Percentage Distribution Research Articles

The effect of honey in oral care intervention against chemotherapy-induced mucositis in pediatric cancer patients: a pilot study

ObjectiveMucositis is one of the common side effects of chemotherapy. This study aimed to identify the effects of honey on oral care interventions to reduce mucositis scores among children undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsThis pilot study was quasi-experimental with pre-post intervention with the control group. The study employed consecutive sampling, with 24 patients in the control and 24 in the intervention group. The intervention group received an oral care protocol using honey, whereas the control group received regular oral care. The data were collected using demographic information form and the Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) to assess mucositis. The intervention group received oral care intervention using honey (35 ml of honey applied topically in the oral cavity and 15 ml of honey used as a mouthwash and for lip care), which was given thrice daily for five days. The data were analyzed using percentage distributions, means, chi-square tests, dependent and independent t-tests, and multivariate analysis using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).ResultsThe findings of this study showed that the intervention group experienced a significant reduction (-0.51 ± 0.66) in the average mucositis score after the intervention, whereas the control group experienced an increase in the mucositis score (3.84 ± 1.28) after controlling for confounding variables (p = 0.000).ConclusionThis study revealed that oral care with honey effectively reduced chemotherapy-induced mucositis in children with cancer. These findings suggest that oral care with honey should be used as a nursing intervention for chemotherapy patients.Trial registrationThis clinical trial was retrospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) with registration number ACTRN12624001313527 (29/10/2024).

Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of Isocnicin and Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma: A Natural Compound’s Potential

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. Currently, the only treatments available are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy based on temozolomide (TMZ); however, the prognosis is dismal. Several natural substances are under investigation for cancer treatment. 8α-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (Isocnicin) is a natural compound derived from Centaurea species and was found to exhibit cytostatic/cytotoxic effect against different cell lines. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma effects of isocnicin in U87 and T98 glioblastoma cell lines, as well as the effects of combined treatment with radiotherapy. Methods: Cell viability was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion assay, cell cycle distribution was examined using flow cytometry, and the effects of the combination treatment were analyzed with CompuSyn software(1.0). Results: The result showed that isocnicin significantly reduced cell viability in U87 and T98 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and IC50 values were calculated. Administration of isocnicin alone induced both S and G2/M cell cycle arrest in U87 and T98 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, when cells were treated with increasing concentrations of isocnicin, followed by 2 or 4 Gy of radiation, the percentage distribution of the cells in the G2/M phase was increased considerably in both U87 and T98 cell lines. Conclusions: Here, we show for the first time that co-treatment of isocnicin with radiation exerts a synergistic antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma cell lines. Natural compounds are promising for glioblastoma treatment. Further studies will be necessary to unravel isocnicin’s mechanism of action and its synergistic effect with radiation on glioblastoma treatment.

Food Hygiene and Sanitary Condition Awareness among Street Food Vendors

The objective of this study was to investigate the level of awareness among the street food vendors in Barangay Saber, Marawi City specifically regarding food hygiene and sanitary condition. The researcher utilized a descriptive-survey research design using survey-questionnaires as the primary tool to figure out the problems in sustaining food safeties for the consumers. These street food vendors play an important role in the economy by making goods more accessible and affordable, as well as providing livelihood opportunities for people with few job options in the city. The survey-questionnaires were contained of two parts, part one, socio-demographic profile of respondents and part two were the problems on food street vendors’ food hygiene and sanitation awareness in terms of food serving and surrounding sanitation. A total of forty-one (41) street food vendors participated in the study. Moreover, the study employed frequency, percentage distribution and weighed mean with the aid of SPSS Software as statistical tools used to understand the data and interpret the results properly. The results revealed that all the identified indicators that may influenced the maintaining of proper hygiene and sanitary of food establishments of the street vendors were positively perceived by the respondents. The street food vendors were properly aware on the important of food hygiene which is part of food safety and ensuring the health and well-being of the consumers. The average weighted mean is 2.70 or “often” as descriptively define. Results implied that these street food vendors were observing properly the importance of cleanliness to prevent their customers from illnesses due to negligence on proper handling of foods and maintaining the positive environment.

