Percentage Of Total Energy Research Articles

Effects of dietary fatty acid on all-cause mortality according to the kidney function based on the nationwide population study.

Although the relationship between fatty acids (FAs) and the risk of all-cause mortality has been long discussed, there is little evidence about the impact of each FA component on all-cause mortality by kidney function status. We used data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016. The intake of FAs was estimated as a percentage of total energy using a 1-day 24-hour dietary recall and divided by quartiles; the first quartile was regarded as a reference. We used a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to identify the impact of FAs on all-cause mortality. Among 44,332 participants, during 129.0 ± 62.4 months of follow-up, there were 1,623 (6.2%), 3,109 (22.3%), and 2,202 deaths (53.1%) in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥90, 60-90, and <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 groups, respectively. Higher intake of SFAs significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality in participants with eGFR 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20 in the 4th quartile). Likewise, higher intake of most PUFAs (octadecadienoic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, omega-6, and omega-3) significantly decreased the risk of all-cause mortality in participants with eGFR 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2 . These effects of both SFAs and PUFAs were attenuated in participants with eGFR ≥90 and <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . The impact of dietary FAs on all-cause mortality was prominent in participants with eGFR 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2 . More specified and targeted counseling for restricting SFAs and encouraging PUFAs needs to be considered, especially for participants with marginally decreased kidney function.

Estimated changes in free sugar consumption one year after the UK soft drinks industry levy came into force: controlled interrupted time series analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2011–2019)

BackgroundThe UK soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) was announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, encouraging manufacturers to reduce the sugar content of soft drinks. This is the...

1372-P: Association between Fat Intake as the Percent of Total Energy and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes—Japan Diabetes Complication and Its Prevention Prospective Study (JDCP Study)

1372-P: Association between Fat Intake as the Percent of Total Energy and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes—Japan Diabetes Complication and Its Prevention Prospective Study (JDCP Study)

Nutritional status and dietary fatty acid intake among children from low-income households in Sabah: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the nutritional status and dietary fatty acid intake among children from low-income households in Sabah, Malaysia. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023 in Kota Kinabalu and Tawau. A total of 182 children aged 5–12 years from low-income households (less than RM 4850 per month) were recruited. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, height, and body mass index. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 24-h diet recall and the fatty acid (FA) intakes were analyzed using a database with FA content for local foods. ResultsThe mean age of children was 8.8 ± 1.8 years, with a majority being girls (53.8%) and of Bajau ethnicity (53.3%). Based on the anthropometric measurements, 16.5% of children were stunted, 7.1% were thin, and 21.4% were overweight or obese. Intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and trans fatty acids as a percentage of total energy were 29.3%, 12.3%, 12.6%, 4.0%, and 0.05%, respectively. 77.5% of children exceeded the recommendation for SFA and 63.2% of children did not meet the recommendation for n-3 PUFA. All children did not meet the recommendation for ⍺-linolenic. Children from Tawau had greater consumption of n-3 PUFA (p < 0.001) while children from Kota Kinabalu had greater intakes of total fat (p = 0.020), MUFA (p = 0.005), n-6 PUFA (p = 0.015), and trans fatty acid (p = 0.001). None of the dietary fatty acids was associated with anthropometric indices. ConclusionsThere was a high prevalence of stunting and overweight or obesity among children from low-income households in Sabah. Most of the children failed to meet the recommendations for SFA and n-3 PUFAs. These findings indicate a compelling need for the implementation of nutritional strategies to enhance adherence to dietary recommendations for fatty acids.

