Percent Salt Research Articles

SAUSAGE DRYING: FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERCENT YIELD OF PEPPERONI

ABSTRACTVariations in sausage formulation and processing have been evaluated in terms of sausage weight percentage at 42 days of drying. Of the variations studied, only percent salt and meat particle size had no effect, while starting percent fat, sausage diameter, meat type, cure type, pH and post‐fermentation heating had generally small but statistically significant effects on sausage percent yield. Increasing the fat content of pepperoni from 13.3 to 25.1% increased the sausage percent yield from 48.0 to 57.75%. Larger diameter (85 mm) sausages had higher percent yield than smaller diameter (55 mm) sausages, 56.55% vs 48.95%. Starting fat content and casing diameter represent the variations which would be of interest and importance to producers of commercial pepperoni and dry sausages.

Migration of Subgrade Salts Damages Thin Pavements

In moisture deficient areas, soluble salts contained in road aggregates may be leached to the surface by evaporation gradients. The growth of salt crystals beneath the surfacing layer of a pavement may cause damage by blistering and cracking the surface. Salt damage can be prevented by selecting materials that contain less than 0.2% of soluble salts or else by controlling surfacing permeability so that the ratio of permeability to layer thickness is less than 30 microsecond. Salt damaged pavements may be repaired by overlaying to render the surfacing impervious. A conductivity method is suggested as a means of detecting excessive percentages of soluble salts in road-making materials, and a method of measuring surfacing permeability in situ is described.

Zeeman atomic absorption determination of lead with a dual chamber furnace

A dual chamber furnace that has application to certain analytical problems in atomic absorption spectroscopy is described. The furnace was designed so that introduction of analyte vapors into the absorption region occurs in a more reproducible fashion than with conventional AA atomizers. The furnace acts like a high temperature chromatograph by separating the analyte from the matrix vapors as the temperature is increased. The operation of this furnace was demonstrated by using the Zeeman atomic absorption technique to determine Pb in 3 percent salt water solutions and Pb in NBS bovine liver without the usual drying and ashing steps. The lower limit of detection was 50 pg of Pb.

Comparative Hydroecological Studies on Some Hydrophytes, Wet and Dry Halophytes and Xerophytes

Summary In Wadi EI-Natrun region, the wide variation in the topography and depth of water table provides a good chance for the occurrence of plants belonging to some ecological groups namely hydrophytes, halophytes (dry and wet) and xerophytes, within a limited area under almost similar climatic conditions. The main factors controlling root extensions in the studied habitats are the depth of water table and the soil moisture content. In the swampy habitat, the ground surface is continuously inundated with water and the roots are weekly developed with very limited extensions. In the salt marsh habitat the water table is shallow and accordingly the soil is wet with high salt content. In this habitat the roots are shallow with limited vertical penetration. In dry salty sites with deeper water table and relatively dry soil, the roots exhibit great vertical and horizontal extensions. In the desert habitat the extremely deep water table and the dry soil favour the great vertical and horizontal extensions of roots as well as the high ratio of root to shoot. The daily march of the stomatal opening runs parallel to that of the transpiration rate in nearly all the cases. The widest stomatal aperture and the highest transpiration rate were exhibited by hydrophytes. The width of stomatal aperture in dry halophytes was slightly greater than that of xerophytic species. In case of wet halophytes, the width of stomatal aperture and rate of transpiration were intermediate between those of hydrophytes and xerophytic species. The lowest osmotic pressure of plant sap (from 5.92 to 6.81 atm.) was shown by hydrophytic species and the highest (from 24.44 to 40.61 atm.) by dry halophytes. In wet halophytes the osmotic pressure of shoot sap was relatively high but generally less than that of dry halophytes and higher than that of xerophytes. The high osmotic pressure of dry and wet halophytes is mainly due to accumulation of salts since roots of these plants grow in saline soils containing a relatively high percentage of salts. In case of hydrophytes and xerophytic species, the odmotically active constituents of the cell sap are mainly nonelectrolytes.

Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Egg Mixtures

The residual moisture in freeze-dried albumen-yolk mixtures varies with platen temperature and the protein level in the dry product. Moisture levels as high as 6.47% were observed in albumen which contained 80% protein dried at −7°C. while yolk dried at 66°C. had only 0.2% moisture. Albumen, whole egg and yolk dried at 3°C. had moisture levels of 5.21, 1.57, and .83%, respectively. Addition of 10 percent salt decreased the residual moisture in freeze-dried egg white and whole egg but not in yolk. Sucrose increased residual moisture slightly.

