Percent Of Total Cost Research Articles

Handling of the Preparation of Wicker Raw Materials with ABC Analysis Approach

In connection with the importance of ABC method analysis in company management, this can be applied to rattan companies that aim to classify or group raw material inventories and find out the raw material items often used in each production. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ABC analysis approach to controlling rattan raw material inventory can be classified as follows: Class A classification is classified as raw materials that require strict control, consisting of Mandola Polished AB rattan raw materials, CL rattan Lasio Mandola Polished BC rattan. Class B classification is classified as requiring moderate control, consisting of 8 items of rattan raw materials, namely Tohiti rattan, which has a percentage of total cost, Subaliyu rattan, Semambo rattan, Pietrit rattan, Mandola Semi Polished AB rattan, Mandola Semi Polished CD rattan, Core rattan, Manau rattan. Class C classification includes loose control, consisting of 4 rattan raw materials items: Mandola Semi Polished BC rattan, Jawit rattan, Mandola Semi Polished CD rattan, and Sanjat rattan.

"An Economic Analysis of Production of Cauliflower in Sikar District of Rajasthan"

"The present investigation was undertaken to study about costs and returns from the cultivation of cauliflower in Sikar district of Rajasthan. In this study, primary data were collected from the selected cauliflower cultivators through personal interview method with the help of pre- structured schedule. The study concluded that, on an average, total costs of cauliflower cultivation was estimated at ` 79786 per hectare. Out of which, overall total operational costs were observed as ` 55718 per hectare (i.e., 69.83 percent of total costs). It was decreased with the increase in farm size holdings whereas, total fixed costs were calculated at ` 24068 per hectare which accounts for 30.17 per cent of total costs. It was found positive relationship with the size of farms holdings. Total cost of cultivation of cauliflower was highest on medium farms (` 91764) and lowest on marginal farms (` 77511). The results also revealed that major components of cost of cauliflower cultivation were found human labour with ` 22482 per hectare followed by rental value of owned land (` 21265 per hectare), cost of manure (` 10340 per hectare) and cost of improved seed (` 9498 per hectare). The results of study indicated that overall gross returns obtained from cauliflower cultivation were ` 243275 per hectare. Gross returns were found to be highest (` 286750 per hectare) on medium farm and lowest (` 231250 per hectare) on marginal farms. On an average, cost of production in cauliflower was estimated at ` 670. The cost of production was found maximum (` 682 per quintal) on marginal farms and minimum (` 651 per quintal) on medium farms. It was decreased with increase in the farm size groups. It was observed that, an overall return per rupee earned from cauliflower cultivation was ` 2.77. Among the farm size groups, return was estimated as ` 2.71, ` 2.82, ` 2.83 and ` 2.84 per rupee on marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farm, respectively."

Patient out-of-pocket savings with lower-dose trastuzumab.

e18828 Background: Trastuzumab-related costs of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer treatment are significant, approaching $70,000 per patient in the adjuvant setting alone. Recently developed population pharmacokinetic models demonstrate that therapeutic levels of trastuzumab are maintained despite decreased maintenance dose or dose frequency, potentially improving trastuzumab’s value proposition. In this observational study, we evaluate the potential patient- and health system-level financial implications of low-dose trastuzumab. Methods: We identified 196 individuals who received treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer with trastuzumab or its biosimilars at a single urban comprehensive cancer center between January 1, 2017 and October 31, 2019. We estimate, using publicly available information, patient-experienced out-of-pocket costs using deterministic modeling under different conditions corresponding to changes in dosing practices, geographic site of trastuzumab administration, patient employment status, intent of treatment, and billing procedures, as well as Medicare cost-savings estimates. Results: Both reducing the maintenance dose of trastuzumab from the FDA-labeled dose of 6 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg Q3W and reducing maintenance dose frequency of trastuzumab from 6 mg/kg Q3W to Q4W were each associated with significant patient savings on drug- and administration-related out-of-pocket costs. Depending on billing practice and clinical scenario, patient savings as a percentage of total costs were 9-20% (neoadjuvant), 17-22% (adjuvant), and 14-19% (metastatic) with 6 mg/kg Q4W dosing. Similarly, 4 mg/kg Q3W dosing had savings of 15-25% (neoadjuvant), 19-28% (adjuvant), and 13-28% (metastatic). Utilization of off-label dosing regimens could result in $2.69 billion USD in annual Medicare spending on trastuzumab, an estimated savings of $670-810 million USD. Conclusions: Meaningful patient-level and system-level financial savings in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer can be achieved using pharmacokinetically near-equivalent low-dose or reduced frequency maintenance trastuzumab dosing. Given the significant potential savings, further prospective studies aimed at reducing dose or frequency of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer are warranted.

