Percentage Frequency Distribution Research Articles

A Survey on Female Employment and the Quality of Their Family Relationships in Mahabad, Iran (2017–2018)

Abstract The primary objective of this descriptive survey is to examine the correlation between women’s employment and the quality of their family relationships in Mahabad, a Kurdish city in the northwest of Iran. This locale has distinct cultural norms and perspectives concerning female employment. The statistical sample consists of all married women aged between 20 and 60 years and employed within the urban areas of Mahabad from 2017 to 2018. This group encompasses a total of 2,995 individuals (N = 2995). Employing Cochran’s formula, the sample size was determined to be n = 350. Participants were selected through multi-stage clustering and systematic random sampling methodologies. Data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire, with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient estimated at 0.89, indicating satisfactory reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed for data analysis, including the chi-square test and percentage frequency distribution tables. The study’s central hypothesis was validated using the chi-square test at a 5% significance level. Consequently, the research findings substantiate that, within the context of Mahabad, employed women exhibit a higher quality of family relationships than their unemployed counterparts. Given the historically limited discourse on the circumstances of Kurdish women in smaller regions, and the prevailing tendency to focus primarily on the challenges faced by women at the lower strata of society, this research serves as a valuable contribution towards a more comprehensive understanding of the lives of this particular cohort of Kurdish women residing in the modest city of Mahabad. By delving into the dimensions of employment and the quality of their marital relationships, this study strives toward shedding light on the positive impacts of women’s participation on their family dynamics. The insights gleaned from this research hold the potential to serve as a model that can be extrapolated to benefit women in other regions across the Middle East in the future.

Confounding Factors in the Association Between Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Retained Gastric Contents in Asymptomatic Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction The use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) has gained acceptance in managing diabetic and non-diabetic patients, thanks to its benefits in treating obesity and improving cardiovascular outcomes. The potential ability of GLP-1 RA to cause retained gastric contents (RGC) which can lead to aspiration has led to the recommendation to withhold GLP-1 RA for at least one week prior to elective surgeries and procedures, including upper endoscopies and colonoscopies. However, many co-medications and conditions associated can contribute to delayed gastric emptying (DGE) and these need to be controlled to establish a clear association and incidence, which has been largely missing in most studies and reports. Our aim was to assess clinically significant delayed gastric emptying (CSDGE) related to GLP-1 RA in a "real world" situation by controlling for some common confounding factors. Method We carried out an eight-year retrospective single-center study to assess the relationship between CSDGE and the use of GLP-1 RA among asymptomatic patients undergoing upper endoscopies while controlling for common confounding factors. Result Out of the 3415 patients who had esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with or without colonoscopy (Ew/woC) during the eight-year period, 129 eligible patients were found to have CSDGE. The use of GLP-1 RA was associated with the lowest percentage frequency distribution of CSDGE, at 2%, and opiate accounted for more percentage frequency distribution, at 35%. The odds ratio for patients on GLP-1 RA who developed CSDGE was 2.5 (95% CI 0.75-8.29). All patients who had CSDGE while on GLP-1 RA were also on other medications or had conditions associated with DGE. Conclusion Our result confirmed the possible effect of confounding factors in the association between CSDGE and GLP-1 RA among asymptomatic patients undergoing Ew/woC. While the need to ensure patients' safety cannot be overemphasized, the proper approach currently favors assessing patients on a case-by-case basis while we await the results of large prospective controlledstudies.

Employability Skills Requirements in the Professional Services Sector: An In-depth Analysis of Graduates

In today’s competitive job market, the gap between academic preparation and industry expectations has become increasingly evident, highlighting the urgency of identifying the key employability skills required by graduates. This study evaluates the essential employability skills of graduates in the professional services sector. Using a descriptive research design, a questionnaire was administered to 282 respondents in the Philippines. The sample size was determined using Slovin's formula and a stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis involved frequency percentage distribution, weighted mean, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings reveal a significant proportion of respondents as team leaders, holding bachelor’s degrees, and working in professional services firms with more than 151 employees. Effective communication skills emerged as the foremost requirement, complemented by leadership skills that foster enthusiasm and commitment within organizations. Notably, disparities in employability skills were found when respondents were categorized based on organizations’ sizes. Concurrently, respondents reported challenges in articulating well-defined career objectives and demonstrating adaptability. These findings underscore the imperative for higher institutions to emphasize curricula that enhance graduates’ employability skills, particularly in communication, leadership, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Universities should tailor their academic programs to strengthen these crucial skills, benefiting both graduates and the professional services industry. Furthermore, continuous professional development and industry-academic partnerships are recommended to keep curricula aligned with evolving industry needs, ensuring that graduates are well-equipped for the dynamic job market.