Abstract P254: Association Between Protein Intake and Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Background and Aim: To determine the protein intake associated with the prevalence of sarcopenia, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1251 community-dwelling older Japanese aged 60 years and older. Methods: The mean age of the participants was 68.8 years, and the percentage of women was 56.7%. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 by low muscle mass (skeletal muscle mass), muscle strength (grip strength), and physical performance (gait speed). Protein and energy intake were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression models were used to estimate the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of the prevalence of sarcopenia according to gender-specific tertiles of protein intake as a percentage of total energy. Corresponding analyses were done also for protein intake per day and for protein intake per kg of body weight, separately, instead of protein intake as a percentage of total energy. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 8.0% (100/1251). The median protein intake as a percentage of total energy, protein intake per day, and protein intake per body weight by gender were, in order, 11.8%E, 59.2 g/day, and 0.9 g/kg/day for males and 14.1%E, 54.7 g/day, and 1.0 g/kg/day for females. Since there was no gender interaction in the association between each protein intake and the prevalence of sarcopenia, we performed the analysis for males and females combined. The multivariable adjusted ORs (95%CI) of the prevalence of sarcopenia was lower in the high protein intake as a percentage of total energy (&gt;12.6%E in males and &gt;15.2%E in females, respectively) group (0.47 (0.27-0.83)) than in the low intake (&lt;11.1%E in males and &lt;13.4%E in females, respectively) group; the linear trend was significant (p =0.009). Similarly, we found a significantly inverse association for sarcopenia prevalence at protein intakes higher than 54.4 g/day for males and 50.6 g/day for females, compared to those with lower intakes. However, there was no association between protein intake per body weight and the prevalence of sarcopenia. We obtained similar results when the participants were restricted to those 65 years and older as a sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Significant inverse associations were found between the prevalence of sarcopenia and protein intake in community-dwelling older Japanese. However, we should consider that protein intake assessed by the FFQ is often underestimated when discussing absolute protein intake for sarcopenia prevention.

Effects of early introduction of solid foods on nutrient intake in preterm infants during their 1st year of life: a secondary outcome analysis of a prospective, randomized intervention study.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01809548.

Socio-economic difference in purchases of ultra-processed foods in Australia: an analysis of a nationally representative household grocery purchasing panel

BackgroundConsumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with increased risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases. Little is known about current patterns of ultra-processed foods intake in Australia. The aim of this study was to examine the amount and type of ultra-processed foods purchased by Australian households in 2019 and determine whether purchases differed by socio-economic status (SES). We also assessed whether purchases of ultra-processed foods changed between 2015 and 2019. MethodsWe used grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel in Australia to assess packaged and unpackaged grocery purchases that were brought home between 2015 to 2019. Ultra-processed foods were identified according to the NOVA system, which classifies foods according to the nature, extent and purpose of industrial food processing. Purchases of ultra-processed foods were calculated per capita, using two outcomes: grams/day and percent of total energy. The top food categories contributing to purchases of ultra-processed foods in 2019 were identified, and differences in ultra-processed food purchases by SES (Index of Relative Social Advantage and Disadvantage) were assessed using survey-weighted linear regression. Changes in purchases of ultra-processed foods between 2015 to 2019 were examined overall and by SES using mixed linear models.ResultsIn 2019, the mean ± SD total grocery purchases made by Australian households was 881.1 ± 511.9 g/d per capita. Of this, 424.2 ± 319.0 g/d per capita was attributable to purchases of ultra-processed foods, which represented 56.4% of total energy purchased. The largest food categories contributing to total energy purchased included mass-produced, packaged breads (8.2% of total energy purchased), chocolate and sweets (5.7%), biscuits and crackers (5.7%) and ice-cream and edible ices (4.3%). In 2019, purchases of ultra-processed foods were significantly higher for the lowest SES households compared to all other SES quintiles (P < 0.001). There were no major changes in purchases of ultra-processed foods overall or by SES over the five-year period.ConclusionsBetween 2015 and 2019, ultra-processed foods have consistently made up the majority of groceries purchased by Australians, particularly for the lowest SES households. Policies that reduce ultra-processed food consumption may reduce diet-related health inequalities.

Comparison of Energy and Macronutrients Between a Mobile Application and a Conventional Dietary Assessment Method in Korea.

