Percent Of Children Research Articles

Associations between Biological Maturation, Chronological Age, Body Mass Index, Sex, and Motor Competence in Prepubertal Children: A Network Analysis.

The development of motor competence (MC) during childhood is crucial for future physical activity and health outcomes, and it is affected by both biological and psychosocial factors. Most MC research has focused on children's age, with fewer studies examining separate associations between MC and biological maturation. This cross-sectional study used network analysis to assess the nonlinear associations between biological maturation (the child's percentage of predicted mature stature to indicate somatic maturation), chronological age, sex, BMI, and MC (Test of Gross Motor Development, third edition) in 218 children (100 boys, 118 girls) aged 7-9 years. Biological maturation was not significantly associated with MC in boys and weakly associated with MC in girls for the dribble, under-hand throw, and gallop. Age was positively associated with MC in girls and boys. Centrality measures indicated that the gallop and slide in girls and the dribble, catch, and run in boys were the most important network variables. Positive associations were observed between maturation and BMI for girls (r = 0.579) and, to a lesser degree, for boys (r = 0.267). The findings suggest that age, rather than biological maturation, is positively associated with MC in 7- to 9-year-olds. Centrality measures showed that some skills may influence other skills.

Neck Circumference and Its Relation with Body Fat Percentage in Children 5-10 Years Old.

Neck circumference (NC) has been proposed as an indicator of upper trunk adiposity and a potential indicator of metabolic risk. The objective was to evaluate NC and its correlation with body fat percentage (BF%) and other indicators of adiposity in children with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. In a cross-sectional study, 112 children 5 to 10 years of age were included in the outpatient clinic from a public hospital. Measures of weight and height to calculate BMI (kg/m2), NC, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, and tricipital skinfold thickness. Body composition measurements were performed using an electrical bioimpedance device (BIA). The relationship between anthropometric variables and BF% obtained by BIA was determined using Spearman correlation tests. Multivariate models were constructed with BF% as the dependent variable and anthropometric parameters as independent. In the entire group, there was a direct correlation between NC and BF% (r = 0.50, p < 0.001), but lost statistical significance in the case of normal weight. The relationship maintained its significance in subjects from the overweight and obesity groups. In multivariate models, BMI exhibited the highest correlation with BF%, followed by waist circumference and mid-upper arm circumference; for NC, the R2 value was 0.30 (p < 0.001). Neck circumference is useful in the screening of population groups with the advantage of not requiring any specialized instruments for its measurement other than a tape measure. BMI and waist circumference were the best indicators of general and central adiposity, respectively.

Finger Painting Game for Children’s Fine Motor Development in Tp Anggrek Village Dawuhan

One of the basic abilities of children that needs to be developed is motor skills which consistof two, namely gross motor and fine motor. According to initial observations, it is known thatchildren’s fine motor skills are still not optimally developed, so it is necessary to stimulate finemotor skills, one of which is by providing finger painting activities with the intention ofdeveloping fine motor skills in children in the bud group at Anggarek Dawuhan KrejenganTP. The number of children who were the subject was 4 girls and 7 boys. This study uses aclass Action research method. Data collection techniques used are observation,documentation, and assessment. The calculations made can be seen that the percentage ofchildren’s fine motor skills has increased from the initial condition of 33.46%. In the first cyclethe first and second meetings increased to 37.50% and 45.96%. In cycle II meetings I and IIincreased again to 58.46% and 76.84%. This proves that the fingerpainting method can improvechildren’s fine motor skills at Angggrek Dawuhan Krejengan TP.

Preventing the overdiagnosis of chest sepsis in children: A quality improvement project.

