Percent Of Caregivers Research Articles

Trajectories of Change in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Outcomes in Latinx Families: Implications for Cultural Adaptation

ABSTRACT Objective Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a parenting program in which caregivers must achieve “skill criteria” in using Do Skills and avoiding Don’t Skills to complete treatment. Despite PCIT’s emphasis on these skills, little is known about how Latinx caregivers acquire these Western-based parenting practices and whether cultural mismatches lead to inequities in outcomes. This study compared the trajectories of change in PCIT skills and treatment outcomes of Latinx and non-Latinx White families. Method We analyzed weekly treatment data from 64 families (20.3% Spanish-speaking Latinx, 51.6% English-speaking Latinx, 28.1% non-Latinx White) served in community clinics. Caregivers were mostly females (95.3%), on average 35.13 years old, and lived in poverty (77.6%). PCIT skills were coded using the Dyadic Parent–Child Interaction Coding System, and child behavior problems were reported using the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Results Latinx and non-Latinx White caregivers acquired Do Skills similarly during treatment. In contrast, some Latinx caregivers began treatment using significantly more Don’t Skills and needed more sessions to achieve some aspects of PCIT skill criteria compared with non-Latinx White caregivers. Latinx families also experienced similar or even more pronounced reductions in child behavior problems than non-Latinx White families. There were no significant differences in the percentage of caregivers who achieved PCIT skill criteria or left treatment prematurely. Conclusions This study provides evidence that strictly defined PCIT skill criteria may lead to inequities in treatment length for some Latinx families. Informed by these findings, we propose data-driven adaptations to improve the cultural fit of PCIT for Latinx groups.

Harm to children from others' drinking: A survey of caregivers in Australia.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence and types of harm to children from others' drinking in Australia, as indicated by caregivers, and examine socio-demographic characteristics of caregivers who indicated a child was affected by others' drinking. A subsample of 854 adult respondents, who were caregivers of children under 18 years from the 2021 Australian Alcohol's Harm to Others study, were asked questions about whether children in their care had been negatively affected by others' drinking in the past year. Weighted prevalence estimates of overall and specific harms to children are presented. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine characteristics associated with indicating harms to children from others' drinking. Over 17% of caregivers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.0-19.0) indicated that one or more children in their care had been affected by others' drinking in the past 12 months. Verbal abuse (6.2%; 95% CI = 4.3-8.3) was the most common harm indicated, followed by financial harm (4.3%; 95% CI = 2.7-6.2). One percent of caregivers (95% CI = 0.4-2.3) indicated a child was physically hurt and less than 1% (95% CI = 0.2-1.4) indicated a child was the subject of a child protection call due to someone's drinking. Women and caregivers over 65 years were more likely to indicate a child had been affected compared with men and caregivers under 65 years. Caregivers who drank five or more drinks at least three times per week were four times more likely to indicate a child was affected compared with abstainers. Living in a household with someone who drinks heavily and who had negatively affected the child's caregiver was associated with an increased likelihood of child harm. In 2021, a weighted survey estimate for caregivers in Australia indicated that almost one in six children had been affected by others' drinking. Heavier drinking of caregivers and other household members was the most substantial predictor for indicating a child had been negatively affected by others' drinking.

Psychological Impact of Bladder Cancer: Insights from 219 Patients and Caregivers in Indonesia Using DASS-21 (2019-2023).

BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is a common disease worldwide. Low survival rates and high recurrence lead to the risk of mental disorders. This study analyzed 219 patients with bladder cancer using the Indonesian Version of the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 219 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer during 2019-2023 in a referral hospital in Indonesia. Data were collected using a questionnaire that assessed the characteristics of the patients and a DASS-21 questionnaire. RESULTS Some patients and caregivers experienced depression, stress, and anxiety. The percentage of caregivers who experienced anxiety was higher than for patients (47.9% vs 45.7%). Statistical analysis showed that age, income, and marital status were associated with the incidence of depression (p=0.000, p=0.001, and p=0.000, respectively), anxiety (p=0.000, p=0.012, and p=0.001, respectively), and stress (p=0.000, p=0.007, and p=0.000, respectively). Routes of patient admission (p=0.043, respectively) and employment status (p=0.005, respectively) were associated with the incidence of depression in patients (p=0.043, respectively). Employment status was also associated with stress in patients (p=0.038, respectively). Statistical analysis of caregivers found that routes of patient admission and marital status were related to the incidence of depression among caregivers (p=0.036 and p=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Monitoring and providing support for patients and caregivers are needed to prevent poor prognosis due to psychological problems, including paying attention to sociodemographic factors.

Health literacy, eHealth literacy and their association with burden, distress, and self-efficacy among cancer caregivers.

Health literacy skills are vital for cancer caregivers in helping cancer survivors to navigate their diagnosis, treatment, and recovery but little is known. This study explored health literacy and eHealth literacy among cancer caregivers and the relationship between health literacy/eHealth literacy and potential associated factors. Informal caregivers who had cared for an individual with cancer completed a survey which collected demographic data and measured caregiver health literacy, eHealth literacy, self-efficacy, burden, and distress. Seven percent of caregivers had inadequate health literacy. Caregivers scored lowest on health literacy domains related to caregiver social support, information seeking and understanding care recipient preferences. eHealth literacy was associated with self-efficacy and burden while, different health literacy domains were associated with burden ('Understanding care recipient needs and preferences'), self-efficacy ('Cancer-related communication with the care recipient' and 'Understanding care recipients needs and preferences') and distress ('Proactivity and determination to seek information', 'Understanding care recipient needs and preferences', 'Understanding the healthcare system'). Findings highlight key areas of need regarding cancer caregiver health literacy which future research can target. Given the observed relationship between aspects of health literacy and burden, distress and self-efficacy future work could be carried out on how to alleviate high levels of burden and distress and how to enhance self-efficacy among cancer caregivers by addressing health literacy skills. Findings from this study will inform the development of health literacy interventions to support caregivers to build their health literacy skills and enable this group to better support cancer survivors as a result.

An Open Trial of a Brief Engagement Program for Caregivers of Children with ADHD

ABSTRACT This open trial evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Bootcamp for ADHD (BC-ADHD), a novel, four-session, group intervention designed to prepare caregivers as informed consumers to engage in multimodal evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for ADHD. Participants were 59 primary caregivers (85% biologic mothers) of children recently diagnosed with ADHD within a co-located, subspecialty pediatric clinic (ages 5–11; 73% male). Results indicated BC-ADHD was feasible to deliver, as evidenced by high levels of program usability (i.e. content and process fidelity), and caregiver behavioral engagement (M attendance = 88%; M homework adherence = 2.95 homework, SD = 1.15, 0–4 range). Families were also very satisfied (M = 6.06, 1–7 range). At post-treatment, BC-ADHD resulted in increases in caregiver empowerment and acceptability of behavioral treatment and reductions in concerns about both behavioral (adverse effects and feasibility) and medication (adverse effects) treatments (absolute Cohen’s d = 0.27 to 0.35). At 6-month follow-up, effects were sustained for increases in caregiver empowerment and for reductions in concerns about both behavioral and medication treatments (absolute ds = 0.36 to 0.40). Sleeper effects were observed for increased medication acceptability and decreased affiliate stigma (absolute ds = 0.26 to 0.29). Child impairment was also reduced at follow-up (d = -0.58). The percentage of caregivers who initiated behavior therapy (Kendall’s w = 0.63) or medication (Kendall’s w = 0.15) increased from baseline to 6-month follow-up. These findings provide initial support for BC-ADHD as a promising engagement program to foster positive caregiver attitudes and initiation of EBTs.