The use of mobile apps for dietary evaluation avoids some of the disadvantages of costly and time-consuming traditional diet assessment. However, few studies have compared dietary intake data in smartphone apps with a conventional diet assessment. This study aimed to compare the dietary data collected on energy and macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) consumed for 3 nonconsecutive days using both a mobile application (Noom) and a conventional dietary assessment tool (CAN Pro). This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 119 healthy adults (68 males and 51 females) aged 19 to 65 years were recruited from the National Cancer Center in Korea between May and September2019. The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake data were obtained for the dietary intakes consumed for 3 nonconsecutive days using Noom and CAN Pro. The estimates of energy and macronutrient intake between the two tools were compared using correlation coefficients and cross-classification. Although mean daily fat intake and percent total energy from carbohydrate estimated by Noom were comparable with values provided by CAN Pro, mean daily estimated energy intake (kcal), protein (g, percent total energy), and carbohydrate (g) were significantly higher with Noom than with CAN Pro. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 for crude intake and from 0.77 to 0.88 for energy-adjusted values of intake after adjustment for sex and age. The percentages of participants classified into quartiles of "exact agreement and plus adjacent" varied between 95% and 99% for crude intake and between 93% and 97% for energy-adjusted values of intake. The findings indicate that Noom may be useful for monitoring the dietary intake of energy and macronutrients and reducing workload compared with a traditional dietary assessment in Korea. However, further research is needed to assess the validity and usability of Noom for estimating intake of micronutrients and other dietary components.

Performance of pulsed plasma thrusters with a non-volatile liquid propellant stored in porous ceramics with different pore diameters

Pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) typically have characteristics like a high specific impulse, a small volume, a low system mass when used in microsatellites. However, the lifetime of these thrusters is limited by their disadvantages, which include carbon deposition. A non-volatile liquid perfluoropolyether showed a good capability of lower carbon deposition in previous studies, but previous investigations focused on carbon deposition. The influence of the pore diameter of porous ceramics, which can change the supply rate, has not yet been studied. Perfluoropolyether, which is impregnated into the porous ceramics with different pore diameters (10 nm, 100 nm, 1 μm), was investigated in this study. A decreasing pore diameter of porous ceramics resulted in a lower resupply rate to reduce the ablated mass bit (the consumption of propellant per discharge) of PPTs. The use of perfluoropolyether resulted in an increase in the ablated mass bit and impulse bit, and a decrease in the specific impulse and efficiency. When using perfluoropolyether, the impulse bit increases with decreasing pore diameter of the porous ceramic. Perfluoropolyether achieved a higher specific impulse and efficiency with decreasing pore diameter of the porous ceramic, due to the increasing kinetic energy of plasma as a percentage of total energy.

Effects of Dental Implants and Nutrition on Elderly Edentulous Subjects: Protocol for a Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial.

BackgroundLoss of masticatory function consequent to tooth loss has been associated with changes in food choices and insufficient nutritional intake. To date, interventions based on dental prostheses alone did not significantly improve nutrient intake. Pilot studies have shown positive impacts of interventions combining implant-supported fixed dental prosthesis with brief dietary advice. The relative contribution and the potential synergy of the components of such interventions need to be determined as it has major public health implications for the community-dwelling aging population that continues to disproportionately suffer from tooth loss and its consequences.ObjectiveTo assess the effect of rehabilitation of masticatory function with fixed implant supported dentures and nutrition education in older subjects with terminal dentition (stage IV periodontitis) or full edentulism.MethodsA 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial with 16-month follow-up of eligible adults (≥60 years) with loss of masticatory function consequent to full arch edentulism or terminal dentition (n = 120) will be conducted to test whether the rehabilitation of masticatory function with fixed implant supported dentures, nutrition education and/or their combination improves intake of fresh fruits and vegetables for aging subjects. The study has been designed to detect changes in fresh fruits and fresh vegetables intake at 4 months using the 24-h dietary recall method. Changes in protein as percentage of total energy, nutritional biomarkers, plasma metabolomics, oral and gut microbiome, quality of life and masticatory function will also be assessed.DiscussionWe hypothesize that receiving rehabilitation of masticatory function with fixed implant dentures together with nutrition education is the most effective intervention for improving nutrient intake in aging community-dwelling subjects with extensive tooth loss. The results of this study will assist in designing better treatment regimens, guide medical care for individual subjects, and inform public health and policy.Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT05334407.

