Percentage Of People Research Articles

Prevalence of Open Defecation Practice and Associated Factors Poverty and Geography in Palembang Indonesia

Palembang is one of the large cities in Indonesia which has a specific geography. A study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and determine poverty factors associated with open defecation practices.An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted for one year among 397 respondents as a sampling. Prevalence was calculated with 95% confidence intervals and binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with open defecation.32.5 percent of people still practice open defecation which is influenced by poverty and geographical factors. Influence of income ) AOR of 13,891 (Cl 8,345 – 23,123), education AOR of 20,328 (Cl 11,881 – 34,780), clean AOR 6,192 (Cl 3,747 – 10,234), water source AOR of 28,882 (16,403 - 50,854), characteristics of the house AOR of 3,977 (2,555 – 6,191), facilities or the availability of toilets at home AOR of 7,066 (4,167 – 11,983), geographical location of the house towards the river or water AOR of 478.995 (173.112 – 1325.1399), knowledge of open defecation behavior AOR of 3.607 , attitudes AOR of 3.277. Respondents who practice open defecation have low income and education, no water source available from the government, geographical location of the house near a river or swamp, no defecation facilities, lack of knowledge and bad behavior.

Impact of marginalization on characteristics and healthcare utilization among people with substance use disorder in Ontario, Canada, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

To describe and compare the characteristics of people with SUD and their use of healthcare services in two ways: 1) across varying levels of marginalization and 2) before and during the pandemic. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study using administrative data from Ontario, Canada. We included individuals age 16+ with a recorded diagnosis of SUD between June 2018-2019 (pre-pandemic) and June 2021-2022 (during-pandemic). Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and use of healthcare services were enumerated across the five quintiles of the Ontario Marginalization Index. 259,497 pre-pandemic and 276,459 during-pandemic people with SUD were identified. Over 40% belonged to the two highest marginalization quintiles (Q4/Q5). Most had an outpatient visit with similar percentages across quintiles, however the number of visits increased with increasing marginalization (pre-pandemic: mean 8.5 visits in Q1 vs 13.0 visits in Q5; during-pandemic: mean 9.5 in Q1 vs 13.4 in Q5). There was no consistent pattern in percent of people who sought alcohol-related outpatient care, however more marginalized people sought drug-related outpatient care (pre-pandemic: 19.1% in Q1 vs 31.7% in Q5; during-pandemic: 18.7% in Q1 vs 32.5% in Q5). Almost half of people with SUD had an emergency department (ED) visit, of which more belonged to higher marginalization quintiles (pre-pandemic: 43.5% in Q1 vs 49.8% in Q5; during-pandemic: 41.4% in Q1 vs 49.3% in Q5). SUD prevalence and most health service utilization remained similar from pre- to during-pandemic. Increasing marginalization was associated with increased use of healthcare among people with SUD. Future research should aim to further explore the complex relationship between marginalization and substance use.

Structural basis for antiepileptic drugs and botulinum neurotoxin recognition of SV2A.

More than one percent of people have epilepsy worldwide. Levetiracetam (LEV) is a successful new-generation antiepileptic drug (AED), and its derivative, brivaracetam (BRV), shows improved efficacy. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2a (SV2A), a putative membrane transporter in the synaptic vesicles (SVs), has been identified as a target of LEV and BRV. SV2A also serves as a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the most toxic protein and has paradoxically emerged as a potent reagent for therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Nevertheless, no structural analysis on AEDs and BoNT recognition by full-length SV2A has been available. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full-length SV2A in complex with the BoNT receptor-binding domain, BoNT/A2 HC, and either LEV or BRV. The large fourth luminal domain of SV2A binds to BoNT/A2 HC through protein-protein and protein-glycan interactions. LEV and BRV occupy the putative substrate-binding site in an outward-open conformation. A propyl group in BRV creates additional contacts with SV2A, explaining its higher binding affinity than that of LEV, which was further supported by label-free spectral shift assay. Numerous LEV derivatives have been developed as AEDs and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for neuroimaging. Our work provides a structural framework for AEDs and BoNT recognition of SV2A and a blueprint for the rational design of additional AEDs and PET tracers.