Gambaran Karakteristik Dan Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Pemberian Asi Eksklusif Pada Bayi di Puskesmas Doro I

Mother's milk (ASI) is a source of food for babies which is useful for the growth and development of babies. Providing breast milk for 6 months to newborns is the gold standard for baby feeding recommended by WHO. Even though breastfeeding is very important for babies, mothers also often experience failure in providing exclusive breastfeeding. This research aims to describe the characteristics and knowledge of mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0-6 months at the Doro I Community Health Center. This research is a descriptive quantitative study, data collection uses Cluster Sampling where the sample is grouped based on region (Posyandu) or population location by 65 samples. This research instrument uses a Knowledge Questionnaire about Exclusive Breastfeeding adopted from (Septianingrum, 2018) consisting of 19 questions. For favorable questions the "correct" answer is given a score of 1 and "wrong" is given a score of 0, while for unfavorable questions the "correct" answer is given a score of 0 and "wrong" is given a score of 1. The instrument is valid with a correlation number (r-count) > 0.444 so it is said to be valid while the Cronbach's Alpha value and reliability are 0.984. The data analysis used was univariate in the form of a percentage frequency distribution. The results showed that all mothers of babies aged 0-6 months at the Doro I Community Health Center (Puskesmas) were all respondents (100%) aged 15-49 years, 23 respondents (35.4%) had a high school education, 58 respondents (89.2) did not work and 46 respondents (70.8%) had ever breastfed. Mothers' knowledge about giving exclusive breastfeeding to babies aged 0-6 months at the Doro I Community Health Center shows that all 65 mothers (100%) of respondents have good knowledge about giving exclusive breastfeeding to babies aged 0-6 months. The conclusion obtained is that mothers' knowledge about giving exclusive breastfeeding to babies aged 0-6 months at the Doro I Community Health Center shows that all respondents, 65 mothers (100%) have good knowledge about giving exclusive breastfeeding to babies aged 0-6 months.

Gambaran Karakteristik Demografi Dan Perkembangan Pada Anak Usia 2-5 Tahun di Puskesmas Kesesi I

The development of children under five is an increasingly complex body structure and function that occurs in a regular and predictable pattern as a maturation process. Children's development can be assessed from their speech and language abilities, fine or gross motor skills, cognitive intelligence, and social or emotional abilities. This study aims to describe the demographic and developmental characteristics of stunted children aged 2-5 years at the Kesesi I health center. This research is a descriptive study. This sampling technique used total sampling, the population of this study was 38 children at the Kesesi I Community Health Center. This research instrument used the Pre-Developmental Screening Questionnaire (KPSP) which was recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia for use in this study, so validity and reliability tests were not carried out. . The data analysis used was univariate in the form of a percentage frequency distribution. The results of this study show that the average child at the Kesesi I Community Health Center is 42 months old. Male gender (71.1%), spontaneous birth (81.6%), term gestation (37-42 weeks) (81.6%), weight at birth with sufficient birth weight (2500-4000 grams) (89.5%), current BB in the normal category (68.4%), current TB in the normal category (60.5%) and (100%) children have a history of breastfeeding. The development of toddlers at the Kesesi I Community Health Center shows that (55%) of respondents have doubtful development. The conclusion obtained is that 55% of the demographic and developmental characteristics of stunted children aged 2-5 years at the Kesesi I Community Health Center have doubtful development.