NS-100 Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Applications

The structure of the new NS-100 nonpolysaccharide reverse osmosis membranes and additional separation properties relating to removal of impurities from water has been investigated. Infrared spectrophotometric evidence has indicated that the urea linkages are formed before the heat cure step. The heat curing process was found to cross-link the polymer further by elimination of ammonia and formation of additional secondary and tertiary amine linkages. Long-term tests under seawater conditions have indicated water fluxes of 18 gfd at 99.5 percent salt rejection. The NS-100 membranes have exhibited high rejections toward organic compounds; for example, phenol is rejected up to 90 percent. All experimental data indicate that the NS-100 membranes are more resistant to varying environments with higher reverse osmosis performance than any current commercial membrane.

DDE: interference with extra-renal salt excretion in the mallard.

The effects of DDE on the function of the salt gland, the main route of sodium chloride excretion in marine birds, were investigated in mature mallards,Anas platyrhynchos, maintained on either fresh water or 1 percent salt water and given 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm DDE in the diet (12 birds per level). The rate of sodium chloride excretion by the salt gland following injections of concentrated salt solutions was not reduced (from that of controls) in DDE-treated birds maintained on salt water, but was significantly reduced in DDE-treated birds not previously given salt.

A new selective enrichment broth for detecting beta-hemolytic streptococci in throat cultures: quinoline derivate and three percent salt as an additional agent to Pike's inhibitors.

A new selective enrichment broth for detecting beta-hemolytic streptococci in throat cultures: quinoline derivate and three percent salt as an additional agent to Pike's inhibitors.

Acceptability of Scrambled Eggs from Egg Solids Product

Scrambled eggs prepared from fresh eggs and from three commercial spray-dried whole egg solids products were evaluated by four consumer panels in ten trials. The spray-dried products included A) modified whole egg solids (fortified with 8 percent corn syrup and 0.5 percent salt; B) whole egg solids; and C) a patented whole egg product containing fresh eggs, condensed nonfat milk and vegetable oil.The scrambled eggs prepared from fresh eggs were preferred over those from whole egg solids and modified whole egg solids, and about equal to those from the whole egg product which contained milk and vegetable oil. The product containing 8 percent corn syrup was too sweet and less desirable than all others evaluated.When pre-cooked sausage was added to the whole egg product during preparation for scrambling, it was preferred over a fresh egg scrambled product. The patented whole egg product containing a similar amount of sausage which contained a milk product and vegetable oil was more acceptable than modified or regular whole egg solids and comparable to scrambled fresh eggs.

Effect of dietary taurine on fecal bile salt excretion in rats and hamsters fed cholestyramine.

SummaryWhen fed with 2 or 4% cholestyramine, 0.5 and 1.0% dietary taurine increased fecal bile salt excretion by 44 to 56% in rats and by as much as 80% in hamsters. Taurine also increased bile salt excretion 30-44% in rats fed 0.07-1.68% cholestyramine. Dietary taurine increased the percentage of gallbladder bile salts conjugated with taurine in hamsters fed cholestyramine. These findings are consistent with in vitro findings that cholestyramine has a greater affinity for taurine-conjugated bile salts than for the corresponding glycine conjugates, and may provide a feasible means of improving the in vivo efficiency of the resin.

An Examination of Ashbed Soils Growing Radiata Pine in Gippsland Victoria

SUMMARY Ashbed soils on which pines had been planted after the native eucalypt vegetation had been cleared, heaped and burnt were compared with non-ashbed soils from adjacent areas which had been cleared and planted. Tree growth, soil chemical properties and foliar nutrient levels were examined at sites of varying age and a pot trial was established to complement the field trials. Tree measurements at age 12 years revealed that radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) on ashbed soils had produced 50 percent more timber than stands on adjacent non ashbed soils. Height growth differences favoured the ashbed sites to the greatest extent at age 5 to 6 years, but decreased and were not signficant at age 12 years. The ashbed soils had significantly higher percentages of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, manganese and soluble salts in the top 10 inches of soil; the pH of the ashbed soil was also higher by one unit. Trees on ash bed soils had correspondingly higher percentage of phosphorus and potassium in their f...