The prevalence of dry eye in patients with psoriasis attending a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra

: Psoriasis affects 0.5–11.4% of adults. Psoriasis is caused by a complicated chain of immune cells and cytokines, containing tumour necrosis factors (TNF), interleukin (IL)-17, 22, and 23. Psoriasis causes systemic inflammation, which can cause arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Our study explores dry eye in Western Maharashtra's psoriasis patients at a tertiary care hospital. A tertiary care hospital outpatient dermatology and ophthalmology department psoriasis patients were included in a cross-sectional research. Patient ages spanned from 20 to 60 years. The anterior and posterior ocular segments were examined, and dry eye was assessed. OSDI, Schirmer's test, TBUT, and corneal and conjunctiva staining has been scored. The PASI score has been received. Degree of dry eye was assessed using Dews dry eye grading system. Dry eye was present in 63.1 percent of people. Cases included 24.4% with mild dryness in their eyes. Moderate dryness made up 46.3% of cases, and severe dryness made up 29.3% of cases. The PASI score and dry eye did not have a statistically significant connection (P=0.355). A PASI score of 10 to 25 indicated the most severe case of dry eye, followed by a score of 10 (29 eyes) and >25. (23 eyes). A total of 81.5 percent of eyes had abnormal OSDI scores, 56.2 percent had abnormal TBUT scores, and 49.2 percent had abnormal Schirmer Test results. Dry eye in psoriasis patients requires dermatologist-ophthalmologist teamwork for comprehensive therapy. Psoriasis, especially in long-lasting cases, can lead to meibomian gland dysfunction.

A contratualização com os cuidados de saúde primários na Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, até 2023

Abstract The article discusses contractualization in Primary Health Care (PHC), relating what has been contractualized and what has been achieved to answer the question: can contractualization contribute to guaranteeing equity and adequate access to PHC? A case study methodology was used, using data available on the SNS Transparency Portal and data used in external contractualization. Data was collected in December 2023. In the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Health Region, 29.6 percent of people were registered without a family doctor in 2023. One-year appointment usage rates fell progressively (-2.7%) between 2021 and 2023. As for cancer screening, in the case of colon and rectum screening, only 34.4% of those contractualized were performed in 2021 and 28.9% in 2022. Regarding the Overall Performance Index, the variation intervals between the negotiated proposals and those obtained were above 20 points. Drug therapy prescription in Diabetes Mellitus was analyzed, and no ACES achieved the expected values. We concluded that contractualization has not helped improve access and equity, as a gap between the situational or local strategic planning phases seems evident.

Nepal's Policies and Practices for Gender Equality

The development policy of the government of Nepal based the article on gender equality, inclusion, and its relationship with development in the context of the current federal structure. This article focused on two objectives: to examine the institutional contributions to gender equality and inclusion and to learn how to participate and benefit from the development activities and services on an equal basis. Gender inclusion in the development sector is defined as the participation, decision-making roles, responsibilities, attributes, and power relations in all development government sectors. Using secondary sources, this article gathered and reviewed related literature from books, articles, election commission reports, related acts, policies, and constitutions, as well as collected profiles. 31.1 percent of people who find this article are elected, 58.9 percent of them are men, and 41.1 percent of them are women. In province No. 5, there are 22.28 percent of elected officials, of whom 58.78 percent are men and 41.22 percent are women. In Province No. 6, a total of 29.73 percent of candidates are elected and 26.73 percent of the province's 7 candidates are elected, with 59 percent being men and 41 percent being women. Gender equity and its relationship to government among elected candidates is quite high compared to what the Nepal Constitution of 2072 and various political parties' election manifestos of 2074 allotted, as the Nepal Constitution of 2072 stated that every political party must include at least 33 percent women in all of its political activities, including elections. Considering gender when making decisions and giving women leadership roles. Lack of participation in local development activities, allocation of gender-sensitive funds, and policy- and program-making.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Dengan Penanganan Demam Thypoid Pada Anak Di Rsu Mayjen H.A Thalib Kota Sungai Penuh

Complications that often occur in typhoid fever are intestinal bleeding and perforation. Intestinal bleeding and perforation are serious complications and need to be watched out for. About 5 percent of people with typhoid fever experience this complication. Other, less common complications include swelling and inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), pneumonia, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), kidney or bladder infections, infection and swelling of the lining of the brain (meningitis), and psychiatric problems such as delirium, hallucinations, and paranoid psychosis. This study uses an analytic descriptive design using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 43 respondents and the sample in this study used the Total Sampling technique. By using the chi-square test with the SPSS program. The results of this study found that the p value = 0.000 (p value≤0.05) which means that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, which means there is a relationship between the level of knowledge of the mother and the handling of typhoid fever in children at the General Hospital of Major General H.A Thalib City Full River. It is expected that parents can always maintain children's sanitary hygiene, especially the food consumed by children and the condition of their hands when they are going to touch food.