Relationship of Demographic Profile to Satisfaction in Interprofessional Collaboration among Medical-Surgical Ward Nurses in Selected Hospitals of Shandong, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

With the spread of the concept of team medicine, active nurse-doctor collaboration is closely related to nursing quality. Nursing standards recognize that collaborative practice is a necessary condition for high-quality patient care, but many nurses are often reluctant to participate in interprofessional teams, indicating that challenges in nurse-doctor collaboration still exist. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic data and nurse interprofessional satisfaction of medical and surgical nurses in tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province, and to provide a reference direction for improving teamwork. Methods: The research method was a cross-sectional study. Medical and surgical nurses in three tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province were surveyed. Medical and surgical nurses who were officially registered in the hospital and had been engaged in internal medicine or surgery for at least one year were selected. They were aged 18 to 45 years. The researchers used SPSS software to analyze the data, and descriptive statistics (frequency percentage distribution, mean score, and standard deviation) were used to present the satisfaction scores. If the data did not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests were used. Results: The average scores of the interprofessional collaboration satisfaction scale for the participating nurses were: "overall expectation" 2.67; "perception dimension of professional collaboration" 3.78; "The overall relationship satisfaction of professional cooperation" 3.83; "Communication and tolerance of interprofessional collaboration" 3.80; "Equality of interprofessional collaboration" 3.81; "Satisfaction with interprofessional collaboration" 2.98. The results of non-parametric tests showed that there was a significant difference between marriage and nurses' satisfaction with interprofessional collaboration (P<0.05). Conclusion: The overall satisfaction of nurses with interprofessional collaboration in three tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province was generally average. The three hospitals should improve the management model and care about the mental health of nurses according to factors such as the marital status of nurses. Nurses should make a good distinction and plan between work and life to promote interprofessional collaboration.

Effect of Financial Literacy on Utilisation of Financial Services in Kaski District

Financial literacy is a key driver of financial inclusion, as people need the financial services that banks and other financial institutions offer. This study aims to examine the effect of financial literacy on the usage of financial services in Kaski district of Nepal. For this study, 400 sample households were chosen at a five percent margin of error, and the major decision maker for each household was chosen as the respondent. The researcher used close-ended, self-administered questionnaires to gather data. The researcher used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as frequency percentage distribution, exploratory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling. The study found a significant positive impact of financial literacy on the usage of financial services. This study concludes that usage of financial services among households in Kaski can be enhanced through increased financial literacy. Financial literacy programmes encourage people to use more financial services by providing adequate knowledge about financial products and services and their advantages and disadvantages. These results are very helpful to policymakers in increasing the usage of financial services through financial awareness programmes.

Gender differential in the pattern and severity of perceived symptoms among diabetes patients in India.

To analyze the pattern of diabetes symptoms and to estimate the association between diabetes symptom severity (level of discomfort perceived by a patient due to diabetes symptoms) among different socio-demographic variables for both women and men. Primary cross-sectional data of 583 diagnosed patients (51.3% and 48.7%, women and men, respectively) were collected from Punjab, India. Frequency percentage distribution and negative binomial regressions (NBR) were used for analysis. More men were asymptomatic compared to women. Both genders perceived increased hunger, thirst, and frequent urination in their early stages of diabetes. More women than men have experienced hormonal change as their first symptom with a higher severity level. NBR analyzed the association between discomfort perceived by both genders due to symptoms among different socio-demographic categories. Urban patients (incidence rate ratio-IRR: 0.90) were significantly (p = 0.056) less likely to perceive discomfort than their rural counterparts, whereas men (IRR: 0.93) reported more significant discomfort than women (IRR: 0.88) in the urban area. Literate patients [Up to class 10 (IRR: 0.87), (p = 0.013) and 11-above (IRR: 0.85), (p = 0.022) categories] were significantly less likely to perceive discomfort. In all education categories, women professed more significant discomfort than men. Given the differences in symptoms between the two genders, this paper will help comprehend the disease development process and limit the possibilities of misdiagnosis. This study will assist in identifying the order of the symptoms among both genders.

Promotion of training course on ICD-10 Poisoning coding : necessity to adopt preventive strategies