Mobility Control with Partially Hydrolyzed PolyacrylamideA Reply to Emil Burcik

The April, 1969, JPT Forum contained an article by Burcik in which it was suggested that "microgels" were the principal, if not the sole agent responsible for the mobility control that is obtained with polyacrylamide solutions. These gels were described as polyacrylamide solutions. These gels were described as chemically linked aggregations of polymer molecules. Although we agree with much of the data that he presents, having observed these phenomena also, we presents, having observed these phenomena also, we cannot agree with the conclusions, both real and implied, that are drawn therefrom. In particular, we feel that the presence of microgels is not only unnecessary, but actually detrimental to the performance of a polyacrylamide solution. polyacrylamide solution. A linear polymer molecule in solution is usually considered to be a series of segments, each moving freely and randomly, subject to the restrictions of other segments. Conversely, a nonlinear, multi-molecular system may have structures resulting from entanglement, branching, hydrogen bonding, and/or chemical crosslinking by anhydride, imide, or methylene bisamide formation. The resistance factor of a polymer solution, as measured with a short core, can polymer solution, as measured with a short core, can be made very high by introducing the proper amount of nonlinearity into the molecules. The true nature of this polymer is revealed when a long core is used, however, for then it is discovered that the nonlinear material is permanently removed from solution by filtration through the first inch or two of rock, There may be no evident gel buildup on the core face. Because Burcik used discs only 1/8-in. thick for measuring resistance factor, he was not able to observe this effect. To translate this into practical terms, a lightly cross-linked polymer will limit the injection rate of a well, and will do little for mobility control in the center of the field. For this reason, suppression of chemical cross-linking is of constant concern in the manufacture of Pusher brand polymer. As discussed in another paper, Burcik calculated the root-mean-square end-to-end distance to be 500for a polyacrylamide molecule having a molecular weight of a 3 x 10(6). He also found that some polymer could be strained from a solution of this type of polymer could be strained from a solution of this type of material with a Millipores filter having 0.45 mu (4,500 ) pore openings. His logical conclusion was that the polymer must exist in solution as aggregates of many polymer must exist in solution as aggregates of many molecules. The error in this approach lies in the calculation of molecular size, since the equation which was used is valid only for a polymer molecule that is a non-electrolyte in a Theta solvent. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides dissolved in water or dilute salt solutions do not satisfy these requirements. A more reasonable calculation of polymer size may be made from intrinsic viscosity, [eta], which can be estimated for unhydrolyzed polyacrylamide from the following correlation: (1) where Mw is the weight average molecular weight. For Mw = 3 x 10(6), [eta] = 7.7. The mean square end-to-end distance square root of r can then be calculated from the relation given by Flory: (2) Measurements on partially hydrolyzed polymer in 3 percent salt solutions indicate that repulsion between charged groups on the polymer backbone creates a viscosity at least double that of an unhydrolyzed polymer. Therefore, the molecular size would be at polymer. Therefore, the molecular size would be at least 2,870 for partially hydrolyzed material. Polymerization does not produce molecules of uniform size. A typical vinyl-type polymerization yields a significant fraction of material having a molecular weight that is 2 1/2 times the average. P. 1247

Ecotypic Variation of Eurotia lanata Populations in Utah

Eurotia lanata has long been regarded as a dependable indicator of soil conditions. However, because of conflicting reports of soil relationships, a study was conducted to discover if ecotypic variation was present in this species. Salinity analyses of soils from under different Eurotia stands revealed a significant difference among soils in total soluble salt percentages. Germination of seeds from four locations at different sodium chloride levels resulted in significant differences in germinating percentages among seed sources. Reciprocal transplant results indicated that the seedlings from each of four locations are better adapted to their own soil than are seedlings from the other three locations. Transplants of seedlings from each of four seed sources into homogeneous soils saturated with four levels of sodium chloride resulted in significant differences among sources in seedling response. A reciprocal seeding experiment resulted in significant differences in seedling response both among soils and among seed sources. The presence of ecotypic variation is indicated by each phase of the study. This variation should be taken into account when this species is used as a soil indicator, and source location should be designated when research dealing with this species is reported.