Physical, mental and social status after COVID-19 recovery in Nepal: A mixed method study.

Nepal has been devastated by an unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak, affecting people emotionally, physically, and socially, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Approximately 10% of COVID-19 affected people have symptoms that last more than 3-4 weeks and experience numerous symptoms causing an impact on everyday functioning, social, and cognitive function. Thus, it is vital to know about the recovered patient's health status and undertake rigorous examinations to detect and treat infections. Hence, this study aims to assess the health status of COVID-19 post-recovery patients in Nepal. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted in all seven provinces of Nepal. A total of 552 interviews were conducted for the quantitative study, and 25 in-depth interviews were conducted for the qualitative study among above 18 years COVID-19-recovered patients. The data was gathered over the phone through the purposive sampling method The results of a descriptive and thematic analysis were interpreted. The majority (more than 80%) of the recovered patients could routinely perform household duties, activities outside the home, and financial job accounting. However, a few of them required assistance in carrying out all of those tasks. Prior and then after COVID-19 infection, smoking habits reduced by about one-tenth and alcohol intake decreased by a twelve percent. A qualitative finding revealed that the majority of COVID-19 symptomatic patients experienced a variety of physical symptoms such as fever, headache, body pain, fatigue, tiredness, sore throat, cough, loss of taste, loss of smell, sneezing, loss of appetite, and difficulty breathing, while others felt completely fine after being recovered. Furthermore, there was no variation in the daily functional activities of the majority of the recovered patients, while a few were found conducting fewer activities than usual because they were concerned about their health. For social health, quantitative data indicated that more than half of the participants' social health was severely impacted. According to the IDI, the majority of the interviewees perceived society's ignorance and misbehavior. Family members were the most often solicited sources of support. Some participants got care and assistance, but the majority did not get affection or love from their relatives. Moreover, regarding mental health, 15 percent of participants had repeated disturbing and unwanted thoughts about COVID-19 after being recovered, 16 percent tried to avoid information on COVID-19 and 7 .7 percent of people had unfavorable ideas or sentiments about themselves. More than 16 percent of participants reported feeling some level of stress related to the workplace and home. While in-depth interviews participants revealed that COVID-infected patients who were asymptomatic didn't experience any emotional change in them but recovered patients who are symptomatic symptoms had anxiety and still being conscious of COVID-19 in fear of getting infected again Additionally, it was discovered that participants' mental health is influenced by ignorance of society, as well as by fake news posted to social media. COVID-19 infection has had an impact on physical, mental, and social well-being. Hence, to aid in the early recovery of COVID-19 patients, provision of evaluating and reporting the clinical features, early detection and management of long COVID case is needed from the local and provincial and central government of Nepal.

Pengaruh Volume Impor Bawang Putih Terhadap Harga Eceran Bawang Putih di Indonesia

Garlic import has been carried out by Indonesian government in 2011-2020 because domestic production is only sufficient for about three to five percent of people’s needs. The addition supply of imported garlic in domestic market due to the import policy is expected to reduce garlic retail price. This study aims to examine the effect of garlic import volume on garlic retail price in Indonesia. By using Distributed Lag Model (DL-Model) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) with monthly data for Januari 2011 – December 2020, this study shows that the effect of garlic imports volume begins to reduce the retail price of garlic after one month of import implementation. The effect continues to be significant up to 6 months after the import implementation. These results indicate, within a period of one month (short term), the policy of importing garlic has not been able to affect the retail price of garlic. However, in the long term (after one month to 6 months), the policy of importing garlic significantly affects the decline in retail prices of garlic.