Assessing Self-Confidence Levels in EFL Students’ Speaking Performance

This study aims to assess the self-confidence levels of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in terms of their speaking performance. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quantitative descriptive method. The sample of the study consists of twenty-eight EFL students from the English Language Education study program, at Universitas Negeri Makassar using cluster random sampling. The data collection technique used a questionnaire as an instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25 to find out the frequency and percentage distributions and to identify common patterns in self-confidence levels. Additionally, the mean score is calculated to provide a quantitative measure of the overall self-confidence among the respondents. The findings of the data analysis revealed that the level of EFL students’ self-confidence in speaking performance is at a high enough level with a score of 76.51. As a result, this study highlights the importance of self-confidence issues in EFL teaching practices and suggests that fostering a supportive learning environment could enhance students’ speaking performance and overall language proficiency.

Research on influencing factors and improvement methods for air pollution in rural houses of severe cold region of China

Self-sufficient energy system leads to high levels of indoor pollution, accompanied by fuel burning processes indoors. Many factors have potential impacts and relations among factors and indoor air pollution are complicated. Exploration on revealing the relations in rural-houses of severe cold region of China is still insufficient. This paper attempted to comprehensively explore influences of factors composed of building layout, building envelope, heating feature, outdoor climate on indoor air pollutants. Field measurement and questionnaire survey were conducted in thirty-nine villages located in Shenyang, China. Temporal data for indoor air pollutants, including PM2.5, PM10, CO2 and CO in winter were measured. For each pollutant, 51,110 pieces of data were obtained. Statistics for percentage distributions of pollutants in different concentration intervals showed that 80% of day-time was in serious pollution situation. Associations between factors and indoor air pollutions were investigated utilizing multifactorial logistic regression. The values of OR and CI showed that these factors had significant effects on four kinds of pollutants. Overall, variations of factors in the four dimensions were found to have the greatest impact on CO2 concentration. Further, the influence of different heating scenarios composed of multiple factors on indoor air pollution level were analyzed. Twenty heating scenarios were suggested for heating in rural houses of severe cold region. Time-series data of air pollutants, indoor air temperature and humidity were detrended to study the correlations while eliminating the influence of time. It was found that indoor temperature fluctuated earlier than air pollutants and thus should not be taken as the indicator of estimating fuel burning time. The research results are helpful to deepen the understanding of the influence of various factors on complex indoor environment of rural houses in severe cold region. In addition, yielded results will provide basis to formulate strategies for improving living environment of rural-house and help to eliminate the health inequities caused by poverty.

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Study of Patients’ Characteristics in Selected Healthcare Facilities

This study investigated the characteristics and outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in selected rural healthcare facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A retrospective review of clinical records from 456 patients, covering the period from January 2018 to December 2020, revealed a statistically significant relationship between DR-TB types and age groups (Chi-square statistic: 30.74, p-value: 0.015). Younger adults (19–35 years) and middle-aged adults (36–50 years) are more frequently affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which are the most prevalent forms of DR-TB. Less common types, including Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH TB, were observed in smaller numbers. The study suggests that DR-TB imposes a heavy burden on the working age population. Gender analysis shows that while the frequency of DR-TB differs between males and females, the percentage distribution of DR-TB types is relatively equal. Both genders are predominantly affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which together account for nearly 90% of cases. Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH-resistant TB are much less common, comprising only a small percentage of cases in both males and females. High-risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking are linked to a wider diversity of DR-TB types, while occupations like mining and prison work show higher rates of RR-TB and MDR-TB. In HIV-positive individuals, DR-TB is more common, but the distribution of DR-TB types between HIV-positive and negative groups shows no statistically significant difference. However, HIV-positive individuals have a 20% lower survival rate (65%) compared to HIV-negative patients (85%). Financial stability and comorbidities also significantly influence outcomes, with patients having stable income and fewer high-risk comorbidities experiencing better survival and treatment outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities and strengthening healthcare infrastructure to improve DR-TB treatment outcomes in rural Eastern Cape.