Respiratory infections in children are one of the most common causes of hospital attendances and a common cause of sepsis. Most of these infections turn out to be viral in nature. However, the overuse of antibiotics is common and with increasing problems with antimicrobial resistance, changes to antibiotic prescribing practices need to be implemented urgently. To test our hypothesis that a significant number of children and young people are diagnosed with and treated for 'chest sepsis' unnecessarily by evaluating adherence to British Thoracic Society and National Institute of Clinical Excellence sepsis guidelines, and to implement measures to prevent overdiagnosis. A baseline audit undertaken, stratified patient risk as per NICE sepsis guidelines. Data were analysed to assess adherence to these guidelines following presentation of possible lower respiratory tract infection. Questionnaires were sent to Paediatric doctors in local hospitals and focus groups were held to qualitatively evaluate the barriers and facilitators to preventing overdiagnosis. These informed implemented measures. The baseline audit showed 61% of children under two, who are more likely to have a viral chest infection were treated with intravenous antibiotics. Seventy-seven percentof children had blood tests and 88% had chest X-rays (CXRs) which are not routinely recommended. A total of 71% with a normal CXRhad been treated with intravenous antibiotics. Barriers to preventing overdiagnosis included the over-sensitivity of the sepsis tool, anxiety and drug prescribing habits. Facilitators included visual cues and team work. Implemented changes including a revised sepsis pathway and raising awareness led to some positive changes. However, upon re-auditing there was no significant change in the number of children being overdiagnosed. Initial audit results supported our hypothesis that children were being overdiagnosed, over-investigated and over-treated. Despite multimodal interventions aimed at understanding the drivers underpinning these issues, the re-audit results mirrored the baseline audit despite a transient improvement following our campaign to raise awareness and further work to change physician behaviour is required.

Preschoolers’ executive functions following indoor and outdoor free play

BackgroundChildren's executive functions develop rapidly during the preschool years and are critical for attending to lessons and meeting classroom expectations. Engaging in periods of outdoor play that have lower regulatory requirements and that provide opportunities for physical activity may help children maintain control over their behavior when they are back in settings with higher regulatory requirements. However, little work has formally examined this proposition in early childhood. MethodsThis study used a quasi-experimental design to examine preschoolers' executive functions following indoor compared to outdoor play. A total of 72 children (mean age = 4.5 years, 46% female, 73% non-Hispanic White) participated in task-based assessments of attention shifting and inhibitory control and in classroom observations of attention and inhibitory control. A subsample of the children (n = 51) was assessed for physical activity using accelerometry to examine the extent to which young children's physical activity during outdoor play predicted their subsequent executive functions better than their physical activity during indoor play. ResultsChildren showed greater attention during classroom circle time following outdoor play compared to after indoor play (d = .34). Children's non-sedentary activity during indoor play was not related to their subsequent task-based executive functions but showed negative associations with their subsequent classroom-based executive functions. Children's percentage of time spent in non-sedentary physical activity during outdoor play showed a quadratic association with subsequent task-based inhibitory control but linear associations with subsequent classroom-based attention and inhibitory control during circle time. ConclusionPeriods of outdoor play that involve recommended amounts of physical activity may help young children engage executive functions when they return to the classroom.

Association Between Hydration and Body-Fat Percentage in Children in Miami-Dade: Preliminary Data From the MetA-Bone Trial

ObjectivesBackground: Children 9–13 years old in the US have suboptimal hydration status, with an average water intake of 496 mL/d (adequate intake for water is 2,100 mL/d in girls and 2,400 mL/d in boys, as per the Institute of Medicine). Studies have shown a significant inverse association between hydration status and body-fat percentage in children, although most studies failed to use Dual-X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan (DXA), the gold standard for body composition. Objectives: To associate total fluid intake, hydration status, and body-fat percentage in children 10–13 years from the baseline visit of the MetA-Bone Trial, a trial to test the effect of soluble corn fiber supplementation on bone metabolism.MethodsBody-fat percentage was measured using DXA, total fluid intake (mL/day) was assessed from three 24-hour dietary recalls using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR), and hydration status was objectively measured using Urine Specific Gravity (USG) via 24-h urine collections. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and linear regression performed with SPSS 26.0. Models were adjusted for age and sex.ResultsA total of 14 children (57.1% males) had complete data. Mean body-fat was 31.8 ± 8.53%, mean total water intake was 1634 ± 866 mL/day (54.5% were below the water adequate intake), and mean USG was 1.031 ± 0.023 (55.6% were dehydrated). Linear regression showed that total water intake and the objective hydration status were not significantly associated (β = 0.457; p = 0.216; adjusted for age and sex β = 0.461 p = 0.319). No associations were found between total water intake and body-fat percentage (β = −0.254, p = 0.452; adjusted for age and sex (β = −0.102, p = 0.758) or between objective hydration status and body-fat percentage (β = 0.009; p = 0.982; adjusted for age and sex β = −0.034; p = −0.094).ConclusionsMost children did not meet the adequate intake for water and were dehydrated. Total water intake and objective hydration status was not significantly associated among them and to body-fat percentage. A higher sample size may be necessary to find an association between hydration, body-fat percentage in children.Funding SourcesFunding was supported by the National Institute of Health (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD), grant number 1R01HD098589-01.

