD attributable to O3 pollution during 1990-2021 at the national and provincial levels in China. In 2021, a total of 125.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 26.4-228.3) thousand deaths and 1917.5 (95% UI, 398.7-3504.6) thousand DALYs from COPD were attributable to ambient O3 pollution in China, accounting for 9.8% (95% UI, 2.1-17.0%) and 8.1% (95% UI, 1.8-14.1%) of the total COPD deaths and DALYs, respectively. Generally, a higher burden was observed among males, the elderly, and the population residing in regions with worse health conditions. The age-standardized rates of COPD deaths and DALYs per 100,000 populations ranged from 0.5 (95% UI, 0-1.4) and 8.1 (95% UI, 0.7-20.9) in Hong Kong to 22.8 (95% UI, 3.9-43.5) and 396.6 (95% UI, 68.9-763.7) in Xizang. From 1990 to 2021, there was a notable decrease in the age-standardized rates of COPD deaths (68.2%, 95% UI, 60.1-74.9%) and DALYs (71.5%, 95% UI, 63.7-77.6%), especially in regions with poor health conditions. However, the attributable numbers and percentages changed relatively marginally. Ambient O3 pollution is a major contributor to the COPD burden in China. Our findings highlight the significant spatial heterogeneity across different provinces and underscore the implementation of geographically tailored policies to effectively reduce O3 pollution and alleviate the associated disease burden.

Detection of Illegally Manufactured Fentanyls and Carfentanil in Drug Overdose Deaths - United States, 2021-2024.

During 2023, approximately 72,000, or nearly seven in 10, drug overdose deaths in the United States were estimated to involve illegally manufactured fentanyls (IMFs). Carfentanil, a fentanyl analog 100 times more potent than fentanyl, has reemerged in the U.S. drug supply. Using CDC's State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System data, this report describes trends in overdose deaths during January 2021-June 2024, overall and with IMFs detected, by U.S. Census Bureau region, and in deaths with carfentanil detected, in 45 states and the District of Columbia (DC). Numbers of deaths with carfentanil detected by state during January 2023-June 2024 in 49 states and DC are also reported. The number of overdose deaths with IMFs detected declined from 2022 to 2023 in the Northeast (3.2% decline), Midwest (7.8%), and South (2.8%) regions; deaths in the West increased 33.9%. The percentage of deaths with IMFs detected was steady at approximately 70%-80% in the Northeast, Midwest, and South. In contrast, the percentage of deaths with IMFs detected in the West increased from 48.5% during January-March 2021 to 66.5% during April-June 2024. Overdose deaths with carfentanil detected increased approximately sevenfold, from 29 during January-June 2023 to 238 during January-June 2024; during January 2023-June 2024, overdose deaths with carfentanil detected were reported in 37 states. Overdose prevention efforts that address the widespread presence of IMFs, including carfentanil, and can rapidly adapt to other potent opioids in the drug supply might result in lasting reductions in overdose deaths across the entire United States.

Female homicides in Brazil: global burden of disease study, 2000–2018

Female homicides are a public health-relevant issue, and its spatial distribution may evidence socioeconomic vulnerabilities. This study aims to analyze the temporal and spatial trends of female homicides in Brazil and investigate socioeconomic-demographic factors associated with it. This is an ecological, descriptive, and analytical epidemiological study investigating the age-standardized female homicide rate in all Brazilian municipalities between 2000 and 2018, divided into three periods. Spatial and temporal analyses were conducted using the Global Moran's Index and LISA to identify clusters of high and low rates. Rates were also calculated by population size and means of violence across macro-regions. For the last period, a multivariable linear regression model analyzed the association of female homicide rates with social, economic, and geographic factors. Female homicide rates in Brazil remained high during the studied period, with differences in trends between regions. Among the potentially associated factors, it was observed that male homicide rate, the high percentage of violent deaths among black women and those with low levels of education, in addition to the low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, were positively associated with female homicide, whereas larger cities were negatively associated. These findings show that Brazil is a country with a high risk of female homicide. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of women is unequally distributed in the country. Female homicides are mostly caused by domestic conflicts but can also be influenced by changes in the urban and social contexts. This project is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles induced apoptotic cell death in CACO2 cancer cells by activating MLH1 gene expression