Macronutrient intake modulates impact of EcoRI polymorphism of ApoB gene on lipid profile and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes

We sought to examine whether dietary intakes may affect the relationship between ApoB EcoRI and lipid profile, as well as serum inflammatory markers, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This current study consisted of 648 diabetic patients. Dietary intake was calculated by a food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical markers (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), LDL, TG, CRP, IL-18, PGF2α) were measured based on standard protocols. Genotyping of the Apo-B polymorphisms (rs1042031) was conducted by the PCR–RFLP method. The gene-diet interactions were evaluated using GLMs. In comparison to GG homozygotes, A-allele carriers with above the median -CHO intake (≥ 54 percent of total energy) had considerably greater TC and PGF2a concentrations. Furthermore, as compared to GG homozygotes, A-allele carriers with above the median protein intake (≥ 14 percent of total energy) had higher serum levels of TG (P = 0.001), CRP (P = 0.02), TG/HDL (P = 0.005), and LDL/HDL (P = 0.04) ratios. Moreover, A-allele carriers with above the median total fat intake (≥ 35 percent of total calories) had significantly higher TC level (P = 0.04) and LDL/HDL (P = 0.04) ratios compared to GG homozygotes. Furthermore, when compared to GG homozygotes, A-allele carriers who consumed above the median cholesterol (> 196 mg) had greater TG (P = 0.04), TG/HDL (P = 0.01) ratio, and IL-18 (P = 0.02). Furthermore, diabetic patients with the GA, AA genotype who consume above the median cholesterol had lower ghrelin levels (P = 0.01). In terms of LDL/HDL ratio, ApoB EcoRI and dietary intakes of specific fatty acids (≥ 9 percent for SFA and ≥ 12 percent for MUFA) had significant interaction. LDL/HDL ratio is greater in A-allele carriers with above the median SFA intake (P = 0.04), also when they consumed above the median MUFA this association was inverse (P = 0.04). Our study showed that plasma lipid levels in participants carrying the (AA or AG) genotype were found to be more responsive to increasing the percentage of energy derived from dietary fat, CHO, protein, SFA, and cholesterol consumption. Therefore, patients with a higher genetic susceptibility (AA or AG) seemed to have greater metabolic markers with a higher percentage of macronutrient consumption. Also, ApoB EcoRI correlations with metabolic markers might be attenuated with above the median MUFA consumption.

Analysis of food sources and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers in Metro Manila, Philippines

BackgroundThis study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources of nutrient intakes.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants: The sample size included 70 mothers of healthy, term, exclusively breastfed infants aged 21–26 days at enrollment. Mothers were scheduled to visit the clinic at days 1, 22, 57, and day 90.Similarly, food diaries were obtained during these periods with a 3-day food record per clinic visit totaling to 12 records per mother at the end of 90 days. At every clinic visit, the records were validated face – to – face by the registered nutritionist – dietitians. An extension of the mother’s participation until day 155 was implemented for the collection of clinical outcomes used by Pediatricians. Mean food intakes were calculated. A PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program was used in the estimation of inadequate intakes. Socio-economic status was collected using standard questionnaires. Weight and height were measured using standard techniques to compute for BMI.ResultsAnthropometric results for the breastfeeding mothers reported a mean weight of 56.9 kg (SE = 1.3) and a mean height of 152.4 cm (SE = 0.6). In terms of body mass index (BMI), 8.6% were chronic energy deficient, and 34.3% were overweight while 12.9% were obese. Mean energy intake of breastfeeding mothers was 2516.7 kcal/day, which was 28.6% higher than the EER of 1957 kcal/day. Mean protein intake was 78.4 g/day, which was 37% inadequate while fat intake as percentage of total energy was excessive by 4%. Nutrient inadequacy is high for almost all nutrients: iron (99%), folate (96%), riboflavin (39%), vitamin B6 (63%), vitamin B12 (46%) and thiamine (22%). The top 5-food sources with highest percent contribution to energy are rice (43.1%), bread (8.1%), pork (7.7%), powdered milk (5.9%), and sweet bakery products (5%).ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of protein and micronutrient inadequacies in the diet of breastfeeding mothers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among breastfeeding mothers. These findings might be explained by the low variety and nutrient-poor foods consumed by the breastfeeding mothers. Understanding the major food sources of nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers could be used to intensify if not craft interventions to address the nutrient gaps. Improving the maternal nutrition may contribute to having quality breastmilk to infants.

Animal Protein Intake Is Inversely Associated With Mortality in Older Adults: The InCHIANTI Study.