Assessing the awareness regarding cervical cancer in Vidarbha: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cervical cancer is a tangible disease nowadays, many people are unaware of the signs and symptoms of the same and thus it has a poor prognosis. Prior to cervical cancer developing, the tissue of the cervix goes through changes known as aplasia, during which the tissue starts to develop aberrant cells. The unusual cells could potentially turn into cancer cells, grow deeper into the cervix, and spread to neighboring tissue if unchecked or untreated. Every year, 5 lakh new instances of cervical cancer are identified worldwide. A 20- year-old woman at moderate chance has a 250/10,000 of adopting invasive cervical cancer throughout her lifetime and a 118/10,000 chance of dying from it in the absence of screening. Between the ages of 20 - 75, screening at least every three years will reduce these risks by roughly 215/10,000 and 107/10,000, respectively, which eventually prolongs the life expectancy of a woman in her 20s by around 96 days. According to the previous data, 26.1 percent of people are apprised of cervical cancer in the year 2020 in India. The cross-sectional study will be performed for assessing the awareness of cervical cancer through a digital questionnaire format in the year 2023 and expecting the result of awareness between 40% - 60% in the general population in Vidarbha.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Associated Factors among Tharu Students of Primary School in Kanchanpur District, Nepal

Introduction The state of one's nutrition is a key indicator of one's overall health. School age is the most active period of a child's development. One of the key causes of higher child mortality rates in developing nations is malnutrition during childhood. Chronic malnutrition in children has been linked to delayed cognitive development and major health problems later in life, lowering people's quality of life. The Tharu community is believed to be socially and economically disadvantaged. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and characteristics related to it among primary school aged children from the Tharu population in Kanchanpur. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 365 students of the Tharu community studying at the primary level in government school in Kanchanpur district. Structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurement were used to measure height and weight of the children and generate required information. Convenience sampling was done for the selection of the schools, and random sampling was done for data collection among students. Data entry was performed in EPI-data, and ENA and SPSS (version 16.0) were used to convert height and weight measures into z-scores, factors associated with nutritional status, respectively. A chi-square test was applied for associations between the variables as per the research objectives. Results Moderate and severe stunting were found in 25.2 percent and 20.3 percent of the population, respectively, while severe underweight was found in 6.9 percent of the population, but moderate underweight was found in 36.8 percent. In terms of BMI for age, 29.6 percent of people were underweight. There was an association between the mother's educational status and stunting, as well as family type and children's BMI. Conclusion Malnutrition is a severe concern in the Tharu community, according to this study. Tharu community elementary school pupils' dietary standards were found to be deficient. Because no previous research has been done in Nepal on this issue in the Tharu community, this study will serve as a starting point for future research in similar conditions. This will also assist concerned authorities in reducing undernutrition.

Socioeconomic Status of Cage, Pen and Pond Culture Freshwater Fish Farmers in Seraikela Kharswan District, Jharkhand

The study was investigated to assess the livelihood of fishermen from different fish production system in Seraikela Kharswan district. It focused on the age, community, education level, family size, farming experience, source of credit etc. In cage and pen culture system the maximum percentage of people fall in the age group of 30-39 with 34.72 and 43.05 percentage. Out of the four selected communities, OBC is the predominant among them. The result of the study revealed that 19.44 percent of illiterate respondent comes under pond culture. Cage culture and pen culture has recently introduced in inland sector in India therefore in terms of experience both category respondents have less experience. In pen culture 90.28 percent of people have only 1-4 years of experience category whereas in case of pond culture 56.94 percentage of respondents have experience above 10 years. Newer technology comes with more active respondents therefore Cage culture and pen culture respondents were 81.94 and 72.22 percentage while the percentage was only 43.06 percentage in case of pond culture.

Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease at Chandka Medical College Hospital Larkana

Background: One of the most prevalent forms of neurodegenerative illness, Parkinson's is characterised by a loss of postural response, stiffness, and tremor at rest. Young-onset Parkinson's disease occurs between the ages of 21 and 50 on average, however it begins much younger in 3 to 5 percent of people. Objective: To determine frequency of Young onset Parkinson’s disease in Parkinson’s patients. Methodology: This research was conducted from May 2022 and October 2022 at the Chandka Medical College Hospital in Larkana. The World Health Organization's online calculator determined that 73 people would be used for the study. Permission and ethical review forms were filled out. The data was analysed using SPSS. The significance level of 0.05 was considered crucial. Results: The total number of female patients were 31(42.5%) while male were 42(57.5%) The duration of disease was from 6 months to 22 years. Majority of the patients were in stage 2 and 3 according to Hoehn and Yahr rating scale. The frequency of Young Onset Parkinson’s disease in Parkinson’s patients is 24.7%. Overall prevalence of Parkinson’s disease was seen more in male patients, this even increases in YOPD, (38% VS 62%).Almost all patients in both age categories have bradykinesia and rigidity while 6 patients out of 73 have absent tremors. Loss of postural reflex was seen in 33 patients, every second (51%) patient in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and every third (38%) in YOPD. Dystonia was seen more in YOPD, total 8 patients have dystonia, 4(28%) in YOPD and 4(8%) in Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Dyskinesia was not seen in YOPD while it was frequent in Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Family history was positive in total 9 patients, 50% of cases YOPD, while it was positive 5.8% in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Conclusion: YOPD is unique subgroup among patients of Parkinson’s disease, it burden is much more than ever reported, this calls for shared decision making , the possibility of genetic counseling and appropriate multidisciplinary treatment options. Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, YOPD (Young onset Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, dystonia, postural reflex. Dyskinesia.