MLH1 (Mult homolog1) gene is the main element of Multlα heterodimer and plays a role in the repair of base-base mismatches and deletion and addition loops. When the MLH1 protein is not present, the number of errors that remain unrepaired increases, and this can lead to the formation of tumors in the body. Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer in terms of incidence and the third type of cancer in terms of mortality worldwide. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of biological silver nanoparticles with anticancer properties and MLH1 gene expression on cancer cell samples of people with colorectal cancer. In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out by precipitation method with reduction of silver ions by leaf and flower extract of Moringa oleifera plant. Then, silver nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on cells were evaluated by MTT colorimetric method within 42 h. After RNA extraction of treated cells, cDNA synthesis and primers were designed by the Exon-Exon Junction method and the Real-time Polymerase test for MLH1 and Beta-actin genes was repeated three times. The final analysis of the results was done using Graphpad Prism and Rest 2009 software. The presence of a peak at the wavelength of 234 nm for the synthesized silver nanoparticles was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis. The morphological study on the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles showed that the nanoparticles are spherical and have a size between 40 and 34 nanometers in diameter. The leaf extract typically produces smaller, more uniform particles than the flower extract. The Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of leaf extract were used to evaluation of induced Apoptotic Cell Death in CACO2 Cancer Cells by Activating MLH1 Gene Expression. MTT results showed that the anti-proliferative effect of nanoparticles depends on the concentration of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The treatment of MLH1 cancer cell line and normal with synthesized nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.44 micrograms per ml for 42 h showed the effects of cell toxicity. The percentage of cancer cell death under the influence of quercetin present in Moringa green bio-particles depends on the concentration and time, and this difference is statistically significant compared to the control group (P < 0.05). So that the lethal dose of the extract for 50% survival IC50 in a period of 48 h for intestinal cancer cells was equal to 21 μg/ml, and the expression ratio of the MLH1 gene in the tumor tissue to the adjacent healthy tissue has increased (P ≤ 0.05).

Biotinylated platinum(IV)-conjugated graphene oxide nanoparticles for targeted chemo-photothermal combination therapy in breast cancer

Graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based nanocomposites are promising in drug delivery and photothermal therapy due to their exceptional near-infrared optical absorption and high specific surface area. In this study, we have effectively conjugated an oxaliplatin (IV) prodrug, PEGylated graphene oxide, and PEGylated biotin (PB) in a single platform for breast cancer treatment. This platform demonstrates promising prospects for targeted drug delivery and the synergistic application of photothermal-chemotherapy when exposed to NIR-laser irradiation. The resulting nanocomposite (GO(OX)PB (1/1/0.2) NPs) displayed an exceptionally large surface area, minimal particle size (195.7 nm), specific targeting capabilities, a high drug load capacity (43.56 %) and entrapment efficiency (89.48 %) and exhibit excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and photostability when exposed to NIR-laser irradiation (808 nm). The therapeutic effectiveness was assessed both in vitro and in vivo conditions employing human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), mouse mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (4T1), and 4T1-Luc tumor-bearing mouse models. The findings demonstrated that GO(OX)PB (1/1/0.2) NPs (+L) were highly effective in causing significant cytotoxicity, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis, and photothermal effect. This resulted in a greater percentage of cell death compared to free OX, GO(OX)PEG (1/1/0.2) NPs (±L), and GO(OX)PB (1/1/0.2) NPs (−L). The in vivo therapeutic studies on 4T1-Luc tumor-bearing mice revealed that a combination of GO(OX)PB (1/1/0.2) NPs (+L) caused complete disappearance of the tumor, no tumor recurrence, prolonged survival, reduced lung metastasis, and mitigated nephrotoxicity. The serum and blood analysis demonstrated minimal systemic toxicity of GO(OX)PB (1/1/0.2) NPs. The developed nanoplatform, in this context, may serve as a potential nanomedicine to address conventional nephrotoxicity in breast cancer and prevent metastasis by combining chemo-photothermal therapy.