In general, plant protein intake was inversely associated with mortality in studies in middle-aged adults. Our aim was to evaluate the long-term associations of animal and plant protein intake with mortality in older adults. A prospective cohort study including 1 139 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 75 years, 56% women) living in Tuscany, Italy, followed for 20 years (InCHIANTI study) was analyzed. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaires and clinical information were assessed 5 times during the follow-up. Protein intakes were expressed as percentages of total energy. Time-dependent Cox regression models adjusted for confounders were used to assess the association between plant and animal protein intake, and mortality. During the 20 years of follow-up (mean: 12 years), 811 deaths occurred (292 of cardiovascular- and 151 of cancer-related causes). Animal protein intake was inversely associated with all-cause (hazard ratio [HR] per 1% of total energy from protein increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96, 0.93-0.99) and cardiovascular mortality (HR per 1% of total energy from protein increase, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.87-0.98). Plant protein intake showed no association with any of the mortality outcomes, but an interaction with baseline hypertension was found for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (p < .05). Animal protein was inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older adults. Further studies are needed to provide recommendations on dietary protein intake for older adults.

Non-linear isocaloric substitution analysis: an example using the UK Biobank prospective cohort study

BackgroundDiet is one of the major modifiable lifestyle risk factors of mortality. When total energy intake is held constant, isocaloric substitution of energy sources can also affect mortality risk. The assumption in conventional methods that this exposure-outcome relationship is linear has been found to be untrue in many scenarios. This paper explores non-linear isocaloric substitution analysis using the UK Biobank data. MethodsThis is a UK Biobank prospective cohort study including 195 658 participants from England, Scotland, and Wales with complete information in at least one dietary questionnaire. Baseline data were collected between 2007 and 2010. Participants who reported non-typical diets were excluded. The exposure variables were intakes of carbohydrates (including sugar, starch, fibre), fat (including monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fat) and protein, assessed using a 24 h dietary recall. Prospective all-cause mortality, the outcome variable, was derived from linkage to death records. We did a non-linear isocaloric substitution analysis using penalised cubic splines in Cox proportional hazard models. This analysis provides effect sizes conditional on the current intake, whereas conventional analysis provides an average over the whole range of intake. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic and other lifestyle factors. This study was performed under generic ethics approval obtained by UK Biobank from the National Health Service National Research Ethics Service. Written consent was obtained from all participants. FindingsThe majority (187 549) of the participants were White and 55·9% were female. Five of nine of the associations between macronutrient intake (as percentage of total energy, %E) and all-cause mortality were non-linear. Conventional isocaloric substitution showed no difference in mortality risk when replacing sugar with starch. However, the non-linear method revealed that replacing sugar with starch was associated with approximately 10% higher risk per 5%E when the current starch intake was greater than 30% of total energy, and with approximately 7% lower risk per 5%E when current intake was less than 25%. InterpretationWhen the underlying exposure-outcome association is non-linear, a relevant non-linear isocaloric substitution analysis technique should be used. The approach described here could provide more meaningful individualised dietary advice in line with precision public health. FundingNone.

Associations of overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus with free sugars from solid and liquid sources: cross-sectional and nested case-control analyses

BackgroundSugar-sweetened beverages have obesogenic and diabetogenic effects ascribed to free sugars. These include added sugars and naturally occurring sugars in juices. A meta-analysis indicates that some foods with added sugars are associated with lower type 2 diabetes rates. To expand the evidence relevant to free sugars from solid sources, we examined a young to middle-aged population with respect to overweight and gestational diabetes (GDM) outcomes.MethodsWe studied female participants (12–50 years old) from the 2004–2005 Canadian Community Health Survey 2.2 (CCHS) with data linked to the hospital Discharge Database (DAD) until 2017, providing 13 years of follow-up. We estimated free sugars by solid and liquid sources from 24-h dietary recalls as percent total energy intake (TE%), and computed body mass index (BMI). We applied ICD-10 diagnostic codes for deliveries and GDM to DAD. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations between free sugars with overweight at baseline (cross-sectional component) and, in those who delivered, with GDM during follow-up (nested case control component). We compared those with consumption above versus below various thresholds of intake for free sugars, considering solid and liquid sources separately (2.TE%, 5TE%, 10TE% and 15TE% thresholds).ResultsAmong 6305 participants, 2505 (40%) were overweight, defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile below 18 years and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 for adults. Free sugars from solid sources were associated with lower odds of overweight above versus below the 2.5TE% (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] 0.80, 95%CI 0.70–0.92), 5TE% (adjOR 0.89, 95%CI 0.79–0.99), and 10TE% (adjOR 0.86, 95%CI 0.75–0.97) thresholds. Free sugars from liquid sources were associated with greater odds of overweight across the 2.5TE% (adjOR 1.20, 95%CI 1.07–1.36), 10TE% (adjOR 1.17, 95%CI 1.02–1.34), and 15TE% (adjOR 1.43, 95%CI 1.23–1.67) thresholds. There were 113 cases of GDM among the 1842 women who delivered (6.1%). Free sugars from solid sources were associated with lower odds of GDM above versus below the 5TE% threshold (adjOR 0.56, 95%CI 0.36–0.85).ConclusionsOur findings support limiting free sugars from liquid sources, given associations with overweight. We did not identify adverse associations of free sugars from solid sources across any of the thresholds examined.