BackgroundPoisoning is considered the most common cause of referral to emergency departments and hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU). Training or retraining of coders and ensuring the positive impact of these trainings in assigning accurate codes to poisoning cases is necessary to adopt practical health measures for optimal management of this disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of holding a training course on poisoning coding rules based on ICD-10 in clinical coders.MethodsThis study is descriptive and analytical. With the target population included the coders of hospitals affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (N = 45). In order to evaluate the training course on poisoning coding rules, the Conex Input Process Product (CIPP) evaluation model was used. This model was the first goal-oriented approach evaluation model. According to the CIPP model, evaluation of the training course held in four components, including Context factors (course objectives and priority of objectives), Input factors (instructor, curriculum, facilities, equipment, and training location), Process factors (teaching process, learning, management, and support), and Product factors (feedback, knowledge, and skills). A researcher-made questionnaire containing 39 questions with a 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated through content validity, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (alpha = 90% in all components). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test) were used.ResultsThe findings of this study were presented in four components of context, input, process, and product evaluation. The average criterion for all questions in the questionnaire was considered 3. As a result, the significance level obtained from the one sample t-test was equal to P = 0. 0001.The training course had a favorable effect in terms of context, input, process and products.ConclusionThe knowledge and skills of clinical coders can be enhanced by updating medical knowledge, holding training courses, workshops, seminars, and conducting clinical coder accreditation. Extensive and continuous training for clinical coders is essential due to the impact of code quality on financial forecasting, electronic health records, and conducting research.

Smoking Behavioral Dependence during the COVID-19 Pandemic Among University Student

Smoking, an addictive behaviour, is a health problem that is still found during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several possibilities that have impacts on smoking behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to understand the description of smoking addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic towards students at the University. A descriptive quantitative research design was used. This study involved one variable which is smoking behavioral dependence during the COVID-19 pandemic in students at the University. The populations in this study are students who are active smokers (conventional, electric, or shisha) at one of the universities in Indonesia. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling, and it is obtained a sample of 378 students. The instrument in this study uses the GN-SBQ (Glover Nilsson-Smoking Behavioural Questionnaire). The results of the research data are analyzed using descriptive analysis in the percentage frequency distribution. Based on the results of the study, it is found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the respondents experienced smoking dependency behavioral moderate (66.4%), strong (20.9%), and mild (12.7%). The use of cigarettes during the COVID-19 pandemic mostly uses conventional rather than electric and shisha. Based on the characteristics of the respondents, smoking behavioral dependency is dominated by male students, aged 21 years, grade 2017, and had pocket money in the middle economic category. Therefore, this study recommends health services to provide counselling and mentoring services for students, which one of them is the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach to reduce the level of smoking behavior.

Nursing documentation of newborns with birth weight under 1500g in an Italian Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a cross-mapping study to develop an ICNp® subset

Abstract Aim. This study aims to verify the possibility of developing an International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) Subset for preterm newborns hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Material and methods. This retrospective descriptive study is a lexical cross-mapping from nurses’ notes to the ICNP. The study analyzes a convenience sample of 115 newborns’ nursing notes of a NICU. The sample included preterm newborns with birth weight under 1500g hospitalized for at least three days. The frequency distribution, and the percentage frequency distribution of ICNP terms, together with ICNP terms for each need of the Italian nursing conceptual model were calculated. Results. As many as 99.8% of nursing phenomena in nurses’ notes found correspondence with ICNP terms. A total number of 203 ICNP terms described nursing phenomena, of which 161 belonged to pre-coordinated axes. Frequency of ICNP terms was categorized according to an Italian nursing conceptual model. Need of Nutrition and Hydration, need of Breathing and need of Urinary and Bowel Elimination were the patients’ needs with the highest number of ICNP terms. Conclusions. Results of the study suggest the possibility of developing an ICNP Subset for the NICU. Further studies are needed to validate a Subset and new ICNP terms.

The disruptive factors and longevity effects of Covid-19 and Brexit on the SMEs construction supply chain in the UK