Alcohol-Induced & Drug-Induced Deaths in Hawai'i During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a marked increase in alcohol and drug-induced deaths. In the US, there was a rapid increase in the rate of alcohol- and drug-induced deaths within the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic years. This study examines mortality data within Hawai'i to assess both alcohol and drug-induced mortality during the pandemic compared to the nation overall. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Underlying Cause of Death database were used to compare numbers and rates of alcohol-induced, drug-induced, and all-cause deaths among individuals aged 15 years or older between 2018 and 2021. The percentage of alcohol-induced and drug-induced deaths in the US and Hawai'i increased annually in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Unlike the US, in Hawai'i between 2020 and 2021 the age-adjusted rate of drug-induced deaths per 100 000 people decreased from 20.6 to 18.6. Overall, this study found that alcohol-related deaths in Hawai'i increased similarly to those in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Temporal fluctuations of adolescent suicides in OECD countries from 1990–2019

BackgroundIn this century, globally suicides have decreased, but decreasing trend was attenuated since the late 2010s, with these tendencies being more pronounced in adolescents. This study identified actual trends and risks of adolescent suicide in OECD countries during 1990–2019. MethodsFluctuation of adolescent (10–25 years) age-standardized death rate (ASDR), crude-mortality rate (CMR) and percentage of suicide per total-deaths (PTD) in 37 OECD countries obtained from “WHO Mortality Database” was analyzed by joinpoint regression. Fixed effects of gross domestic product per capita (GDPC) obtained from “OECD Data Explore” were determined using hierarchical linear model. ResultsAdolescent ASDR-suicide increased. Adolescent ASDR-suicide increased among males and females in Asia, Central/South America, and females in North America, unchanged in males and females in Oceania and males in North America, but decreased in males and females in Europe. PTD-suicide among adolescents in all regions consistently increased in 1990–2019 (with female predominance). Surprisingly, PTD-suicide in adolescents in Asia was approximately 50 % in the late 2010s. Fixed effects of males ASDR caused by traffic accidents and of females ASDR caused by violence positively related to ASDR-suicide of adolescent males and females, respectively. ConclusionsFluctuation adolescent males and females ASDR-suicide was not uniform across five regions among OECD. Contrary, adolescent PTD-suicide in five regions indicated increasing in all five regions; however, those in Asia and Oceania markedly larger compared to other regions. These results suggest that suicide prevention among adolescent health activities is lagging compared to other causes of death, especially in Asia and Oceania.

How common is emergency department as a death place in Portugal and who is more likely to die there?

Abstract Background Most people would prefer to die at home but most die in hospitals or other healthcare settings. Some of the latter deaths may have taken place in Emergency Departments (EDs), as EDs are a major hospital gateway. However, EDs have not been consistently categorised as a place of death (PoD) across countries. Portugal is an exception. This study aimed to examine trends in deaths at EDs in Portugal from 2015 to 2021, identifying who is more likely to die at the ED. Methods We obtained national death certificate data on PoD for 2015 to 2021 from the the Portuguese General-Directorate for Health. We analysed the percentage of deaths taking place at the ED by sex, age group (0-17y, 18-49y, 50-69y, 70-79y, ≥80y), underlying cause of death (cancer, dementia, and other causes) and year of death. Results 804.971 people died in Portugal from 2015-2021 (50.1% male; 0.4% aged 0-17y, 58.0% aged ≥80y; 23.3% died from cancer, 5.6% from dementia, and 71.1% from other causes). Of these, 13.2% died at the ED. The percentage of ED deaths was higher in female (13.7% vs. 12.8% in male), in adults (13.3% vs. 9.0% in children), in those dying from dementia (15.7% compared to 9.6% in cancer and 14.3% in other causes). The percentage of ED deaths rose from 10.6% in 2015 to 14.3% in 2021, increasing steadily over time (average 0.6 percentual points per year, representing 1069 additional deaths per year). Conclusions One in every ten deaths in Portugal happens at ED and this is increasing. Patients with non-cancer conditions are more likely to die at the ED, in particular those dying from dementia. To understand if this reality compares with other countries, we are developing a pioneering international classification of place of death which includes the ED. Funding: European Research Council (agreement nr. 948609). Key messages • Emergency department (ED) is a significant PoD in Portugal and has increased from 10.6% to 14.3% (2015-2021). Non-cancer patients, especially those with dementia, more likely to die at ED. • This study highlights the need for an international place of death classification to compare emergency department death trends across countries.