Are dietary patterns in early childhood associated with alcohol consumption at the age of 17 years? Analysis of data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective cohort study.

To examine the relationship between a posteriori dietary patterns in early childhood and alcohol consumption in adolescence. Data were obtained from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) prospective cohort study. Dietary information was obtained using FFQ at the age of 3 and 7 years. The association between dietary patterns, derived using principal components analysis and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores (to assess harmful intake) and frequency of alcohol consumption at the age of 17 years were examined. Secondary analysis considered sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake. Women who gave birth between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992 in the Avon area in southwest England were eligible for the ALSPAC cohort study. Totally, 14541 pregnancies were enrolled in ALSPAC during its initial recruitment phase. For this analysis, complete data were available for between 3148 and 3520 participants. Adherence to the 'healthy' dietary pattern at both 3 and 7 years of age was positively associated with consuming more than one alcoholic drink per week at 17 years of age, whilst adherence to the 'traditional' dietary pattern at both ages was protective of harmful alcohol intake at 17 years of age. Sugar intake was not associated with either alcohol outcome after adjustment for ethnicity, maternal level of education, parental social class and maternal AUDIT score. For the population studied, changes to diet in early childhood are unlikely to have an impact on harmful alcohol use in adolescence given the lack of consistency across the results.

Food and nutrient intakes from school canteens and markets nearby schools among students aged 14-18 in Jordan

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to determine the food intake purchased from the canteens or markets nearby schools; to estimate the percent intakes of energy and nutrients from canteens and markets nearby the schools as a percent of total energy and nutrient intakes; and to evaluate the association between dietary intake of energy and nutrients eaten from school canteens and markets nearby the school and body weight status.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 398 students, aged 14–18 years, was recruited from schools in Amman/Jordan. Students’ body weights and heights were measured and socio-demographic data and three days food record were collected.FindingsThe intakes of boy students from school canteens were significantly higher than those of girls in carbohydrate (g) (125 ± 6 vs 106 ± 6; p = 0.015), energy from saturated fatty acid (Kcal) (97 ± 4 vs 84 ± 5; p = 0.006), sugar (g) (43 ± 3 vs 35 ± 2; p = 0.009) and fiber (g) (6 ± 0 vs 6 ± 0; p = 0.02). Regarding food groups consumed from markets nearby schools, there were significant differences between boys and girls intake (in which the higher intake was detected in girls as compared to boys) of sweets (g) (4 ± 1 vs 3 ± 2; p = 0.017), soft drinks (ml) (28 ± 5 vs 20 ± 5; p = 0.024) and milk (ml)/milk substitutes (g) (5 ± 2 vs 0 ± 0; p = 0.001). Sugar-sweetened beverages and crackers/snacks consumption was significantly higher in boys as compared to girls. There was a significant relationship between BMI and intakes of sugar, fat, vitamin E and calcium from school canteens.Originality/valueThe contribution of foods from canteens and markets nearby schools was high, with high content of fats, salt and sugar, implying that there is a vital need to establish a strategy and plan of action to fight malnutrition and reduce the intake of unhealthy foods in the school environment in Jordan.

Impact of a School-Based Gardening, Cooking, Nutrition Intervention on Diet Intake and Quality: The TX Sprouts Randomized Controlled Trial.