A case study on the application of activity based costing on the magnetic inductor

Speedy improvements in cost accounting since the 1960s have been noticed, particularly after the 1980s, in the percentage of total cost, overhead costs have increased. The problem of overhead allocation was faced by several companies and a disparity between the available methods of overhead allocation was developed. Because of skewed facts about the viability of their orders, goods and clients, traditional cost accounting (TCA) not anymore represents the actual economic reality. Consequently, in the moment of increasingly growing material liquidity and ambiguity, a new costing approach is needed to address the weakness of TCA. The goal of the study is to establish a new costing structure using activity based costing (ABC) method to the magnetic inductor for better precision. The case study is located at electronic industry in Pahang, Malaysia. ABC reports on the costs of manufacturing, selling or funding the goods used in the operations. The job was done correctly by the operator to accomplish the entire mission. The maximum time used by operators is at epoxy application activity which is 44.04% and the smallest is 0.64% at oven curing and boundary inspection activity. The highest amount of cost of capacity is epoxy application activity with MYR 1,665,600.00 and the quantity of material utilized is selected as the cost driver. Since the product required volume is up to 10%, production costs are expected to increase by MYR 4,160,614.85 while the unit product cost is forecast at MYR 0.79. Therefore, ABC is an cost management insightful process and cost control efficient approach.

A prospective study on antibiotic usage and cost pattern in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital

Background: Antibiotic resistance is on rise and has become a worldwide problem, especially in intensive care unit (ICU) patients because of higher utilization and inappropriate usage of antibiotics. Consumption of drugs can be measured by defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed-days as recommended by the WHO. Data of antibiotic utilization can be used for developing hospital antibiotic policy. Aims and Objectives: The current study was planned to assess the pattern of antibiotics usage from admission to discharge from the ICU and to assess the cost of antibiotic therapy. Materials and Methods: This study was observational, prospective in nature, conducted in an ICU of a tertiary care hospital from June 2019 to August 2019. The demographic data, clinical variables, the utilization of different antibiotics class (WHO-ATC classification, WHO/DDD), as well as for individual drugs and their cost incurred were recorded. Results: Of 101 patients, 68 patients (67.33%) received more than 1 antibiotic. Metronidazole was the most common antibiotic utilized at admission attributing to 29.70% and during entire ICU stay accounting to 68.32%. Metronidazole followed by ceftriaxone and piperacillin/tazobactam were the maximally utilized antibiotics with 35.32, 31.22, and 23.82, DDD/100 bed‑days, respectively. An average cost incurred to antibiotic therapy per patient was 1403 Indian rupees (INR). Conclusion: Metronidazole followed by ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed antibiotics during ICU stay. A higher percentage of total cost was attributed by meropenem. Regular prescription audit and modification of antibiotic policy are required to curtail the inapt use of antibiotics and economic burden not only on patient but also on hospital pharmacy.

Room Costs for Common Pediatric Hospitalizations and Cost-Reducing Quality Initiatives.

Improvement initiatives promote safe and efficient care for hospitalized children. However, these may be associated with limited cost savings. In this article, we sought to understand the potential financial benefit yielded by improvement initiatives by describing the inpatient allocation of costs for common pediatric diagnoses. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of pediatric patients aged 0 to 21 years from 48 children's hospitals included in the Pediatric Health Information System database from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017. We included hospitalizations for 8 common inpatient pediatric diagnoses (seizure, bronchiolitis, asthma, pneumonia, acute gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infection, other gastrointestinal diagnoses, and skin and soft tissue infection) and categorized the distribution of hospitalization costs (room, clinical, laboratory, imaging, pharmacy, supplies, and other). We summarized our findings with mean percentages and percent of total costs and used mixed-effects models to account for disease severity and to describe hospital-level variation. For 195 436 hospitalizations, room costs accounted for 52.5% to 70.3% of total hospitalization costs. We observed wide hospital-level variation in nonroom costs for the same diagnoses (25%-81% for seizure, 12%-51% for bronchiolitis, 19%-63% for asthma, 19%-62% for pneumonia, 21%-78% for acute gastroenteritis, 21%-63% for upper respiratory tract infection, 28%-69% for other gastrointestinal diagnoses, and 21%-71% for skin and soft tissue infection). However, to achieve a cost reduction equal to 10% of room costs, large, often unattainable reductions (>100%) in nonroom cost categories are needed. Inconsistencies in nonroom costs for similar diagnoses suggest hospital-level treatment variation and improvement opportunities. However, individual improvement initiatives may not result in significant cost savings without specifically addressing room costs.