The nonlinear impact of urban blue-green space landscape pattern on residential housing price in a new first-tier city of China

Urban green and blue spaces (UGBS) play an increasingly vital role in enhancing urban environmental conditions and have been proven to increase residential property values. However, the nonlinear relationships between landscape patterns of UGBS and residential property values were less considered. To fill the gap, we employed nonlinear random forest (RF) models and partial dependence plots (PDPs) to analyze the impact of the spatial pattern of UGBS on housing prices in a new first-tier city (i.e., Nanjing) in China. The results showed that (1) The RF model explained 71.9% of the variation in housing prices. (2) Landscape patterns of UGBS significantly contributed to housing price variation, with the sum of relative importance scores of all the landscape pattern predictors amounting to 60.56%. (3) The PDPs results revealed that the percentage and spatial distribution of green and blue spaces positively influence housing prices. (4) Combining green and blue spaces boosted property values, with an average increase of approximately 0.41% and 0.53% in the percentage of landscape and mean patch area compared to green spaces alone. The findings of this study can inform urban planning policies and guidelines to optimize recreation and leisure spaces.

Evaluating an Ethical Hacking Module: Case of a University in South Africa

The University of Johannesburg has Ethical Hacking content covered within the Information Security in the WWW module. This study was conducted at the University of Johannesburg, with honours students registered at the Academy of Computer Science and Software Engineering. This study aims to evaluate the Information Security in the WWW module. Specifically, it seeks to evaluate the content, teaching and learning, and extra activities such as participating in the first round of the National Cybersecurity Hackathon, through student perspectives. It also seeks to understand the views of the students on what they like the most about the learning module as a basis for continuous improvement. The instrument utilised was an amalgamation of module evaluation questionnaires in the body of knowledge. It was modified to suit the context of the study. The online questionnaire had both open-ended and closed questions that seek to get a better understanding of the concepts presented. The frequency distribution, percentage distribution, and weighted mean were calculated to offer the level of agreement and satisfaction. The findings suggest that students were satisfied with the content, teaching and learning, in the Information Security in the WWW module. The results further highlight some essential insights from the respondents that lecturers may consider when improving the instructional material. Further, considerations have been put forward for future improvement of the learning material.

An Examination of the Effects of Social Media on Students’ Academic Performance in Geography in Senior Secondary Schools in Bade Local Government Area, Yobe State, Nigeria

This study examines parental attitudes towards girl-child education in Bade Local Government Area, Yobe State, focusing on the barriers to western education. A survey research design was employed, with a target population of 50,000 parents across the Bade Local Government Area. From this population, 200 parents were randomly selected to participate in the study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which was subsequently analyzed using frequency tables and percentage distributions. The results indicate that a significant portion of parents in Bade maintain negative attitudes towards girl-child education. Key factors contributing to this unfavorable outlook include high illiteracy rates, widespread poverty, and the expectation for girl-children to engage in household and agricultural labor. These barriers significantly hinder the enrollment of girls in educational institutions. Based on these findings, the study advocates for targeted mass media campaigns aimed at raising awareness among illiterate parents regarding the benefits of girl-child education for both societal and economic development. Furthermore, it calls for the implementation of free education initiatives for girls, extending from primary school through tertiary levels, to promote greater access to education and empower future generations.

An Examination of Factors Influencing Physicians' Acceptance and Use of the e-Nabız System

Aim: This study aims to identify the factors influencing physicians' acceptance and use of the e-Nabız system by comparing two models. Methods: Conducted with 388 physicians from university hospitals across Turkey, the study utilized an online survey based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) scale. Descriptive analyses, frequency and percentage distributions, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling were applied to the collected data. Results: In Model 1, the behavioral intention was influenced by performance expectancy and social influence, while usage behavior was shaped by social influence, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention. Model 1 accounted for 75% of the variance in behavioral intention and 69% in usage behavior. In contrast, Model 2 identified performance expectancy, anxiety, habit, personal technology innovativeness, and workflow as significant predictors of behavioral intention. Usage behavior in Model 2 was influenced by habit, facilitating conditions, anxiety, personal technology innovativeness, workflow, and behavioral intention, explaining 84% of the variance in behavioral intention and 85% in usage behavior. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Model 2 provides a more comprehensive explanation of the factors affecting the acceptance and use of the system. To enhance acceptance and usage, the study suggests focusing on anxiety management, emphasizing performance benefits, aligning the system with workflow, educating users about new technologies, and implementing incentives to foster habitual use. Future research should explore other technology acceptance models in various healthcare information systems to deepen understanding.