The oral care practices and needs of older adults in nursing homes: Assessment of carers and patients

Good oral health preservation in nursing homes is hampered by the lack of caregivers, who are often inadequately trained, which has an impact on patients’ quality of life. The aim was to assess caregivers’ practices and the objective and perceived oral care needs of patients in nursing homes. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September 15 and November 24, 2021, in three nursing homes in Mayenne (France). A self-administered questionnaire was used to identify oral care practices and caregivers’ training needs. The care needs and oral health related quality of life of patients were assessed by a single dental surgeon using the OHAT and the GOHAI questionnaire. Assessments were done with 30.8 percent of caregivers, and 40.0 percent and 36.2 percent of patients for OHAT and GOHAI respectively. Oral cavity and prosthesis examinations were systematically carried out by 4.9 percent and 24.4 percent of caregivers respectively. Fifty percent of the nurses had never performed oral care. A need for practical training was expressed by 75.6 percent of the caregivers. The mean GOHAI and OHAT scores were 56.17 ± 5.69 and 6.01 ± 2.42. These scores were significantly correlated (rho=-0.34; p=0.002). Preventive oral care in nursing homes is necessary to maintain residents’ quality of life. Efforts must be made to provide training for caregivers and to simplify oral care procedures for patients.

Prevalence of and factors associated with demoralization among family caregivers of palliative care patients in Hong Kong.

This study aims to examine (1) the prevalence of demoralization among family caregivers of palliative care patients (PCP) in Hong Kong, (2) the percentage of caregivers who are demoralized but not depressed, (3) the factors associated with demoralization, and (4) the differences in caregivers' support needs between high and low levels of demoralization groups. Ninety-four family caregivers were recruited and completed a questionnaire that included measures of demoralization, depression and caregiving strain, caregivers' support needs, and demographic information. The prevalence of demoralization among family caregivers of PCP was found to be 12.8% (cutoff score = 50) and 51.1% (cutoff score = 30). Although 27.7% of caregivers met the criteria of depression and demoralization, 12.8% of demoralized caregivers were not depressed. Depression and caregiving strain were identified as the predictors of demoralization. Caregivers with a poorer subjective physical status and a lower education level are more prone to demoralization. The three major caregivers' needs for support reported were (1) knowing what to expect in the future (77.7%); (2) knowing who to contact (74.5%); and (3) understanding your relative's illness (73.4%). Those who experienced a high level of demoralization often reported more need for support in end-of-life caregiving. This is the first study that focused on the demoralization of family caregivers of PCP in the East Asian context. Demoralization is prevalent among these caregivers. We recommend that early assessment of demoralization among family caregivers of PCP be considered, especially for those who are more depressed and have a higher level of caregiving stress.

The burden of caregivers of schizophrenia outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic: A same-sample comparison with the pre-pandemic burden.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the vulnerable Brazilian population. In this study, we investigated the burden of COVID-19 on caregivers for patients with schizophrenia. This study assessed objective and subjective burden of caregivers for patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic and compared the measurements obtained in the study to that before the pandemic. The study included 50 caregivers who were assessed using the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, and the Family Burden Interview Schedule, Brazilian version (FBIS-BR). An adaptation of the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) was made, in which caregivers evaluated their 'clinical' impression about the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to pre-pandemic mental status. Most caregivers were female, aged between 24 and 80 years, who were in contact with the patient for about 88.56 hours/week. In relation to caregiver burden, there was a significant increase in the total subjective burden (p < .001), but not in the total objective burden. The following subjective domains of the burden showed a significant increase: assistance in daily life (p < .001) and worries about patients' present and future life (p = .033). There was a decrease in the objective burden related to supervision of patients' problematic behaviors (p = .031). Although the caregiver's income did not change significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the percentage of caregivers who perceived the frequency of financial burden imposed by the patient as 'very frequent' and 'always or almost always'; conversely there was a significant decrease in the subjective perception of the caregiver that the patient imposed financially 'no burden' or a 'seldom burden' (from 34% to 4%). Although the objective burden of the caregivers, during the pandemic, was similar the pre-pandemic levels, caregivers' subjective burden increased reinforcing the need for special attention to the caregiver in this global emergency.