PurposeSupply chain disruptions have a significant impact on overall project delivery. This study aims to identify the supply chain disruptive factors and develop a framework to mitigate the disruptive effects on the supply chain. Covid-19 and Brexit disruption and their longevity effects in the short, medium and long term on the supply chain are relied upon to develop the framework.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory design. The main disruptive factors were identified through a literature review, and key factors were selected through a focus group exercise. A questionnaire survey was carried out to sample opinions from the practitioners; 41 questionnaires were received and analysed using the relative importance index (RII) method for ranking the factors and percentage frequency distribution to determine the longevity effects. Five follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted over the telephone and later transcribed.FindingsThe results of Covid-19 disruption indicate that material cost increase ranked first (RII: 0.863), logistics cost increase and supply chain interaction ranked second and third, respectively. They have long-term, medium-term and short-term longevity effects, respectively. The lowest-rated factors were communication (RII: 0.561), staff shortages (RII: 0.629) and impact on relationships (RII: 0.639). The three most ranked Brexit disruptive factors are supply chain interaction (RII: 0.775), material cost increase (RII: 0.766) and logistic and haulage delay (RII: 0.717). The first two factors have long-term effects, and the logistics and haulage delays have a medium-term impact. The mitigating solutions suggested in the framework are collaborative working, stronger resilience to external forces and better transparency and communication that will lead to good relationships among the supply chain members.Research limitations/implicationsThe scope of the study was limited to the UK construction industry; however, the pandemic effect on supply chain can serve as critical learning curve in other developed and developing countries.Practical implicationsThe study will help the government and construction firms to understand the focal areas of importance in solving the supply chain disruption problems based on the effects of Brexit and Covid-19. The research would be useful in ensuring the proactive involvement of the government and contracting firms in their preparedness for similar events in the future. The results could be interpreted for critical learning in other developed/developing countries.Originality/valueIdentifying and ranking the supply chain disruptive factors affecting the small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK construction industry has been the focal point of this study. The study also proposes a simple but effective framework comprising the highly ranked factors, their longevity effects and mitigating measures. This will help the SMEs manage future/similar external events affecting the supply chain.

Clinical and Epidemiological Aspectsin Indigenous Elderly People with Tuberculosis in a State in the Brazilian Amazon

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis among indigenous elderly individuals in Pará, from 2010 to 2019.
 Methodology: This study employed an epidemiological, quantitative approach using data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases. The data comprised new cases of tuberculosis reported in elderly individuals in the state of Pará between 2010 and 2019. The data, publicly accessible and stored in epidemiological indicators of tuberculosis in the health macro-regions of Pará, were analyzed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel© software. The results were presented through graphs and tables, displaying the absolute and percentage frequency distribution of the selected variables.
 Results and Discussion: A total of 99 cases were identified. The year with the highest occurrence of cases was 2016, with 14 cases (14.14%) reported. The majority of cases were incident in females, with 51 cases (51.52%). The most affected age group was between 70 and 79 years old, accounting for 45 cases (45.45%). Among individuals with no schooling, there was a higher prevalence of illiterate elderly people, with 59 cases (59.60%).
 Conclusion: The relationship between TB cases in indigenous elderly individuals and social determinants such as health conditions, housing, and education is highlighted to demonstrate that social inequality among different socioeconomic classes affects the health-disease process.

PROFILE OF ACNE VULGARIS PATIENTS AT BETHESDA HOSPITAL YOGYAKARTA FROM JULY 2019 – DECEMBER 2020

<p><strong>Background </strong>Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles. This disease is usually found in more than 85% of young adults worldwide. Acne vulgaris can cause psychological morbidity and also greatly affects socio-economic and the quality of life. Patients often have already tried several treatments, but still do not get good results. Therefore, it is important to identify the type of lesion and then choose the right treatment for acne vulgaris.</p><p><strong>Objective </strong>To know the profile of acne vulgaris patients at the Dermatology and Venereology Clinics of Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, from July 2019 to December 2020.</p><p><strong>Methods </strong>This study was a descriptive-retrospective study, using secondary data from the medical records of acne vulgaris patients. Data will be collected in the percentage frequency distribution table.</p><p><strong>Results </strong>This research was done in the medical records department of Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta from February – April 2022. The number of samples taken by total sampling technique that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 151 records. The highest percentage of acne vulgaris patients were female 72.2% (109 people), aged 20-24 years 57.0% (86), had inflammatory skin lesions 54.3% (82), received combination of topical and systemic treatment 80.8% (122), the most topical treatment prescribed was niacinamide 80.8% (122), the most systemic treatment was antibiotics 41.7% (63), the most systemic antibiotic was minocycline 73.0% (46), the highest visiting frequency was once (without control) 57.6% (87), and irregular follow-up visits 60.9% (92).</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>Based on the study conducted, patients with acne vulgaris were dominated by females, aged 20-24 years. One of the most prominent symptoms was inflammatory skin lesions. The patients have received combinations of topical and systemic treatment. The most used topical treatment was niacinamide; the most used systemic treatment was antibiotics; and the most used systemic antibiotic was minocycline. The highest trend for visiting frequency were irregular controls followed by one-time doctor visit without control.<strong></strong></p><p> </p>

Long Term, Pre, and Post Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Road Traffic Crashes in the Case of Budapest, Hungary