Trends in BMI Percentile and Body Fat Percentage in Children 12 to 17 Years of Age.

This study evaluates the cross-sectional trends in body fat percentage (BF%) and body mass index (BMI) percentile rank, and the relationship between the two in 332 (177 boys, 155 girls) 12- to 17-year-old children. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using measured height and body mass, and sex-specific BMI for age percentile rank was determined using CDC growth charts. Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured with DEXA. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated by normalizing the fat mass and fat-free mass for height. Compared to boys of the same age, girls had significantly higher BF% and FMI values and lower FFMI values. Compared to boys, at a given BMI percentile rank, females had a higher BF% and FMI, and a lower FFMI. In both boys and girls, there was an exponential increase in adiposity above the 70th percentile rank. BMI percentile rank is not an equivalent indicator of body fatness in boys and girls. Other measures of body composition can further inform the practitioner of a child’s adiposity.

Language and Executive Function in Preschoolers With Developmental Language Disorder: The Role of Self-Directed Speech

Purpose: Our goal was to examine the relationship between language and executive function in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and/or developmental language disorder (DLD) with a specific focus on how language in the form of self-directed speech (SDS) affects executive functioning in this population. Method: Participants included thirty-one 4- and 5-year-old children with DLD. Children completed a visual, computer-based continuous performance task (CPT) that tapped their sustained selective attention. SDS children produced during this task was coded off-line for intelligibility, task relevancy, and whether it was regulatory. Regression analyses were used to characterize the relationship between children's performance on the CPT and their SDS. Results: The majority of SDS that children produced during the CPT was task relevant and regulatory, but there was individual variability in the total amount of SDS produced. Children's percentage of regulatory SDS was a significant predictor of their CPT performance. Conclusions: Because SDS is positively associated with executive function performance but has delayed development among children with SLI and/or DLD, clinicians have an opportunity to support SDS development in children. We discuss specific approaches and clinical activities for supporting SDS development in early childhood.

Caloric compensation and appetite control in children of different weight status and predisposition to obesity

To prevent childhood obesity it is critical to identify behavioral phenotypes for overeating, especially among children who are predisposed to obesity. We examined caloric compensation and appetite control in 212 normal-weight (NW) and obese (OB) children, ages 7 to 9, who were at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for obesity based on maternal obesity. In a within-subjects crossover design, children ate breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks in the laboratory once a week for two weeks. Children's percentage compensation index (%COMPX) was computed at breakfast. Twenty-five minutes before breakfast, children received one of two compulsory preloads, which varied in energy density (ED) and caloric content [Low ED (LED): 1.00 kcal/g; 100 kcal; High ED (HED): 1.60 kcal/g; 160 kcal]. Children's appetite was measured hourly using Visual Analog Scales, which were used to compute 3-h post-prandial area under the curve (AUCs) after breakfast and the satiety quotient (SQ), which allows between-group comparisons of a fixed amount of a food's potency to reduce appetite sensations per unit of intake. There were no significant differences in %COMPX, SQ, or AUC among LR-NW, HR-NW, and HR-OB children (P > 0.10). SQs for Hunger and Prospective Consumption were higher and SQ for Fullness lower after consuming the LED compared to the HED preload (P < 0.009). Further, the SQ and AUC for Desire to Eat and AUC for Prospective Consumption significantly predicted energy intake during the remainder of the day (P < 0.03). In this study, HR-NW children did not differ from LR-NW or HR-OB children in their caloric compensation or appetite control. Foods with a high satiating effect may facilitate appetite control and help to moderate daily energy intake in all children, including at-risk children.

Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors.

CITATION: Morgan, E. H., et al. 2017. Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children’s dietary intake and physical activity behaviors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2:1-19, Art. CD012547, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012547.

QuickStats: Percentage of Children Aged &lt;18 Years with a Food or Digestive Allergy in the Past 12 Months,* by Age Group — National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2018†

<i>QuickStats:</i> Percentage of Children Aged &lt;18 Years with a Food or Digestive Allergy in the Past 12 Months,* by Age Group — National Health Interview Survey, 2007–2018^†

Maternal and child factors associated with child body fatness in a Ghanaian cohort.

We aimed to identify factors (child diet, physical activity; maternal BMI) associated with body composition of Ghanaian pre-school children. Longitudinal analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)-DYAD-Ghana randomized trial, which enrolled 1320 pregnant women at ≤20 weeks' gestation and followed them and their infants until 6 and 18 months postpartum, respectively. At follow-up, child age 4-6 years, we collected data on body composition (by 2H dilution), physical activity and diet, extracted dietary patterns using factor analysis, and examined the association of children's percentage body fat with maternal and child factors by regression analysis. Eastern Region, Ghana. Children 4-6 years of age. The analysis included 889 children with percentage body fat and dietary data at follow-up. We identified two major dietary patterns, a snacking and a cooked foods pattern. Percentage body fat was positively associated (standardized β (se)) with maternal BMI at follow-up (0·10 (0·03); P = 0·003) and negatively associated with physical activity (-0·15 (0·05); P = 0·003, unadjusted for child gender), but not associated with the snacking (0·06 (0·03); P = 0·103) or cooked foods (-0·05 (0·07); P = 0·474) pattern. Boys were more active than girls (1470 v. 1314 mean vector magnitude counts/min; P < 0·0001) and had lower percentage body fat (13·8 v. 16·9 %; P < 0·0001). In this population, maternal overweight and child physical activity, especially among girls, may be key factors for addressing child overweight/obesity. We did not demonstrate a relationship between the dietary patterns and body fatness, which may be related to limitations of the dietary data available.

Nasal Eosinophil Count and Percentage in Children with Allergic Rhinitis

Nasal Eosinophil Count and Percentage in Children with Allergic Rhinitis

QuickStats: Percentage of Children Aged 1-5 Years Who Had Never Been to a Dentist,* by Age and Year - National Health Interview Survey,† United States, 2006-2016.

During 2006-2016, the percentage of children aged 1-5 years who had never seen a dentist decreased as age increased. In 2016, 80.2% of children aged 1 year, 49.7% of children aged 2 years, 28.6% of children aged 3 years, 18.3% of children aged 4 years, and 6.8% of children aged 5 years had never seen a dentist. For all ages, the percentage of children who had never seen a dentist declined from 2006 to 2016.