Thermodynamic and Electrical Properties of Combustion Gas and Its Plasma : (2nd Report, Study of Combustion Inhibition Effect of Potassium Salt Measured by Opposed Jet Diffusion Flame)

This study describes the combustion inhibition effect of a potassium salt on propane-air flames by the change of the activation energy of the overall chemical reaction. The extinction limit of an opposed jet diffusion flame and the laminar burning velocity of a premixed burner flame of propane-air were measured to obtain the activation energies. From a theoretical analysis of the opposed jet diffusion flame, the overall activation energy of the chemical reaction against the seeded quantities of potassium salt was calculated using the extinction limit data. Through increasing the potassium salt percentages, the increase of the activation energy, i.e. the decrease of the chemical reaction rate, was shown both analytically and experimentally. The ratio of the activation energies with potassium salt to the ones without obtained from the burning velocity of the premixed flame closely agreed with that from the opposed jet diffusion flame. The relation between the seeded quantities of potassium salt and the activation energies of the overall chemical reaction of propane-air was quantitatively obtained.

The determination of salt in bacon by using a sodium-ion responsive glass electrode

Rapid determination of the salt content of cured meat products with a sodium-ion responsive electrode is described and discussed. The method enables the percentage of salt on water content to be measured directly on the meat in a few minutes. Many determinations can be made cheaply and accurately enough for purposes of routine factory control.

Nonhomogeneous Straining and Fracture Mechanism in a Filled Elastomer

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of strain concentrations arising near the edges of elliptical cutouts in uniformly strained, flat strips of polyurethane rubber filled with a high volume percentage of an inorganic salt. The strain concentrations are studied under various conditions of uniform straining, for strains up to fracture initiation. The fracture mechanism at the root of the cutout is studied micrographically and it is found that the local fracture process is similar to that in unfilled elastomers, with consecutive rupture of highly deformed strands of the elastomeric material.

Effect of Restricted Water Consumption on Broiler Chickens

CHICKENS cannot survive very long when deprived of water. A ten percent loss of body water through dehydration and excretion results in serious physical disorders (Romanoff and Romanoff, 1949). Dehydration is particularly noticeable in the shanks, and some mortality may result as reported by Marble and Jeffrey (1955). Hoffman and Johnson (1946) reported chicks that have been without water can be readily identified because in their eagerness to drink they wet their plumage and have a bedraggled appearance for some time afterward.Kare and Biely (1948) placed New Hampshire chicks on diets containing .9 to 4.0 percent salt, and deprived them of water four to six hours per day. The water-restricted chicks compensated by drinking more when water was before them which resulted in approximately the same water:feed ratios as the controls with water ad libitum.In a study conducted by Ross (1960) one-week-old New Hampshire chicks were given…

Nonhomogeneous Straining and Fracture Mechanism in a Filled Elastomer

This paper presents an experimental study of the strain concentrations arising near the edges of elliptical cutouts in uniformly strained, flat strips of polyurethane rubber filled with a high volume percentage of an inorganic salt. The strain concentrations are studied under various conditions of uniform straining, for strains up to fracture initiation. The fracture mechanism at the root of the cutout is studied micrographically and it is found that the local fracture process is similar to that in unfilled elastomers, with consecutive rupture of highly deformed strands of the elastomeric material.

Stress Corrosion Cracking Study of Several High Strength Steels

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of four low alloy steels has been evaluated by alternate immersion testing in a 3.5 percent salt solution. The variables investigated were heat...

Salt as a Stress Factor in Relation to Pendulous Crop and Aortic Rupture in Turkeys

IN THE course of an investigation on aortic rupture in turkeys a high incidence of pendulous crop was found to occur when the ration contained a higher percentage of salt than is recommended by the National Research Council (1960). The added salt was used as a diuretic as well as to increase blood pressure as implied by Grollman (1947). The possible relationship of blood pressure to aortic rupture has previously been noted by Gibson and deGruchy (1955) and Ringer and Rood (1959). Evidence for genetically transmitted pendulous crop has been presented by Asmundson and Hinshaw (1938) and for a dietary-induced pendulous crop by Wheeler et al. (1957 (1960).Research on the salt tolerance of poults has been reviewed by Roberts (1957) who also presented results on salt effect on turkeys 8 to 12, 26 to 30 and 31 to 34 weeks of age. A marked increase in water consumption was …