A pilot intervention of using a mobile health app (ONC Roadmap) to enhance health-related quality of life in family caregivers of pediatric patients with cancer.

The Roadmap mobile health (mHealth) app was developed to provide health-related quality of life (HRQOL) support for family caregivers of patients with cancer. Eligibility included: family caregivers (age ≥18 years) who self-reported as the primary caregiver of their pediatric patient with cancer; patients (age ≥5 years) who were receiving cancer care at the University of Michigan. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of caregivers who logged into ONC Roadmap and engaged with it at least twice weekly for at least 50% of the 120-day study duration. Feasibility and acceptability was also assessed through a Feasibility and Acceptability questionnaire and the Mobile App Rating Scale to specifically assess app-quality. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to assess HRQOL self- or parent proxy assessments and physiological data capture. Between September 2020-September 2021, 100 participants (or 50 caregiver-patient dyads) consented and enrolled in the ONC Roadmap study for 120-days. Feasibility of the study was met, wherein the majority of caregivers (N=32; 65%) logged into ONC Roadmap and engaged with it at least twice weekly for at least 50% of the study duration (defined a priori in the Protocol). The Feasibility and Acceptability questionnaire responses indicated that the study was feasible and acceptable with the majority (>50%) reporting Agree or Strongly Agree with positive Net Favorability [(Agree + Strongly Agree) - (Disagree + Totally Disagree)] in each of the domains (e.g., Fitbit use, ONC Roadmap use, completing longitudinal assessments, engaging in similar future study, study expectations). Improvements were seen across the majority of the mental HRQOL domains across all groups; even though underpowered, there were significant improvements in caregiver-specific aspects of HRQOL and anxiety and in depression and fatigue for children (ages 8-17 years), and a trend toward improvement in depression for children ages 8-17 years and in fatigue for adult patients. This study supports that mHealth technology may be a promising platform to provide HRQOL support for caregivers of pediatric patients with cancer. Importantly, the findings suggest that the study protocol was feasible, and participants were favorable to participate in future studies of this intervention alongside routine cancer care delivery.

Health literacy of informal caregivers of older adults with dementia: results from a cross-sectional study conducted in Florence (Italy)

AimThe aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of inadequate health literacy (HL) in a sample of family caregivers of older adults with dementia, and to assess the relationship of HL with characteristics of caregiver and persons with dementia.MethodsThe study followed a cross-sectional design. Persons with dementia and their family caregivers were enrolled in an outpatients’ geriatric memory clinic. For the caregivers, the following information was collected: socio-demographic data, level of HL, cognitive impairment (using the Mini-Cog). For persons with dementia, the following data were collected: socio-demographic data, functional status (using the Basic and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living), cognitive impairment (using the Mini Mental State Evaluation, and the Global Deterioration Scale) behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia (assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory).ResultsA total of 174 person with dementia/caregiver dyads were enrolled. About 45% of the caregivers presented a possibility or a high likelihood of inadequate HL. The percentage of caregivers with inadequate HL was higher among spousal caregivers than in offspring. Female gender, higher age and lower education were independent predictors of low HL. On multiple logistic regression analysis, persons with dementia assisted by caregivers with a high likelihood of limited HL presented higher risk of a more severe disease.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that the HL of dementia caregivers has to be included in the comprehensive geriatric assessment, to develop an appropriate individualized care plan. Moreover, public health interventions are needed to increase the HL of dementia caregivers.