The impact of clinical trial (CTr) participation on savings performance in the oncology care model (OCM).

e19367 Background: The OCM is a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) alternative payment model, which seeks to curb costs while improving care for patients receiving systemic cancer therapy. CMS models the expected total cost (spending target) for each 6-month episode using historical, geographic and clinical factors including CTr participation. We evaluated the relationship between CTr participation, actual cost of care and performance in the OCM. Methods: We used claims for OCM episodes attributed to the Yale Cancer Center between July 2016 and July 2018. We stratified episodes by CTr participation and used t-tests and chi-square tests to compare total cost, drug costs (Part B and D) and whether actual episode costs were above or below CMS targets. Analyses were conducted for the total sample, and among the most common cancer types. Results: Among 9,387 OCM episodes (5,270 unique patients), 815 (8.7%) episodes involved a CTr. Among non-CTr patients, the mean Medicare cost per episode ($32,909) was modestly higher than the mean episode spending target ($31,746; p < 0.001), while in the CTr group, the mean Medicare cost per episode ($36,590) was substantially lower than the mean episode spending target ($48,124 p < 0.001). Mean drug cost was lower with CTr vs without ($15,650 vs $19,587, p < 0.001). Drug costs also accounted for a lower percentage of total costs for episodes with CTr vs not (41% vs 57%). CTr episodes were more likely to meet spending targets than non-CTr episodes (66% vs 56%, p < 0.001) overall and in breast, lung, and myeloma cancers, although only statistically significant for lung cancer (76% CTr vs 48% non-CTr, p < 0.001). Mean difference between target and actual costs was greater for episodes with CTr (- $11,534) than for episodes without CTr (+ $1,163) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: On average, episodes with CTr participation had substantially lower costs compared with their spending targets, while non-CTr episodes had slightly higher costs compared with their spending targets. While total cost of care was higher for episodes with CTr (as the CMS model predicts), drug costs were significantly lower. As drugs comprise a large proportion of total cost, lower drug costs in CTr episodes likely contribute to savings. Additional research should explore whether other OCM centers with higher rates of CTr participation are more likely to meet spending targets in value-based payment models.

The Factors Affecting Farmland Rental Prices in Slovakia

Agricultural land is a limited natural resource with increasing economic value. This study analyses land rental relationships in Slovakia, including legal rental regulations, and identifies the impact of certain factors, such as the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) payments, and geographical and economic factors on land rental prices. From the results of econometric models, it was found that certain CAP payments have an effect on rental prices, mainly the single area payment scheme (SAPS), payments for agri-environmental-climate schemes (AECS), and animal welfare, which were found to have positive effects. Other important factors found to influence rental prices are economic indicators (such as total revenue share of total costs, share of revenue from agricultural production in terms of total revenue, share of production costs as a percentage of total costs, wages, and number of employees) and geographical factors (such as region or partial production areas). However, the distance of the farm from the district city (LAU 1) and the share of farmland affected by natural constraints do not considerably affect rental prices in Slovakia. Land consolidation is a statistically significant factor according to the models; however, its impact is almost zero. Knowledge of these factors constitutes important know-how, not only for policy makers but also for the actors operating in the land rental market (e.g., landlords, tenants, experts on land valuation, and real estate agents).