Formulation and characterization of 5-fluorouracil and metformin biodegradable nanospheres for treating colon cancer

BackgroundCancer and diabetes mellitus are quite common diseases found together worldwide. A considerable amount of evidence is available for the rapid development and presentation of various types of cancer in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) population as compared with the population without diabetes. The objective of the study is to formulate and evaluate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and metformin (MET) nanoparticles (NPs) and to establish the characteristic features of the biodegradable NPs. 5-FU and MET NPs with chitosan as a biodegradable polymer were formulated by the ionotropic cross-linking method. 0.25 gm of MET and 0.25 gm of 5-FU were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water, and stock solution was prepared. 5 ml of stock solution was slowly mixed into the chitosan solution to obtain the mixture of drugs and chitosan. The tripolyphosphate reserve liquid was dripped slowly into the chitosan solution with constant stirring until the opaline appearance was noticed in the mixture, then filtered, and dried. The NPs were evaluated for their physical properties and drug release kinetics. Cell proliferation assay was done using human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116).ResultsThe formulation composed of 1.5 w/v of chitosan, 0.25 w/v of MET, and 5-FU had an average particle diameter of 198.7 nm. The polydispersity index was 0.757. Thermal and infrared spectroscopy results indicated the drugs and polymers selected for the formulation were unique without any identifiable interaction. The NPs were spherical in appearance, with numerous pours on the surface, which was evident when microscopically examined. Uniformity in drug release was observed, and the formulation demonstrated excellent release kinetics. HTC 116 cell line confirmed that the maximum percentage of cell death and minimum viability of cells were observed while using the combination of MET and 5-FU-NPs as compared to the pure MET or 5-FU alone.ConclusionMET and 5-FU-loaded chitosan NPs were found to have excellent physiochemical properties, particle size, and drug release from the polymer in a controlled manner. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of MET and 5-FU-NPs was found to be significantly less as compared to MET and 5-FU alone or the combination.

Neurotoxicity associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: a real-world study leveraging the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System

ABSTRACT Background CAR-T-associated neurotoxicity is extremely frequent with highly variable clinical presentation. Research design and methods Disproportionality analysis was conducted leveraging the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), covering the period from 1 January 2017, through 31 March 2023. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the information component (IC) were utilized to assess the adverse signals in total/individual CAR-T product. The lower limit of the ROR and IC 95% confidence interval (ROR025 and IC025) both exceeding threshold value (1 and 0, respectively) was considered a significant signal. Results Of the 60, 730 records associated with CAR-T, 11, 037 (18.17%) pertained to neurological events. Tisagenlecleucel exhibited the highest percentage of death (38.02%) and life‐threatening (12.90%) outcomes. Notably, it also displayed the broadest distribution of neurotoxicity. Additionally, distinct adverse signals unique to individual CAR-T products were identified. For instance, paraparesis, cerebral hemorrhage, impaired pupillary reflex, Guillain-Barre syndrome, brain death following tisagenlecleucel; dysarthria, orthostatic hypotension, and spinal cord edema after axicabtagene; parkinsonism, Bell’s palsy, and cranial nerve paralysis post ciltacabtagene. Conclusions Axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, brexucabtagene autoleucel, lisocabtagene maraleucel, idecabtagene vicleucel, and ciltacabtagene autoleucel exhibited increased odds of neurotoxicity, with some discrepancies in their characteristics, profiles, and severity.

Fertility and teratogenic study of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in female Sprague Dawley rats

Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) has long been gaining attention in phytotherapy research due to its medicinal properties. Despite its benefits, there is very scarce information available on the reproductive toxicity of this plant. The aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa (AEHS) was tested in the present study to investigate its potential effects on fertility and teratogenicity in 40 female Sprague Dawley rats. AESH treatment was administered orally by gavage at four different dosages: 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day or distilled water (control). Treatment began from pre-mating and continued through mating up to the 19th day of pregnancy periods. Throughout this study, the reproductive parameters were evaluated until the day of sacrifice (day 20th of pregnancy). Results obtained revealed no significant differences in general physical health, behaviours and maternal body weights throughout the treatment period. Furthermore, the mean length of the oestrous cycle was not statistically affected, even though a few rats displayed irregular cycles. In addition, there was no statistical significance in the mating and pregnancy indices, number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, percentages of pre-implantation loss and postimplantation death and reproductive organ weights. Foetal parameters such as the number of live foetuses, sex ratio and body weight were also not statistically affected by AESH. Ultimately, there were no signs of teratogenicity observed since none of the foetuses exhibited congenital malformations. In conclusion, these findings imply that the oral administration of AEHS up to 1000 mg/kg/day did not pose any significant toxicity on the fertility and teratogenicity but slightly affected the oestrous cycle in rats.