School gardens have become common school-based health promotion strategies to enhance dietary behaviors in the United States. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of TX Sprouts, a one-year school-based gardening, cooking, and nutrition cluster randomized controlled trial, on students’ dietary intake and quality. Eight schools were randomly assigned to the TX Sprouts intervention and eight schools to control (i.e., delayed intervention) over three years (2016–2019). The intervention arm received: formation and training of Garden Leadership Committees; a 0.25-acre outdoor teaching garden; 18 student lessons including gardening, nutrition, and cooking activities, taught weekly in the teaching garden during school hours; and nine parent lessons, taught monthly. Dietary intake data via two 24 h dietary recalls (24 hDR) were collected on a random subsample (n = 468). Dietary quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015). The intervention group compared to control resulted in a modest increase in protein intake as a percentage of total energy (0.4% vs. −0.3%, p = 0.021) and in HEI-2015 total vegetables component scores (+4% vs. −2%, p = 0.003). When stratified by ethnicity/race, non-Hispanic children had a significant increase in HEI-2015 total vegetable scores in the intervention group compared to the control group (+4% vs. −8%, p = 0.026). Both the intervention and control groups increased added sugar intake; however, to a lesser extent within the intervention group (0.3 vs. 2.6 g/day, p = 0.050). School-based gardening, cooking, and nutrition interventions can result in significant improvements in dietary intake. Further research on ways to scale and sustain nutrition education programs in schools is warranted. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02668744).

Dietary Linoleic Acid: Will Modifying Dietary Fat Quality Reduce the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes?

Linoleic acid (LA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in Western diets; e.g., it accounts for almost 90% of PUFA intake in the U.S. diet (1). Intake levels as a percentage of total energy have increased over time in the U.S. (2), with mean intake being right within the range recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (5–10%) (3). Although the intake of PUFA has been part of dietary recommendations for cardiovascular risk prevention, usually in the context of reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (4), the American Diabetes Association does not clearly emphasize LA as a component of diet quality for diabetes prevention (5). This might be due to the fact that there are no available data from trials designed to investigate diabetes incidence as an outcome. However, prospective observational studies have now accumulated a substantial amount of data on the relation between LA intake or status and diabetes incidence, which helpful for reevaluation of its role for diabetes prevention. In this issue of Diabetes Care , Mousavi et al. (6) summarize data from such prospective studies. They first systematically identified cohort studies on either dietary intake or tissue biomarkers of LA status and diabetes incidence. This led to nine cohorts on dietary intake, with a total of 22,639 cases of diabetes, and 27 cohorts on LA tissue biomarkers (including a total of 18,458 incident cases). The authors then performed meta-analyses of individual study findings. With regard to dietary intake of LA, results of the meta-analysis suggest an inverse association. This was evident in considering different categories of intake and also from a dose-response analysis, where each additional 5% of energy from LA was associated with a 10% lower risk …

Association between Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Dietary Intake and Diet Quality in Korean Adults

BackgroundFood environments have changed rapidly, and the global interest in ultra-processed foods has increased. Ultra-processed foods are typically energy dense, high in sugars and fat, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of Korean adults and to examine the association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality. DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). Participants/settingsA total of 16,657 adults aged ≥19 years who completed a 1-day 24-hour recall. Main outcome measuresAbsolute and relative intake of energy and nutrients were measured and dietary quality was assessed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Statistical analysisMultiple regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used to examine the association between quintiles of ultra-processed foods dietary energy contribution and dietary intake and quality. ResultsMean reported daily energy intake was 2,031 kcal, with 25.1% of calories coming from ultra-processed foods. Mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods ranged from 3.6% kcal (Q1) to 52.4% kcal (Q5). Energy contribution of ultra-processed foods was positively associated with reported intake of daily energy, total sugars, and total and saturated fat and inversely associated with reported intake of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Both sodium and potassium were negatively associated with percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods. However, the sodium-to-potassium ratio was high regardless of quintile of energy contribution from ultra-processed foods, and the ratio was positively associated with percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods. Although the KHEI score was inversely associated with percentage of daily energy from ultra-processed foods, all levels of ultra-processed food consumption were associated with poor diet quality. ConclusionsThe ultra-processed foods consumption of Korean adults accounted for one fourth of daily energy intake, and a higher dietary energy contribution from ultra-processed foods was associated with poorer dietary intakes and a lower dietary quality. Further studies are needed to understand factors influencing selection and consumption of ultra-processed foods and to identify effective strategies to promote healthy food choices.