Associations among the Degree of Hip Adductor Spasticity, the Level of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Migration Percentage in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objectives : This study was aimed at detecting the occurrence of hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) by seeking the association among the degree of hip adductor spasticity, level of Gross MotorFunction Classification System (GMFCS) and Migration Percentage (MP).Methods : It was a cross sectional study with inclusion criterias were children with cerebral palsy, both male and female aged 2-10 years old, and parent’s approval by signing informed consent. Exclusion criterias werecomorbidities of other neuromotor impairments, such as spina bifida; other neuromuscular or musculoskeletal diseases, etc; uncooperative; and presenting severe diseases at the day of assessment. Measurement methodsincluded the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) R2, R1 and R2-R1 components to measure hip adductor spasticity; Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) protocol to assess gross motor ability; andAnterior-Posterior (AP) pelvic plain radiograph to calculate the Migration Percentage (MP) value.Results : At the initial phase, 31 children were included, however only 57 legs were analyzed for hip adductor spasticity and MP. There were no correlation between the degree of hip adductor spasticity and MPboth the R2 with MP (r = -0.060; p = 0.658), and R1 with MP (r = -0.136; p = 0.314). Moreover, there was insignificant difference between level of GMFCS and MP (p = 0.831).Conclusion : This study indicates nill correlation between the degree of hip adductor spasticity and the MP, and insignificant difference between the level of GMFCS and MP to detect the occurence of hip dislocationin children with cerebral palsy.Keywords : Modified Tardieu Scale, R2, R1, level of GMFCS, AP pelvic plain radiograph, MP value.

QuickStats: Percentage of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–17 Years with No Usual Place of Health Care,* by Race† and Hispanic Ethnicity — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 1997–2014§

<i>QuickStats</i>: Percentage of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–17 Years with No Usual Place of Health Care,* by Race† and Hispanic Ethnicity — National Health Interview Survey, United States, 1997–2014§

Quick Stats: Percentage of Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years with Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),* by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity — National Health Interview Survey,United States, 1997–2014

Quick Stats: Percentage of Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17 Years with Diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),* by Race and Hispanic Ethnicity — National Health Interview Survey,<sup />United States, 1997–2014

The role of primary caregiver vocabulary knowledge in the development of bilingual children's vocabulary skills.

The present study examined the impact of environmental factors (socioeconomic status [SES], the percent of language exposure to English and to Spanish, and primary caregivers' vocabulary knowledge) on bilingual children's vocabulary skills. Vocabulary skills were measured in 58 bilingual children between the ages of 5 and 7 who spoke Spanish as their native language and English as their second language. Data related to language environment in the home, specifically, the percent of language exposure to each language and SES, were obtained from primary caregiver interviews. Primary caregivers' vocabulary knowledge was measured directly using expressive and receptive vocabulary assessments in both languages. Multiple regression analyses indicated that primary caregivers' vocabulary knowledge, the child's percent exposure to each language, and SES were robust predictors of children's English, but not Spanish, vocabulary skills. These findings indicate that in the early school ages, primary caregiver vocabulary skills have a stronger impact on bilingual children's second-language than native-language vocabulary.

Frequency of joined disabilities of children with cerebral palsy in Tuzla canton

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) connotes a group of non-progressive, but often variable symptoms of motor impairment of movement and posture, as well as other impairments which are a consequenceof anomalies or brain impairment in different phases of its development. CP is a pathological condition characterised in the fi rst place by motor function impairment to which other disorders such as: visual andhearing impairment, intellectual defi cit, emotional problems, behaviour disorder, speech disorder, epileptic seizure and similar can join. The aim of this study is to determine frequency of joined disabilities ofchildren with cerebral palsy in Tuzla Canton.Methods: The research covers a total sample of 48 examinees, chronological age from 2-19 years, in Tuzla Canton. Research instrument was a Structural Questionnaire for the parents of children and adolescentswith cerebral palsy. Research data were processed by nonparametric statistics method. Basic statistical parameters of frequency and percentages were calculated, and tabular presentation was made.Results: After classification of examinees as per frequency of joined disabilities was done, work results have shown that speech impairment occurred with 35.4 % of children, visual impairment 33.3 %, epilepsy29.3 %, whereas hearing impairment occurred with 2 % of children.Conclusion: In research of frequency of joined disabilities of children with cerebral palsy in Tuzla Canton, most expressed are speech and visual disorders with children, then epilepsy, whereas a small percentageof children are with hearing disorder.

Fetal and Sociocultural Environments and Autism

Fetal and Sociocultural Environments and Autism