Comparison of the antimicrobial reduction effect of photodynamic inactivation with the addition of chlorophyll and curcumin photosensitizer in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis

Background Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis are pathogenic bacteria of the oral cavity that cause various diseases such as periodontitis and endodontics. These bacteria are easily resistant to antibiotics. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a method of inactivating microorganisms that utilizes light to activate a photosensitizer agent (PS) that produces reactive oxygen species causing cell lysis. Methods This study used the PDI method with a 405 nm diode laser at various energy density with the addition PS curcumin or chlorophyll Alfalfa, as much as 1.6 mg/ml on A. actinomycetemcomitans and E. faecalis bacteria. Results The study on E. faecalis bacteria showed that the energy density diode laser irradiation of 1.59 J/cm² gave the percentage of E. faecalis bacteria death 36.7% without PS, 69.30% with the addition of chlorophyll Medicago sativa L and 89.42% with the addition of curcumin. Meanwhile, the bacteria A. actinomycetemcomitans showed that the energy density diode laser irradiation of 1.59 J/cm² gave the percentage of bacterial death 35.81% without PS, 64.39% with the addition of chlorophyll Medicago sativa L and 89.82% with the addition of curcumin. PS was critical to the success of the PDI. Conclusions The addition of PS curcumin increased the effectiveness of reducing bacteria E. faecalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans compared to chlorophyll Medicago sativa L.

Changes in Place of Death Among Patients With Dementia During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Time-series Analysis.

A key measure of the effectiveness of end-of-life care is the place of death. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected end-of-life care and the circumstances of patients with dementia. This observational, retrospective cohort study used Japanese national data to examine the numbers and locations of reported deaths among patients with dementia older than 65 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Locations were grouped as medical institutions, nursing facilities, homes, or all settings. The quasi-Poisson regression model known as the Farrington algorithm was employed. Between December 30, 2019, and January 29, 2023, 279,703 patients who died of causes related to dementia were reported in Japan. A decline was seen in early 2020, followed by increased numbers of deaths in homes, medical facilities, and nursing homes beginning in October 2020, December 2020, and March 2021, respectively. In 2021, the percentage of excess deaths at home peaked at 35.2%, while in 2022, those in medical facilities and nursing homes peaked at 18.8% and 16.6%, respectively. In 2022, the percentage of excess deaths in nursing homes exceeded that of other locations. The results suggest a change in the preferred place of death, along with pandemic-related visitation restrictions among healthcare facilities. Excess deaths also suggest strained medical resources and limited access to care. Methodological limitations include data from a limited period (2017 onwards) and post-2020 data used to estimate data after 2021, albeit with weighting. Considering these findings, physicians should reconfirm preferred places of death among older patients with dementia.

Estimated impact of a tobacco-elimination strategy on lung-cancer mortality in 185 countries: a population-based birth-cohort simulation study