Value chain analysis of shrimp of Dacope upazila in Bangladesh

Shrimp farming of Bangladesh is one of the most important contributors for its economic development and rural employment generation. The study examined the value chain actors, functions, governance and value chain mapping; estimated value addition in terms of cost and margin in Chalna, Tildanga and Bajua villages of Dacope upazila under Khulna District. Twenty five farmers and 55 traders were interviewed for collecting primary data. Descriptive analysis was performed for reaching the objectives.The study found that farmer, faria, bepari, aratdar, depot owner, commission agent/supplier, processing plant and retailer were value chain actors for shrimp. It was observed that value chain governance was dominated by external parties (legislative governance) and national bodies dominate judicial government. It was identified that processing plants add highest value at Tk. 228 per kg. On the basis of share of profit and cost it was revealed that processing plant was the dominant actor in the chain. Highest value addition, marketing cost and net value addition was Tk. 22800 per quintal, Tk. 13988 per quintal and Tk. 8901 per quintal incurred by processing plant respectively. Percentage of total cost and percentage of total profit was highest for processing plant at 62.85% and 43.71% respectively. The policy implication is that it is necessary to establish storage facility and government monitoring of shrimp markets for the improvement of the present situation.
 Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 65-74, 2019

Factors associated with high-cost hospitalization for peritonitis in children receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis in the United States.

Although peritonitis causes significant morbidity and mortality in children receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD), little is known about costs associated with treatment. We analyzed 246 peritonitis-related hospitalizations in the USA, linked by the Standardized Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) and Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) databases. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between high-cost hospitalizations (at or above the 75th percentile) and patient characteristics. Multivariable modeling was used to assess differences in the service-line specific geometric mean between (1) high- and low-cost (below the 75th percentile) hospitalizations and (2) fungal versus other types of peritonitis. Wage-adjusted hospitalization charges were converted to estimated costs using reported cost-to-charge ratios to estimate the cost of hospitalization. High-cost hospitalizations were associated with the following: age 3-12years, Hispanic ethnicity, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of stay (LOS), and fungal peritonitis. Whereas absolute standardized cost by service line was significantly different when comparing high- and low-cost hospitalizations, the percentage of total cost by service line was similar in the two groups. Cost per case for fungal peritonitis was higher (p < 0.001) in every service line except pharmacy when compared to other peritonitis cases. The median (IQR) cost of hospitalization for the treatment of peritonitis was $13,655 ($7871, $28434)USD. Hospitalization-related costs for peritonitis treatment are substantial and arise from a variety of service lines. Fungal peritonitis is associated with high-cost hospitalization.

VP21 Economic Burden Of Pertussis Treatment In Brazil, 2014

IntroductionDespite availability of a cheap, widely accessible vaccine, pertussis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. A resurgence of pertussis in Brazil peaked at 8,815 cases in 2014. We estimate the economic burden of pertussis hospitalizations and outpatient cases in Brazil in 2014.MethodsTaking the Brazilian public health system (SUS) perspective we obtained numbers of hospitalizations from the National Hospitalization Information System (SIH) for discharge diagnosis ICD10:A37 and numbers of confirmed outpatient cases from the surveillance information system (SINAN). We estimated costs per case for seven age groups (&lt;1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40-64, and 65+ years). Hospitalization costs were obtained from SIH, which reimburses direct medical (hospital stay, healthcare professional services, and physical therapy) and non-medical costs (parent/caregiver stay accompanying a hospitalized child). Cost of outpatient management was estimated from national guidelines (diagnostic exams, medical visits, and medications) and national pricing lists. Total economic burden was derived by multiplying costs/case by numbers of hospitalized and outpatient cases, respectively, and converted to US Dollars (USD) (December 2014: 1 BRL = USD 0.39).ResultsA total of 8,815 pertussis cases occurred in Brazil in 2014; 55.9 percent were hospitalized. Total cost to the public health care system was USD 2.6 million, 95 percent for hospitalizations. Cost/case was highest at the extremes of age for both hospitalized &lt;1y, BRL 1,378.54 (USD 537); 65y+, BRL 1,875.00 (USD 731) and outpatient cases BRL 41 (USD 16) for &lt;4y and 20y + . Children &lt;4 years accounted for 95.4 percent of hospitalizations, 51.2 percent of outpatient cases, and 95.4 percent of total costs. Children &lt;1 year accounted for 88.1 percent of hospitalizations, 29.1 percent of outpatient cases, and 89.3 percent of total costs.ConclusionsPertussis economic burden in an outbreak year was largely due to hospitalizations in children &lt;1y. Additional prevention strategies are required targeting this population.