Improving Caregiver Understanding of Liquid Acetaminophen Administration at Primary Care Visits

Liquid medication dosing errors are common in pediatrics. Our outpatient clinic identified gaps in caregiver education based on a 2015 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on prescribing liquid medications. This quality improvement (QI) initiative sought to improve caregiver's understanding of liquid acetaminophen administration at the 2-month well-child visit from 30% to 70% over a 32-month period. A resident-led interdisciplinary QI team performed sequential interventions to improve our outcome measure: the percentage of caregivers with an adequate understanding of 4 essential components of liquid acetaminophen administration (name, indication, dose, and frequency). Outcome data were collected via a 4-item verbal assessment of caregiver's understanding by nursing staff, with correct answers to all items considered adequate understanding. Process measures (medications prescribed and education provided), and balancing measures (anticipatory guidance items discussed) were gathered via electronic health record review. Shewhart "P" charts and established rules for detecting special cause variation were used to analyze data. Scatter plots assessed the association between the provision of syringes and caregiver understanding of medication administration. In 636 caregivers, overall understanding of medication use improved from 39.8% to 74%. Knowledge of accurate dosage improved from 50.9% to 76.8%. Correlation between syringe provision and caregiver understanding was strong (R = .84). Resident-led QI improved caregiver's understanding of liquid acetaminophen administration in infants. The most impactful interventions were implementation of English and Spanish pictograms and provision of dose-demarcated oral syringes, coupled with teach-back. Future interventions will examine generalizability to other medications and expansion to other services.

Implementation of SEEK in a Children’s Advocacy Center: A Process Improvement Initiative

Introduction:Risk factors for child maltreatment are well-described, but clinicians may overlook these risk factors. The Safe Environment for Every Kid (SEEK) model is an evidence-based approach to identifying psychosocial risk factors for child maltreatment. This article describes a quality improvement initiative to implement the SEEK model in a unique pediatric setting, a Children’s Advocacy Center.Methods:The objectives were to (1) describe the identification of psychosocial risk factors for child maltreatment by implementing the SEEK screening tool with each new family, (2) achieve and sustain a SEEK completion rate of greater than 85%, and (3) achieve and sustain a SEEK follow-up compliance rate of greater than 75%. Structured quality improvement methods, including several plan-do-study-act cycles, were used to implement interventions.Results:The percentage of caregivers who completed the SEEK questionnaire increased from a baseline of 76% to 86%, which was sustained for more than 2 years, resulting in a better understanding and support of families’ needs. Caregivers completed 3,606 SEEK Parent Questionnaire-R. Mental health concerns and food insecurity were among the most commonly endorsed items. Follow-up compliance increased from 47% to 90%, a level that has been maintained.Conclusions:While Children’s Advocacy Centers evaluate children with suspected abuse, identifying current stressors in the home and linking families with resources to address their immediate psychosocial concerns can improve short- and long-term outcomes. This initiative demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating consistent screening for psychosocial risk factors for child maltreatment in this busy environment.

Caregiving Outcomes of Sub/Urban and Rural Caregivers: The Powerful Tools for Caregivers Program

ABSTRACT Objectives The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Powerful Tools for Caregivers (PTC) program for rural caregivers. Methods A total of 160 caregivers participated in the program. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify latent caregiving outcomes. Paired samples t-tests were conducted to investigate changes in caregiving outcomes before and after the program. To examine geographical differences in the caregiving outcomes, independent samples t-tests were performed. Qualitative responses of the participants were also analyzed. Results Self-care and positive coping strategies were identified as latent caregiving outcomes. When comparing these two outcome scores before and after the program, the scores significantly improved. The changes in the caregiving outcomes of rural caregivers were greater than those of sub/urban caregivers. Although rural and sub/urban caregivers qualitatively reported similar themes, there were geographical differences in the percentages of caregivers reporting each theme. Conclusions The PTC program was effective in improving self-care and positive coping strategies, but the effect of the program was more pronounced in rural areas. Our findings suggest that interventions focusing on self-care and positive coping strategies may beneficially impact rural caregivers. Clinical Implications The PTC program appears promising to improve self-care strategies and enhance self-efficacy of rural caregivers.

Stress and Coping among Caregivers of Differently Able Children.