The tobacco-free generation aims to prevent the sale of tobacco to people born after a specific year. We aimed to estimate the impact of eliminating tobacco smoking on lung-cancer mortality in people born during 2006-10 in 185 countries. For this population-based birth-cohort simulation study, we proposed a scenario in which tobacco sales were banned for people born between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2010, and in which this intervention was perfectly enforced, quantified until Dec 31, 2095. To predict future lung-cancer mortality rates, we extracted lung-cancer mortality data by sex, 5-year age group, and 5-year calendar period for countries with at least 15 years of data from the WHO Mortality Database. For countries for which mortality data were not available, we extracted data on lung-cancer incidence from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. To establish the number of lung-cancer deaths that could be prevented in the birth cohort if tobacco smoking was eliminated, we subtracted reported age-specific rate of deaths in people who had never smoked tobacco (hereafter referred to as never smokers) from a previous study from the expected rate of lung-cancer deaths in our birth cohort and applied this difference to the size of the population. We computed population impact fractions (PIFs), the percentage of lung-cancer deaths that could be prevented, by dividing the number of preventable lung-cancer deaths by the expected lung-cancer deaths in the birth cohort. We also aggregated expected and prevented deaths into the four World Bank income groups (ie, high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income). The primary outcome was the impact on lung-cancer mortality of implementing a tobacco-free generation. Our birth cohort included a total population of 650 525 800 people. Globally, we predicted that 2 951 400 lung-cancer deaths could occur in the population born during 2006-10 if lung-cancer rates continue to follow trends observed during the past 15 years. Of these deaths, 1 842 900 (62·4%) were predicted to occur in male individuals and 1 108 500 (37·6%) were expected to occur in female individuals. We estimated that 1 186 500 (40·2%) of 2 951 400 lung-cancer deaths in people born during 2006-10 could be prevented if tobacco elimination (ie, a tobacco-free generation) was achieved. We estimated that more lung-cancer deaths could be prevented in male individuals (844 200 [45·8%] of 1 842 900 deaths) than in female individuals (342 400 [30·9%] of 1 108 500 deaths). In male individuals, central and eastern Europe had the highest PIF (48 900 [74·3%] of 65 800 deaths) whereas in female individuals, western Europe had the highest PIF (56 200 [77·7%] of 72 300 deaths). Middle Africa was the region with the lowest PIF in both male individuals (180 [2·1%] of 8600 deaths) and female individuals (60 [0·9%] of 6400 deaths). In both sexes combined, PIF was 17 400 (13·5%) of 128 900 deaths in low-income countries, 104 900 (15·8%) of 662 800 deaths in lower-middle-income countries, 650 100 (43·9%) of 1 482 200 deaths in upper-middle-income countries, and 414 100 (61·1%) of 677 600 deaths in high-income countries. The implementation of a tobacco-free generation could substantially reduce global lung-cancer mortality. However, data from low-income countries were scarce and our estimates should be interpreted with caution. Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery.

Associations between polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer risk among type 2 diabetes: The modifying effects of lifestyle

A growing percentage of diabetes-related deaths has been attributed to cancer, with environmental factors playing important contributions. Thus, we studied the potential relationship between endocrine disruptors polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cancer risk in diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the association between serum seven indicator-PCB (PCB-28/52/101/118/138/153/180) levels and incident cancer, and further explore the possible modifying role of lifestyle. A total of 2806 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases were included from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort at the baseline in 2008 and tracked until December 2018, and 320 incident cancers were identified during about 10-year follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models and competing risk regression models were used to reveal associations of baseline concentrations of PCBs with total cancer and specific cancer, respectively. Lifestyle score was determined by body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and diet. Each interquartile range (IQR) increment of non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) generated an 8%–30% increase in cancer incidence. Individuals in the highest quartile for PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, and lowly chlorinated PCBs had 1.44- to 1.68-fold higher cancer risk compared to those in the lowest quartile. Restricted cubic spline analyses and the quantile g-computation model showed similar results. Significant interactions were found between PCBs and fasting blood glucose or simplified insulin resistance assessment indicators. NDL-PCBs were positively and significantly associated with gastrointestinal cancer and respiratory cancer, especially with liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Higher PCBs showed a significant increase in total cancer risk among participants with an unhealthy lifestyle, however, no associations were observed in those with a relatively healthy lifestyle (Pinteraction < 0.05). Our findings indicated an increased cancer risk associated with NDL-PCBs, highlighted the role of a healthy lifestyle in potentially reducing adverse impact, and provided preliminary data for environmental and public health interventions to alleviate the risk of cancer among diabetes.

Cytotoxic Effect of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolated from Prostate and Bladder Cancer Patients in Iraq.

This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on normal human cells. Seven isolates of S. maltophilia were obtained from 120 urine samples collected from prostate and bladder cancer patients, with diagnoses confirmed via Vitek. The cytotoxicity of these bacterial isolates was assessed on normal human fibrocyte cells (NHF) using various concentrations of bacterial filtrate (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). The bacterial filtrate exhibited significant toxicity to NHF cells, with the highest cell death rate of 68% and the lowest optical density (OD) of 0.25 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The IC50 value, indicating the concentration at which 50% inhibition of cell viability occurred, was determined to be 49.35 μg/ml. Further research is necessary to explore the potential role of these bacterial isolates in promoting cancer through inflammation. The clinical isolates of S. maltophilia demonstrated substantial cytotoxic activity against normal human fibrocyte cells, leading to a notable reduction in both cell number and optical density, with the highest percentage of cell death observed. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the specific toxins or enzymes involved, which could pave the way for future studies.