An exploratory study of factors affecting the longevity of manufacturing operations offshore

Because of changes in tax regulations and increased political pressure, firms are reconsidering their practices of shifting manufacturing operations offshore to lower wage countries. Although outsourcing has been well researched, few studies examine managerial practices that influence offshore operations. We investigate the effects of choices regarding labor, suppliers, and outsourcing that influence firm longevity in the maquiladora industry in Mexico. We argue that firms are exposed to labor frictions, supply-chain constraints, and compliance and regulatory risks that if left unresolved can lead to plant closure attributable to labor or regulatory frictions and rising costs. We consider specific actions pursued by managers at maquiladora plants to mitigate the underlying constraints and then analyze factors that affect the likelihood of continuing operations, that is, the longevity of the plants. We find a positive relation between the likelihood of longevity in operations and the following plant characteristics: hourly wages, workforce stability, skill, and the decision to outsource regulatory compliance functions. We document a negative relation between longevity and total labor cost as a percent of total costs as well as using suppliers based in Mexico. We also find that high-tech plants have higher stability, pay higher wages, and experience greater longevity than low-tech plants. Overall, we identify key managerial choices that are related to longevity in offshoring production.

PRM28 - Comparison of Methods to Estimate Disease-Related Cost in the Truven Marketscan Adminstrative Claims Database

Compare four methods of calculating disease-related cost. This study utilized the Truven Marketscan® claims database and two disease cohorts, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Patients were age 18+, had two diagnoses for either RA or UC, no other autoimmune conditions and were continuously enrolled in 2015. Disease cohorts were matched to controls using age, gender, region and insurance type. In cost methods 1, 3, and 4, disease-related inpatient costs were attributed using the primary diagnosis field. In addition, method 1 included outpatient cost if the disease was on the claim and pharmacy cost using a pre-determined drug list. Method 2 included outpatient/pharmacy cost for procedures/medications occurring at increased frequency in the disease cohorts versus controls (1.5x and 3.5x were both tested). Method 3 used the difference in total cost between disease cohorts and matched controls. Method 4 (RA only) served as our internal standard method and utilized a separate stand-alone clinician review of codes received by the RA cohort. Outpatient/pharmacy claims flagged as RA-related were included in the Method 4 analysis. 24,373 RA patients and 9,665 UC patients were included. Average total cost was $28,750 per RA patient and $20,480 per UC patient. RA-related cost as a percent of total cost: method 1, 48%; method 2 (1.5x), 56%; method 2 (3.5x), 44%; method 3, 73%; method 4, 44%. UC-related cost as a percent of total cost: method 1, 50%; method 2 (1.5x), 50%; method 2 (3.5x), 42%; method 3, 70%. Percent disease-related cost attributed to each cost component (emergency room, inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy) tracked similarly comparing RA to UC within each method 1-3. In RA, our internal standard method 4 was closest in disease-related cost and cost component attribution to method 2 (3.5x). Method 2 (3.5x) is our proposed method for calculating disease-related cost.

The ABC as Tool for Decision Making in Public Administrations

The activity-based costing, applied in public services, is a full costing method which recognizes the relationship between costs, activities, and products/services of a public administration. The ABC has the function to support the decision-making process and to inform the management about the resources acquisition and the level of resources utilization. In fact, a cost accounting system aims to provide an organization with relevant cost information, related to product and services, to support the decision-making process. Traditionally, the cost accounting system of an organization was designed to support the needs of financial (external) reporting and to help the determination of a satisfactory price for goods and services sold. When traditional methodology has been developed, direct labor and materials were the most significant product or service costs, with overhead costs that engraved only with a small percentage of total costs. In the recent context of the public administration corporatization and of the outsourcing processes for the public services delivery, the awareness that the resources are becoming increasingly scarce and, therefore, that it is necessary to use them in a cost-efficient way, in order to achieve high standards, plays a pivotal role. Therefore, with reference to the public service sector, the ABC verifies, for each service, the acquired financial resources, the costs of each productive factor, the obtained qualitative and quantitative results, and the revenues.