Caring differently able children can cause stress in the caregivers. They employ a variety of coping mechanisms to deal with stress. The aim of this study is to identify stress and different coping styles among caregivers of differently able children. A cross-sectional study was carried out in three organizations that accommodated differently abled children. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to recruit primary caregivers of children with developmental disabilities. This study examined caregiver stress and different coping styles by using the Parent Stress Scale and Brief COPE Inventory.Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data, which was then analyzed using SPSS. Among the total of 102 caregivers, mothers accounted for 60.8 percent, 57.8 percent child were boys whereas, 49 percent were the child with cerebral palsy. Total mean stress score was 57.17 ±8.808. High level of stress was reported by 58.8 percent of caregivers. Education and family income showed the statistically significant association with stress score P-value<0.05. Total mean coping score was 67.83 ±5.812. Caregivers' stress had significant positive correlation with different coping styles; active coping, denial, behavioral disengagement, humor, acceptance religion and self-blame (P-value<0.05). More than half of the caregivers had high level of stress. The most frequently used coping styles were self-distraction, acceptance and positive reframing. Caregivers' stress had significant positive correlation with different coping styles. Therefore, health professionals and service providers should focus on stress reduction and positive coping technique to help family adaptation.

Evaluation of health care providers’ knowledge about physical activity promotion for adults with physical disability in Diyala City

Background: Adults with disabilities are three times more likely than adults without disabilities to suffer from heart disease, stroke, diabetes, or cancer. Despite the fact that physical activity can help minimize the impact of many chronic conditions, approximately half of persons with disabilities do not participate in physical activity in their spare time. Caregivers' knowledge plays an important role in such people's health rehabilitation. Therefore, thus aimed to assess health care providers knowledge about physical activity promotion for disabled adults. Methods: A convenience sample of 47 health care providers was recruited using a non-probability sampling approach in Diyala Hospitals for a descriptive cross-sectional study. The questionnaire's dependability was established through a pilot research, and it was subsequently presented to experts for validation. The total number of items in the questionnaire for knowledge related to physical activity promotion was 23. The data was acquired using a self-reporting method and evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis techniques. Results: The study's findings revealed that the majority of respondents were young male caretakers. According to the study's findings, 59.5 percent of caregivers had insufficient understanding about how to promote physical exercise.

Evaluation of Health Care Providers’ Knowledge about Health Restoration for Adults with Physical Disability in Diyala City

Background: Adults with disabilities are three times more likely than adults without disabilities to suffer from heart disease, stroke, diabetes, or cancer. Despite the fact that physical activity can help minimize the impact of many chronic conditions, approximately half of persons with disabilities do not participate in physical activity in their spare time. Caregivers' knowledge plays an important role in such people's health rehabilitation. Therefore, thus aimed to assess health care providers knowledge about physical activity promotion for disabled adults. Material and Methods: A convenience sample of 47 health care providers was recruited using a non-probability sampling approach in Diyala Hospitals for a descriptive cross-sectional study. The questionnaire's dependability was established through a pilot research, and it was subsequently presented to experts for validation. The total number of items in the questionnaire for knowledge related to health restoration was 13. The data was acquired using a self-reporting method and evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis techniques. RESULTS: The study's findings revealed that the majority of respondents were young male caretakers. According to the study's findings, 48.9 percent of caregivers had insufficient understanding about how to promote physical exercise. There were differences in knowledge with regards health restoration and caregivers gender (p=0.059), years of experience (p=0.001), job description (p=0.001) and training courses (p=0.001). Conclusions: The study concludes that the knowledge in terms of health restoration for disabled adults, health care providers expressed a poor level due to influencing factors such as diploma graduated and nurses specialist is significantly associated poor knowledge. The Directorate of Health needs to adopt guidelines related to the international standard in the management of disability and to rely on specializations from those who have a high level of education in caring for the disabled. Keywords: Evaluation, Health Care Provides, Health Restoration.