The Effect of Alkaloid and Phenolic Extracts of Some Plants on the Biological of the Periplaneta Americana

The study was conducted to determine the extent of the effect of some plant extracts on the death of some of the biological stages of the Periplaneta americana, it tested two types of terpenoids extracts and the alkaloid extract of Xanthium strumarium and Achillea L. the extract of terpenoids and alkaloid compounds of the Achillea L in killing eggs, and it was also noted that the extract of terpenoids in both the X.strumarium and Achillea L was superior to the rest of the extracts of the same two plants. The two extract recorded an effect on the adults of the P.americana, as it was noted that the terpenoids and alkaloids of the extract were clearly superior to the X.strumarium, it was also noted that the superiority of the alkaloid extract in the X.Strumarium. We also note that there is a direct relationship between the concentrations of the extract and the percentage of death. The extracts work to kill insect eggs in several ways that have a physiological effect, including that they contain a percentage of oils that cover the surface of the eggs with a thin layer that prevents the exchange of gases between the egg embryo and its external environment, it hardens, thus preventing the egg shell from hatching, or the penetration of the extract into the egg, which affects the protoplasm, leading to the killing of embryos, or the inhibitory effect of the terpenoids compounds present in the extract of the two plants, which affects the growth of the embryos of these eggs.

Function of Moringa oleifera Lamk Leaf Extract as an Antiseptic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using Percentage Kill Method

Moringa oleifera Lamk leaf extract has an antimicrobial properties especially against fungal, parasite, Gram positive and negative bacteria by inhibiting DNA synthesis and metabolism an damaging cell walls. The aim of this study was to determine whether M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract is effective as an antiseptic against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria. Percentage Kill was used in the study to determine the percentage of bacteria death after contact with M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract in the 1st, 2nd and 5th minutes against the control and treatment simultaneously. The test is considered to meet the standard if each contact gives a result of ≥90%. For discovered percentage kill to P. aeruginosa bacteria in the 1st, 2nd and 5th minutes each test showed a yield of 27.12%. , 47.01%, 57.7%. In the third time of P. aeruginosa did not reach the standard. Whereas in S. aureus bacteria, each test showed a yield of 92.36%, 95.58% and 96.45%, where it was seen that all results reach the standards criteria of ≥90%. M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract was not effective in eliminating P. aeruginosa for all contacts because the standard value was below 90%. Whereas for S. aureus bacteria, M. oleifera Lamk leaf extract was very effective in eliminating bacteria for all contact times ≥90% with the highest value at the 5th minutes (96.45%).

Efficacy of Jasminum subtriplinerve Extract against 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-Induced Cancer in Mice.

Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume tea is a traditional Vietnamese medicine used to treat impetigo, menstruation issues, and painful menstrual hematometra. Previous studies have shown that extracts and isolated compounds from J. subtriplinerve possess diverse pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic effects. However, their potential anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of action have not been clear. Here, we examined the effects of J. subtriplinerve extracts against three human cancer cell lines. We also conducted in vivo analyses using a mouse model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced breast cancer, including an investigation of changes in histological sections. The effect of the J. subtriplinerve ethyl acetate fraction on cytokine levels (IL-2, PGE2, TNF-α) in serum was determined using ELISA kits. Results showed that the EtOAc fraction had the highest anti-proliferative activity (IC50 = 13.7 mg/ml) against the breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line, while the BuOH and water fractions did not show any anticancer effects. Additionally, the EtOAc fraction at a dose of 14.4 mg/kg was able to elevate IL-2 levels and suppress the expression of PGE2 in the serum of mice. A remarkable decrease in the percentage of death and tumor incidence in mice was achieved following treatment with the EtOAc fraction at a dose of 14.4 mg/kg. No abnormal parameters in blood were observed in the J. subtriplinerve treatment groups. These results suggest that J. subtriplinerve, when used as tea or a functional food, is nontoxic and has clear chemopreventive effects against breast cancer.