Evaluate Effect of Mirror Therapy on Upper Limb Motor Functions Among Patients with Stroke

Stroke sometimes called as a brain attack occurs when a clot blocks the blood supply to the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Mirror therapy reduce spasticity, muscle pain, improve muscle strength and improves patient quality of life. In which inversion of visual feedback leads to additional activation of hemisphere contralateral to the perceived limb laterally. Sample size is 60 in which 30 samples covered for experimental group, 30 samples covered for control group and Non probability purposive sampling technique used. Medical research council (MRC) scale acts as a tool for measuring the level of muscle strength. The percentage distribution of muscle strength scores reveals that stroke patients in experimental group had significant resistance whereas in control group had no resistance in the muscle strength level. The findings of the study shows the significance difference between the mean and standard deviation of post test muscle strength scores of stroke patients of experimental and control group using ‘t’ test. The obtained ‘t’ value 5.887 is greater than table value 2.05 at 29 DF in 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the obtained ‘t’ value is found to be significant.

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent boundary layers developing over synthesised calcareous marine biofouling surfaces

ABSTRACT The topographical complexity and multi-scale nature of biofouling makes the use of current drag-topography correlations over regular topographical arrangements impractical. In order to address this problem, we synthesise biofouling-type surfaces of tubeworm-type populations in various percentage coverages and distributions. To acquire the resulting flow field we utilise topography-resolving direct numerical simulations. The surface synthesis is performed by an in-house surface generation/analysis package, AdRoS, in which individual biofouling organisms are used as building blocks to synthesise surfaces that resemble those found on ship hulls. Our synthesis algorithm allows for a parametric study to be performed with respect to selected parameters characterising the topography. In this work we focus on the frontal solidity, λ f , in order for its impact to the mean flow to be investigated. Results indicate that both the boundary layer growth-rate, as well as the roughness function, Δ U + , scale with the frontal solidity, λ f , in a proportional fashion, indicating the significance of the frontal solidity parameter. The organism-characteristic height, h , proves to also have a significant impact to the mean flow and even counter-act against the frontal solidity. Interestingly, typical flow separation patterns such as those found on isolated wall-mounted objects were detected, which were found to be mitigated or amplified depending on the planar, λ p , and frontal, λ f , solidity.

Two decades of population change in Saudi Arabia: Exploring effective redistribution strategies

Census 2022 of Saudi Arabia was released recently, with 12 years of intercensal interval. Although it appeared provisional having no reports similar to the 2010 census, efforts to analyze, interpret, disseminate, and discuss were essential for building structures and systems at par with demographic trends and patterns. An analysis was carried out with this census data compared to 2004 and 2010 to track population change—demographic pace, trends, and patterns—over the two decades. Data from all three censuses were analyzed with conventional demographic techniques. A reduction in growth was observed with a declining percentage of the childhood population but with an expanding percentage of the adults (working age) indicating a demographic dividend resulted, mostly, from fertility decline. An aging trend established by the previous censuses was lost, recently: the constriction of the pyramid of 2010 was changed to a different shape. Not only the percentage distribution trends were uneven but also the age-based indices. Thus, these trends revealed a demographic difference to an extent, that demands standardized reports, uniform procedures for the data collection and compilation, and geographic distribution equations. The increasing concentration in urban centers of major administrative areas—Al-Riyadh, Makkah Al-Mokarramah, and the Eastern Region demand redistribution policies. Self-contained townships appear as a strategic option in population redistribution, guaranteeing quality standards and lifestyle.

Assessing the Adoption and Utilization of Drip Irrigation Technology among Tapioca Farmers in Thuraiyur Taluk, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India