An Economic Analysis of Sorghum Seed Production: A Profitable Enterprise for Farmers

Sorghum is an important fodder crop of summer and rainy season and suitable for silage making. It is the fast growing crop and can provide two-three fodder cuttings. the economics of sorghum seed production crop (cv. MP Chari) was analysed for the period Kharif 2010–11, Kharif 2011–12 and Kharif 2012–13 in IGFRI, Jhansi to inform the farmers about the profitability of seed production process. The highest cost was incurred on harvesting and pooling of mature crop. The average total expenditure incurred on that was 4933.3 and it was 17.28 percent of total cost. The average total working capital was found as: 19073.3 per hectare (66.82% of total cost) and total variable cost is: 19645.5 which is 68.82 percent of total cost. The average total cost is found as: 28544.1 per hectare. The average total labour man days used per hectare are 84.64. The average total expenditure incurred on labour is: 12120.28 (42.46%) which is found as highest expenditure in total cost. The highest expenditure in percentage term is incurred on labour followed by manures, draft power and seed cost. On per hectare basis the average quality seed production was 857.00 kilogram. The average rate of quality seed was: 35 per kilogram. The total return was found as: 51899.41 per hectare. The average net return is: 22161.33 per hectare. The average benefit cost ratio at is found as 1.72. The cost of production of seed when only main product quality seed only) was considered for selling was: 35.11 per kilogram of seed. The cost of production of seed when both main product (quality seed only) and other by products (dry fodder, rejected seed etc.) was considered for selling was: 11.18 per kilogram of seed. Thus, it is clear from the study that seed production of sorghum is highly profitable and has wide market available for it.

PP060 Burden Of Nervous System Diseases On The Social Security System

INTRODUCTION:The aim of the study was to estimate the benefits provided and pension costs of patients with central nervous system (CNS) diseases and specifically for multiple sclerosis (MS), between 2009 and 2015 by age in the Italian regions.METHODS:The database of approved claims was analyzed and the mean cost per benefit of the National Institute of Social Security (INPS) determined for four types of social security benefits: incapacity pensions (for workers without work ability), disability pensions and disability benefits (for workers with reduced work ability) and attendance allowance (for people without work ability with physical and/or mental disability). From this data we estimated the total benefit provided and the total costs for CNS and MS, considering the regional distribution and age of the applicants. A probabilistic model with a Monte Carlo simulation was developed in order to estimate the total benefits provided and costs.RESULTS:The model estimated for CNS diseases a total of incapacity pensions paid (thirteen grants for each beneficiary for every single year) from 2009 to 2015 of about 1.7 million (13,000 beneficiaries on average annually with a mean annual increase of 1 percent) corresponding to EUR1.1 billion (EUR165 million each year with a mean annual increase of 2 percent); a total of disability pensions paid of about 9.8 million (180,000 annual beneficiaries with a mean annual decrease of -10 percent) for a cost of EUR5.3 billion (EUR763 million each year with a mean annual decrease of -9 percent) and a total of disability benefits provided of about 2.7 million (30,000 annual beneficiaries with a mean annual increase of 5 percent) corresponding to EUR1.8 billion (EUR255 million every year with a mean annual increase of 7 percent). For the attendance allowance the model estimated a total of 8,900 beneficiaries in 2015 for a total cost of EUR57 million. The results of the regional analysis showed that the central and part of the southern regions (in particular the Sardinia region) reported the highest rates of benefits provided related to the resident population.CONCLUSIONS:The most important indirect costs in Italy from 2009 to 2015 were represented by disability pensions (64 percent of the total cost), followed by disability benefits (21 percent of total indirect cost).

An Application of Activity-Based Costing to Intercollegiate Athletics: A Response to the Call for Accounting Reform

