Percentage Increase In Rate Research Articles

Trends in the incidence of physician-diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder among active-duty U.S. military personnel between 1999 and 2008

BackgroundThe impact of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military service members has been poorly quantified. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD in active-duty military personnel between 1999 and 2008.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing data extracted from the Defense Medical Surveillance System to identify incident cases of PTSD within the study population. The incidence rate of physician-diagnosed PTSD was the primary outcome of interest. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe overall incidence rate of PTSD among all active-duty US military personnel was 3.84 (95% CI: 3.81, 3.87) cases per 1000 person-years. The adjusted average annual percentage increase in the incidence rate of PTSD prior to the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) was a modest 5.02% (95% CI: 1.85, 8.29%). Following the initiation of OIF, the average annual percentage increase in the rate of PTSD was 43.03% (95% CI: 40.55, 45.56%). Compared to the baseline period between 1999 and 2002, the incidence rate of PTSD in 2008 was nearly 7 times higher (RR = 6.85, 95% CI: 6.49, 7.24). Significant increases in the incidence rate of PTSD were observed following the initiation of OIF regardless of sex, age, race, marital status, military rank, or branch of military service. Notably, the rate of PTSD among females was 6–7 times higher prior to OIF, but there was no difference by gender by 2008.ConclusionsOverall, these data quantify the significant increase in the incidence rate of PTSD following the initiation of combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan within the active-duty military population during the study period.

The comparison of catch efficiency of monofilament gill nets different colour and different hanging ratio on seasonal variations

In this paper, effect of seasonal variations and colour monofilament gill nets for fishing were invesitigated. Nets used on experiments have 40 and 55 mm mesh size and were used gill nets with hanging ratio 0.50 and 0.67. Black, blue, green and bordeu coloured monofilament gill nets were used in experiments. A total of 1097 speciments including Capoeta trutta (Heckel,1843), Cyprinus carpio (Linaeus, 1758), Barbus rajonorum mystaceus (Heckel, 1843), Barbus esocinus and Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843) species were cought. By a survey of the temperature increase as a result, the fishes' activity in that rate percentage increase with Cyprinidae's general character in accordance and therefore, fall, winter and spring, the fish catch in the number of differences that were detected. According to the results in colour gill nets captured % 57.97 of all fish (636 units) in spring, 26.25 % in autumn, 15.77 % is catching in the winter have been determined.

#16 Prostate cancer incidence rates after removal of incidentally detected cases among lds and non-lds during the era of prostate-specific antigen screening

PURPOSE: To explore whether the relatively large prostate-specific antigen (PSA) induced peak in prostate cancer incidence rates in Utah differed between members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormons), who comprise about 70% of the state's population, and non-LDS METHODS: Analysis is based on 12,108 histologically confirmed cases among men ages 50 years and older with local- or regional-staged disease identified through the Utah Cancer Registry. Incidental prostate cancer cases detected through transurethral resection of the prostate were removed from the rate calculations to provide a clearer indication of the influence of PSA screening on the rates. Rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population and expressed per 100,000. RESULTS: The percentage increase in rates during the rapid and widespread adoption of PSA screening within the population (1989–92) was more pronounced among LDS than non-LDS, 296.9% vs. 250.0%. Rates were also higher among LDS than non-LDS, more so during the initial years of PSA screening: 199.0 vs. 124.1 in 1985–88, 444.8 vs. 302.0 in 1989–92, 483.2 vs. 362.1 in 1993–96, and 589.7 vs. 464.5 in 1997–99. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that LDS more readily adopted PSA screening than their non-LDS counterparts. This observation is consistent with results from the 1996 Utah Health Status Survey and other factors that we discuss.

Infant cancer in the U.S.: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992.

Many cancers in infants demonstrate unique epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic characteristics compared with cancers in older children. Few epidemiologic reports, however, have focused on this important age group. Population-based data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program were used to estimate relative frequency, incidence rates, and average annual percentage change of rates among children in their first year of life (infants) who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm from 1973 to 1992 (N = 1461). The greatest proportion of cases (12%) was diagnosed during the first month of life, with extracranial neuroblastoma accounting for 35% of this total. Overall, the average annual incidence rate was 223/1,000,000 infants. Extracranial neuroblastoma was the most common infant malignancy (58/1,000,000 infants per year), followed by leukemias (37/1,000,000), brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors (34/1,000,000), and retinoblastoma (27/1,000,000). White infants had a 32% higher incidence rate than black infants. The average annual percentage increase in rates for all cancer from 1973 to 1992 was 2.9% (95% CI: 1.9%, 3.8%). For neoplasms with at least 100 cases, increasing trends were greatest for retinoblastoma (4.6%), CNS (4.1%), and extracranial neuroblastoma (3.4%). Incidence rates increased notably over the study period. Future studies should consider the unique presentation of infants with cancer when developing new hypotheses related to cancer etiology and gene-environment interactions.

The Quantitative Consequences of Raising the U.S. Saving Rate

The authors investigate consequences of a permanent unphased increase in U.S. gross rate. They find that the sacrifice time--the time that elapses until consumption surpasses value it would have had under initial rate--is roughly six years and is insensitive to percentage increase in rate ([Delta sub s]). The percentage gain in output at end of decade-- decade gain--is roughly 26% of [Delta sub s], while percentage gain in consumption is roughly 8% of [Delta sub s]. The saving rate return--the internal rate of return on a permanent increase in rate--is roughly 16% and is insensitive to [Delta sub s]. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.

The mechanism and kinetics of the heterogeneous polymerization of vinyl monomers III. The benzoyl peroxide catalyzed copolymerization of vinyl and vinylidene chlorides

A study has been made of the copolymerization of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride in the presence of 0.75 mol. % Bz 2 O 2 at 47° C. The rate of copolymerization decreases to a minimum value of about one-quarter of the rate for the pure monomers, for a mixture containing about 35 to 40 mol. % vinylidene chloride. Throughout the whole range of monomer compositions the rate increases during the reaction, but the percentage increase in rate varies with the solubility of the copolymer formed. This increase has been ascribed to the precipitation of solid copolymer phase from the reacting system.