Aims: The study examines the adoption and utilization of drip irrigation technology among tapioca farmers in Thuraiyur taluk, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu. Study Design: An ex-post-facto research design is used to collect data from 90 farmers across four villages. Place and Duration of Study: Thuraiyur taluk, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu. The study has been conducted for a period of six months (April – September, 2024) Methodology: Out of the district’s eleven taluks, Thuraiyur had the highest number of tapioca farmers, making it ideal for this study. Four villages—Naganallur, Settikadu, Sobanapuram and Koppampatti—were chosen from Thuraiyur taluk for their significant tapioca cultivation and large farmer populations. A stratified random sampling method is used to select participants. The primary data are collected through structured questionnaires and personal interviews with farmers. Secondary data are obtained from relevant literature, reports and government records. The dependent variables are the adoption level of drip irrigation and the extent to which the farmers use the drip irrigation technology. Descriptive statistics mean, percentage and frequency distribution are used in the study. Results: Findings reveal that the majority of farmers (82.22%) demonstrated medium to high adoption of drip irrigation technology. Key practices like checking the workability of the foot valve and maintaining pipeline fittings are widely adopted, while more advanced techniques such as fertigation showed lower adoption levels. Drip irrigation was used universally for water management, with 87.80% of farmers acknowledging its role in reducing water usage and 83.30% citing reduced labor needs. Conclusion: However, only 46.70% of respondents reported increased yields, indicating potential gaps in system optimization. The study suggests the need for greater technical training, financial assistance and improved extension services to enhance the adoption of advanced drip irrigation practices. Policy measures, such as increased awareness of government schemes like PMKSY and accessible training programs, are recommended to maximize the benefits of drip irrigation in improving water efficiency, crop yield and sustainable farming practices.

Motivation Levels in EFL Students’ Speaking Performance

This research investigates the motivation levels of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in their speaking performance. This research uses a quantitative approach with a quantitative descriptive method. The sample of the study consists of twenty-eight EFL students from the English Language Education study program, at Universitas Negeri Makassar using cluster random sampling. The data collection technique used a questionnaire as an instrument. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25 to find the frequency and percentage distributions to identify common patterns in motivation levels. Additionally, the mean score is calculated to provide a comprehensive overview of the students' motivation levels. The results of the data analysis revealed that the level of EFL students’ motivation for speaking performance is at a high level with a score of 72.81. As a result, this research highlights the importance of fostering motivation in EFL classrooms, suggesting that tailored teaching strategies and supportive learning environments can play a significant role in enhancing students' speaking performance and overall language proficiency.

FLOOD THREATS ON LAND USES AND POPULATION IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Flooding is a natural or man-made disaster that leads to voluntary or involuntary resettlement, which further causes population displacement and untold human misery. Lokoja, the capital town of Kogi State, Nigeria is prone to frequent flooding, posing significant threats to human settlements, infrastructure and economic activities. The study assesses the relationship between flood threat, land uses and population affected by flood in Lokoja metropolis. This research focused on flood occurrences of high to medium flood risk zones. Data were collected using both primary and secondary sources. 274 questionnaires were administered as sample sized to respondents across the strata of all the flood affected communities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s moment correlation) in assessing the relationships between minimum water levels, land uses and population affected by flood. Findings from the analysis show that there is a strong positive correlation between minimum water level and farmland and open space with the greatest correlation coefficient of 0.986. Also, commercial land uses has a slightly stronger correlation (0.899) with minimum water levels.The study therefore conclude that flooding had a significant impact on residential, commercial, and particularly agriculture and open spaces, inflicting widespread property and infrastructure damage.This research serves as a critical tool for policy makers, urban planners and stakeholders to priotize on flood risk management and coordinated physica development in Lokoja metropolis.

Determination the incidence of pressure injury development during the surgical process and to examine the effects of risk factors on pressure injury formation

Surgical patients are at risk for pressure injuries throughout the entire surgical process. Prevalence and incidence studies are critical to determine risk groups in surgical patient groups. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of pressure injury development in patients hospitalized in surgical clinics and to examine the effects of risk factors on it. The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 138 patients hospitalized in surgical wards. Data collection tools included a patient information questionnaire, The National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) Pressure Injury and Stages Form, and the Munro Perioperative Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Scale. Data were analyzed on the SPSS 24.0 software package by using descriptive statistical tests such as frequency and percentage distribution, chi-square test, independent groups t-test, and univariate logistic regression analysis. The incidence of surgery-related pressure injuries was found to be 18.8%. Patients' mean scores on the Munro scale were 10.23±0.2.95 before surgery, 12.80±2.57 during surgery, and 23.03±5.07 following surgery, with the mean total score being 24.47±5.44. The mean score on the total Munro scale was statistically significantly higher in patients who developed pressure injuries than in those who did not. Patients' age, blood albumin level, body mass index, presence of oedema, use of medical equipment, mobility status, type of anaesthesia used in surgery, and duration of surgery were determined as effective risk factors in pressure injury development. In conclusion, it was found that pressure injuries developed at a considerable rate in patients undergoing surgical operations. It is recommended that surgical nurses should take the necessary precautions in time.