Data on financial challenges in intercollegiate athletics consistently show that expenses are outpacing new revenues. Since 2004, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions’ median revenues increased 94 percent while expenses increased 120 percent during the same time period (Fulks, 2015). As such, institutions face tough decisions about the possible elimination of sport teams to control costs. Current accounting methods in intercollegiate athletics, however, make it difficult for leaders to deliver informed decisions concerning sport sponsorship, Title IX compliance, and overall program operations. Institutional leaders, the NCAA, reform groups such as the Knight Commission, and the federal government, are calling for athletic departments to report more consistent and accurate financial data. The purpose of this paper is to respond to the call for accounting reform in intercollegiate athletics; specifically, to create a better representation of the costs associated with each sport and to show how accurate costing provides insight for Title IX compliance. By applying activity-based costing (ABC) to a budget from one NCAA FBS university, this research revealed the accurate cost of sport sponsorship varied greatly in comparison with institutional reporting. ABC application eliminated the expense category of unallocated (i.e., marketing, compliance, general administration, etc.) and distributed expenses back to each sport. Results showed women’s sports increased from 24 percent of total costs to 32 percent of total costs within the activity-based costing application (data relevant to prong three of Title IX). Institutional leaders should be encouraged to use ABC to better understand department operational costs.

PRM38 - Indirect Costs Calculation Method In Medium-Sized Regional Hospital

The objective was to suggest a solution to indirect costs calculation in outpatient and inpatient care to be used in HTA studies. Model scenarios were computed based on real operational data from a medium-sized regional hospital. Several cost allocation methods were used. Results were statistically analysed and compared. For the purpose of indirect cost value determination, methods are suggested taking account of (i) number of inpatient days, (ii) rate per hour, and (iii) marginal mark-up allocation. (The considered method of weighted service allocation was eliminated due to incomplete economic and medical data and its complexity in terms of time and demands on staff collaboration). All methods were applied to the diagnosis of essential hypertension, cerebral infarction, colorectal cancer and hip joint arthrosis. Resulting indirect costs (expressed as a percentage of total costs) were significantly different for individual diagnoses, and these differences were significantly influenced also by the particular therapeutic intervention and the choice of cost allocation method. The method based on the inpatient day calculation leads to an underestimation of indirect costs of hospital services for short-term hospitalizations. The allocation method based on the rate per hour is insufficient for assessing indirect costs of long-term hospitalizations. The problem with marginal mark-up allocation is a difficult quantification of direct costs of the diagnosis and intervention. There is a need for a thorough analysis of the input data that were poorly accessible and very poorly recorded in our case. Generally, the inpatient day method should be used to support budgetary decisions, where the average price for one day of hospitalization is important. The method based on the rate per hour is useful in determining indirect costs for an individual patient. The marginal mark-up method may not be precise enough, but can be used for comparisons with other methods.

PROPERTIES OF FRAGMENTED ROCK AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PENETRATION RATE OF FRONT END LOADER

Transportation cost, includes loading and haulage, accounts for almost 50 percent of total cost in the most of open pit mines. The properties of fragmented rock are of the most important factors which affect the productivity of loading equipment. In this paper the properties of fragmented rock and their impact on loader’s bucket productivity are studied. Initially, 25 fragmented rock piles with predefined size distribution features were made. Then the effect of mean particle size (d 50 ) and Index of uniformity (n) of piles, based on Rosin-Rammler function, with bulk specific gravity and bucket’s penetration rate into the piles were analyzed and studied. As the result, linear correlation between n and d 50 with bulk specific gravity is inversely high. Also, penetration rate has direct relation with d 50 and inverse relation with n and the uniformity affects on penetration rate more than the mean particle size.

Financial Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Broiler Farming in a Selected Area of Bangladesh

The present study was undertaken to investigate the socio-economic characteristics of the broiler farmers, to estimate the costs, returns and profitability of broiler enterprise and to determine the contribution of the key variables to the production of broiler farms in some selected locations of Dhaka district, Bangladesh. It was mainly done on primary data which were collected through face to face interview from the respondents of broiler production in 2014. 80 broiler farm owners were selected by using simple sample randomly technique. Both tabular and econometric techniques were used to find out the results. The results of the analysis showed that on average total cost of broilers per farm per year was Tk. 301142.103. It was found that the variable cost per farm per year stood at Tk. 238728.73 which accounted for 79.28 percent of total cost. The total fixed cost per farm per year accounted to Tk. 62413.373. The net return over total cost per farm per year was calculated at Tk. 130257.90. The benefit cost ratios of broiler farming were 1.80 on variable cost basis and 1.43 on total cost basis. The functional analysis indicated that most of the selected variables had significant impact on the production of broiler farms. This study also identified some economic, marketing, technical, social and natural problems in broiler production. Finally, on the basis of findings of this study, some recommendations were made for the development of broiler farming in Bangladesh.