Perceived burden and family functioning among informal caregivers of individuals living with schizophrenia in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundGlobally, families play a critical role in providing care and support for persons living with schizophrenia. It is important to identify potentially modifiable factors that influence perceived caregiver burden in order to properly address the needs of caregivers. This is especially relevant in low-resource settings where psychiatric services are scarce and interventions could be most effective if targeted to both the individual living with schizophrenia and their caregiver. This study examines correlates of perceived burden among informal caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia in Tanzania, in particular, the association between burden and caregiver-reported family functioning.MethodsThis study used baseline data from an individually randomized controlled trial with 65 pairs of individuals with schizophrenia and their informal caregivers in Dar es Salaam and Mbeya, Tanzania. Caregiver burden was measured using the Burden Assessment Scale. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between caregiver burden and family functioning and to explore other correlates of burden.ResultsSixty-three percent of caregivers reported experiencing high burden as a result of caring for a relative with schizophrenia. Multivariable regression analyses revealed that poor family functioning and the caregiver being employed were associated with high caregiver burden, while higher levels of hopefulness in the caregiver was associated with low caregiver burden.ConclusionCaregivers who were employed, reported poor family functioning, and/or had low levels of hopefulness were more likely to perceive high caregiver burden. Future interventions aiming to reduce caregiver burden may benefit from improving family functioning and nurturing hope among caregivers of individuals living with schizophrenia. Policies and programs should be cognizant of the needs of caregivers that work in addition to providing care for a relative with schizophrenia in order to better support them.

Visual Resources for Postoperative Care to Overcome Language and Cultural Barriers.

Visual Resources for Postoperative Care to Overcome Language and Cultural Barriers.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Toddler Swimming Routines

Swimming is a common pastime and important developmental activity for toddlers. The aim of this research was to explore changes in swim routines for toddlers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey asked 448 caregivers of toddlers about changes they made to their swimming routine due to the pandemic. Many participants reported swimming less often and delaying swimming lessons for their toddlers. Compared with typical routines, during the pandemic, there were significant differences in how often caregivers swam with their toddler and in the percentage of caregivers who reported swimming with their toddler in open water, at public pools, and at friends’ or relatives’ pools, but not in home pools. Results highlight a reduction in access to water, swimming opportunities, and swimming lessons for toddlers as a result of COVID-19. Future research should identify long-term consequences the changes may have on water familiarity and competency, physical activity, and drowning risk.

Assessment of psycho-trauma caused by the aggressions committed by patients with psychosis against their family caregivers: across-sectional survey

Introductionprendre en charge un patient psychotique est associé à un risque d´exposition à la violence qui peut toucher tous les intervenants, en particulier l´entourage familial. La violence que la fonction d´aide engendre peut avoir un impact psychologique sur l´aidant. Nos objectifs étaient de relever la prévalence des agressions perpétrées par les patients psychotiques envers leurs aidants familiaux, évaluer l´impact psycho-traumatique chez eux et identifier les facteurs qui lui sont associés.Méthodesdes aidants familiaux de patients psychotiques ont été interviewés. Nous avons utilisé deux échelles psychométriques: l´échelle de perception de la prévalence de l´agression et l´échelle révisée d´impact de l´événement.Résultatsle nombre total des participants était de 95. Trois aidants sur quatre (75,8%) ont rapporté avoir été victimes d´agression modérée à sévère de la part de leurs proches malades durant l´année écoulée. Une agression modérée à sévère était significativement plus fréquente chez les aidants de sexe masculin, d´un âge plus avancé, parents de patient psychotique et vivant dans un autre foyer que lui. Un taux de 54,7% des aidants présentait un état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) probable et le risque d´apparition de ce trouble augmentait significativement avec l´intensité perçue des agressions. Le même profil sociodémographique de l´aidant lié à la gravité des agressions était à risque de développement d´un ESPT chez l´aidant.Conclusionles agressions commises par les patients psychotiques sur leurs aidants familiaux paraissent avoir un impact psycho-traumatique important. Aussi, des interventions ciblant la violence des malades psychotiques dans leur milieu familial devraient être intégrées dans la prise en charge.