Risk Factors of Agitation Among Schizophrenia Patients in Dr. Amino Gondohutomo Semarang Regional Psychiatric Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with deterioration in the functions of daily life and social functions because it can reduce a person’s quality of life. In the acute phase, many schizophrenic patients have agitated behavior where this behavior will risk injuring themselves and others because of that treatment costs increase. to determine the risk factors for agitation in schizophrenic patients in terms of age, gender, marital status, occupation, genetic history, and presence or absence of stressors. Methods: This research is a descriptive analytic using a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were schizophrenic patients at Dr. Amino Gondohutomo Semarang Regional Psychiatric Hospital. Research subjects will be taken using consecutive sampling techniques that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection used medical record data and the PANNS EC score to determine whether there was agitation. Data analysis included descriptive analysis with frequency and percentage distributions as well as hypothesis testing using the Chi Square test and logistic regression. Results: From the results of the Chi Square test and logistic regression, it was found that the factors of young age, male sex, unmarried, and unemployed were significant for PANSS EC with a prevalence value of 3.40 (1.13 – 10.22), 2.01 (1.14 – 3.56), 2.39 (1.36 – 4.20), and 2.07 (1.12 – 3.83). Conclusion: Factors of young age <40 years, male sex, unmarried, and unemployed are risk factors for the occurrence of agitation in schizophrenic patients at Dr. Amino Gondohutomo Semarang Regional Psychiatric Hospital.

Evaluation of the diversity and abundance of selected insect orders (Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera) in a wetland in Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

This study assessed the diversity and abundance of selected insect orders (Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera) in a wetland at Federal University Oye-Ekiti. Insects were collected from February to April, 2022 using a combination of pitfall traps, sweep nets and active hunting methods. Arthropods were identified up to the generic level and counted monthly. A total of 3654 individuals belonging to 3 orders, 21 families and 54 species were recorded from the studied habitat. The highest relative abundance of 19.37603% was found in Odontomachus monticola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In this study, Hymenoptera was the most dominant order while Orthoptera was the least dominant order. The active hunting method collected the highest number of insects while the sweep net method collected the lowest number of insects. Results of the percentage distribution of insect species and individual insects revealed that for both active hunting and pitfall trap methods, the Order Hymenoptera had the highest percentage distribution while the Order Coleoptera had the lowest percentage distribution. Results of the diversity index across the collection methods revealed that the Sweep net method had the highest insect diversity and evenness (H’=2.492, 0.4317) while the Pitfall method had the lowest insect diversity and evenness (H’=1.818, 0.126). Results of one- way ANOVA showed no significant difference in species composition across habitats at a 5% probability level. This study has shown that the etlandd at Federal University Oye- Ekiti is rich in insect species with the Order Hymenoptera being the most abundant.

Molecular Identification and Scar Detection of Entomopathogenic Fungi of the Genus Beauveria

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in identifying and studying beneficial microorganisms that can be used in organic farming as fertilizers and plant protection agents. Entomopathogenic fungi with an endophytic nature of the genus Beauveria are quite promising and their identification and detection in the plant and soil samples are of great importance. Molecular identification of fungi of the genus Beauveria was conducted by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene (ITS) regions with universal primers. As a result of the sequencing, it was found that the analysed strains belong to four genera of Beauveria with the following percentage distribution: B. bassiana (68.18%), B. pseudobassiana (13.64%), B. varroae (9.09%) and B. tenella (9.09%). The largest percentages of the strains were identified as B. bassiana. Sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR) have been applied for the detection of Beauveria strains in the field samples. The efficiency and ability of three pairs of SCAR markers to differentiate the studied strains were tested. The applied SCAR markers generated fragments with expected length in more than 90% of the investigated strains and could be used as markers for the detection of the fungi from the genus Beauveria in field samples. In the selected experimental conditions only B. varroe 501 and B. tenella 593 lack fragments with used SCAR markers.