SARS-CoV-2 is a pandemic that affects road traffic flaw and crashes globally. This study attempted to compare the situation of road traffic crashes in the city of Budapest before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to better understand its long-term percussive effects. The study considers 12208 road traffic crashes that registered between 20 May 2018 – 31 December 2021. The rate and severity of road traffic crashes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic examined by using a percentage frequency distribution and a severity index. This study depicted that most crashes reported during the normal daytime between15:01-18:00 (peak hour). The study indicated that during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic the road traffic crashes were reduced by 20.15%. A rear-end collision was one of the most common type of catastrophes highly registered. Road users, particularly drivers, heavily endorsed crashes. Even though the proportion of road traffic crashes caused by alcohol consumption was modest (6%), the rate of alcohol consumption and its concentration increased slightly during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. At the same time the number of crashes caused by high-speed traffic maneuvers reduced. Improper interpretation of road traffic signs, road pavement condition and failure to respect proper sight distance were influential reasons of road traffic crashes among the top. Meanwhile, the distributional impact of careless driving in the aftermath of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic causes a shift in rank. Therefore, this study proved that during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics road traffic crashes reduced, the rate and concentration of alcohol consumption increased, and careless driving was encouraged.

Frequency of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in a Population with a very High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency, Obesity, Diabetes and Hypertension.

Although vitamin D levels and underlying vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetic polymorphisms have been linked to many common diseases including obesity, the association remains unclear. There is also co-existence of pathologically high proportions of obesity and vitamin D deficiency conditions in our UAE society. We therefore aimed to determine the genotypes and allele percentage frequency distribution of four polymorphisms-FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI-in the VDR gene in healthy Emirati individuals and their association with vitamin D levels and chronic conditions including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity. 277 participants who were part of a randomized controlled trial had their assessment that included clinical and anthropometric data. Whole blood samples were taken for measurements of vitamin D [25(OH) D], four vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism SNPs, including BsmI, FokI, TaqI and ApaI, metabolic and inflammatory markers and related biochemical variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influence of vitamin D receptor gene SNPs on vitamin D status after adjusting for clinical parameters known to influence vitamin D status in the study population. Overall, 277 participants with a mean (±SD) age of 41 ± 12, 204 (74%) of them being female, were included in the study. There were statistically significant differences in vitamin D concentrations between different genotypes of the four VDR gene polymorphisms (p < 0.05). There were, however, no statistically significant differences in vitamin D concentrations between subjects with and those without the four VDR gene polymorphisms genotype and alleles except for AA and AG and allele G in Apal SNP (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed no significant independent associations between vitamin D status and the four VDR gene polymorphisms after adjusting for dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, smoking and body mass index. In addition, no significant differences were found in the frequency of the genotypes and alleles of the four VDR genes among patients with obesity, diabetes and hypertension compared to those without these medical conditions. Although we found statistically significant differences in vitamin concentrations between different genotypes of the four VDR gene polymorphisms, multivariate analysis revealed no association after adjusting for clinical parameters known to influence vitamin D status. Furthermore, no association was found between obesity and related pathologies and the four VDR gene polymorphisms.

The Village Marketer: Problems and Prospects for Community Development

The main objective of this research was to examine and find patterns of community empowerment through the development of marketer villages. The objective was to identify the general and specific problems, the degree of severity, and their impact on marketer development. The research was set in Tunjungmuli Village, Karang Moncol District, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province. The research method used in both stages was the embedded case study. The research design used qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary data sources were all community members who use information technology. The technique of determining informants was using purposive sampling, while other primary data sources, namely key informants, were selected using the snowball technique. Secondary data was collected through content analysis techniques. All data collected were analyzed using interactive techniques, reflection tests, and simple statistics (percentage values, tabulations, mean values , and frequency distributions). The results showed that external problems were found, as many as 12 points, ranging from weak internet signal, problematic tower, only one provider, power failure, fictitious messages, and customer complaints related to products. There were no payments if marketers were not present. There is still a scarcity of human resources and skilled workers, ads blocked by customers, expensive shipping payments decreased turnover, and potential buyers giving false hope. As for the internal problems, 10 points were found, namely: starting limited credit (not enough balance), limited internet quota, isolated locations, damaged hardware technology facilities, disrupted Random Access Memory (RAM), competition for signals, product promotion time ran out, promotional product designs changed, ideas for non-creative promotions.&#x0D; Keywords: marketer, village, community development, digital technology, the cyber community

Significance of Immunohistochemistry Testing in the Diagnosis and Subtyping of Lung Carcinomas- A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in Southern Rajasthan

Introduction: In the present era, the classification of lung carcinoma is not confined to Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Non Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC). Precise subtyping of lung carcinoma has a direct impact on patient management and prognosis. Further molecular study helps in identifying adenocarcinoma receptors, such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK), which are useful in targeted therapy. Aim: To assess the role of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in accurate diagnosis and subtyping of lung carcinoma and to analyse the prevalence of EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangement in lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: A retrospective hospital-based, observational study was conducted at the Department of Pathology of American International Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan from January 2020 to August 2021. Total of 105 cases of guided core needle biopsies from lung and bronchoscopic biopsies were included. IHC markers were applied based on histopathological diagnosis from a panel of p63, Cytokeratin 7 (CK7), AE1/AE3, Thyroid Transcription Factor (TTF1), Napsin A, p40, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56 and Ki67. Adenocarcinoma cases were further analysed for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements. Data was tabulated and analysed statistically using Microsoft Excel to determine the percentage frequency distribution of cases. Results: Among 105, there were 88 males and 17 females and the mean age of the population was 60.57 years. The most prevalent subtype of lung malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma (44.7%) followed by adenocarcinoma (29.5%). The diagnostic accuracy of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas on morphology was 93.1% and 84.6%, respectively and for small cell carcinoma it was 100%. Amongst 28 cases of adenocarcinoma, EGFR mutation was found in 46.42% cases whereas ALK mutation was found only in 21.42% cases. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of IHC, and a substantial prevalence of EGFR mutations was found in patients with lung carcinoma.

Occupational stress among academic coordinators at university level in Pakistan: a gender based comparative study

This research compared the stress level among male and female academic coordinators at the post-graduate level in public sector universities. The study's conceptual framework was based on a meta-analysis study where the factors affecting job stress were discussed. The study was based on a quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design. To select the population and sample size, universal sampling was used. The number of whole academic coordinators was 32, 16 males and 16 females, at the National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. To collect the data, a self-developed questionnaire was made. The data were analysed through Percentage Frequency Distribution and Independent t-test methods. According to the results, job satisfaction and workload have shown a significant impact on occupational stress. The study could not find significant difference in gender-based comparison as it was found that both genders were at the same level having the same situations to face, and duties to perform, so their stress regarding each indicator was also similar. In the case of other indicators that cause stress, that is, role conflict, work-family conflict, and total working hours also need to be focused on, as they also have a significant impact on increasing stress among coordinators.

Effectiveness of Jolly Phonics Program towards Strengthening of Language Literacy: Experimental Case in the Philippines

The Programme for International Student Assessment result of being the lowest in reading comprehension is the main reason that compelled the researcher to conduct the study with the use of the Jolly Phonics program in strengthening language literacy. In addition, at the Division of Cabuyao, there is an issue regarding reading difficulties among Grades 1 to 3 of selected public elementary schools. Despite many strategies being applied, they still find it difficult to read and comprehend. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effectiveness of the Jolly Phonics program in strengthening language literacy and test the hypotheses that there is no significant relationship between the performance of the two groups considering the results of the post-test in language literacy. There were two groups of participants in the study, the experimental group, who utilized the Jolly phonics program, and the comparison group, who were subjected to the Marungko approach. Each approaches utilized thirty (30) pupils from Grades 1 to 3, combining the sum total of 540 participating pupils for three selected elementary schools. The instrument used was the pretest and post-test validated by experts from the City School Division Office. A quasi-experiment research design guided the conduct of the study. A frequency percentage distribution, t-test for independent means, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were among the statistical tools employed in the study. Findings revealed that there was a significant difference in the performance between and among the participating public elementary schools (ES)for Grades 1 to 3. For instance, in Grade 1, it was noted that the performance of Banay – Banay ES was a bit higher than Butong ES and was considerably higher than that of San Isidro ES; In Grade 2, Banay – Banay ES topped in their reading performance compared to other two elementary schools; and In Grade 3, San Isidro ES at this time showed better performance, running over in reading proficiency the other two elementary schools. The action plan was proposed by the researcher of the study to strengthen the language literacy of the learners in the Division of Cabuyao