Alzheimer’s Disease Related Target and Therapies

Alzheimer's disorder (AD) affects about seven percent of people above the age of sixty-five and about forty percent of persons above eighty years, and the burden of the disease is likely to be threefold by 2040. The disease process is marked by a buildup of misfolded proteins, inflammatory changes, and oxidative destruction. Nowadays, four approved drugs: memantine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine have been used as first-line treatment approaches for AD because of their safety profiles and promising tolerability. However, their effectiveness and benefits are relatively limited and modest. The failure of these cholinesterase inhibitors to alter the disease process calls for more innovations for future therapies. The promising future therapies discussed include anti-amyloid, anti-tau therapy, microtubule stabilization, restore lysosomal acidification, ApoE Lipidation, and microglia targeted therapies. These potential disease-modifying interventions target the pathological features of the disorder, including the tau protein and the amyloid plaques. Further investigations are required to evaluate the efficaciousness and benefits of future therapies to lower the burden of the disease locally and internationally.

Determining factors that can influence the understanding and acceptance of advanced technologies in universities' teaching and learning

As Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have advanced, numerous new tools have been implemented to improve the effectiveness of instruction at the university level. It has had a ripple effect throughout Saudi Arabia's educational system. One of the results of this shift is the rise of e-learning, which requires technological means for delivery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the elements that influence Saudi university students' acceptance of technology in teaching and learning. Data were obtained from 309 students. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Surveys were used as the primary technique of data collection for this study. The results of the survey show that perceived ease of use, technical support, training, and content quality are expressively related to the acceptance of technology among university students. This study also provides evidence that there is a direct variation in people's acceptance of new technology, which helps explain 73.5 percent of people's acceptance of new technology. The results of the study will provide empirical data regarding the effective adoption of technology in Saudi universities, which will help in the growth of teaching and learning in the country. Similarly, the findings of the study may be of interest to researchers and policymakers in Saudi Arabia in providing the fundamentals for the acceptance and utilization of technology in education.

Vaccination and mortality from COVID-19: a comparative study between hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and non-dialysis adult population in Panama

PurposeDialysis patients have a different response than the non-dialysis population to infection with COVID-19. This study evaluates the prevalence of infection and lethality in patients receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in Panama, compared to non-dialysis adult population, and reports of adverse events of vaccination.MethodsThis is a prospective, multi-center cohort study of spatients aged 18 years or older and receiving in-center hemodialysis or ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in 13 centers in Panama from March 2021 to 2022. For comparison with general population, the study used an extended period of two years.ResultsA total of 1531 patients receiving dialysis treatment accepted to participate. PD patients represented an 18% of study patients. Lethality was higher in peritoneal dialysis patients with COVID-19 infection than in hemodialysis in the study group (p 0.02). Total deaths in dialysis patients for 2020 were 156 patients, before vaccination; 79 in 2021; and 25 for the first trimester of 2022. Lethality for the period of 2020–2022 was 9.3% for dialysis patients and 0.2% for non-dialysis population. There was no difference in symptoms in first dose, but with second dose, hemodialysis patients reported fewer symptoms than peritoneal dialysis patients (p < 0.0001).ConclusionNinety one percent of people in the country received BNT162b2 Pfizer BionTech vaccine. Lethality decreased from 30 to 5% once vaccination was available. There were no severe adverse effects and symptoms reported were less frequent than in general population, probably due to low reactogenicity in dialysis patients, or better tolerance to pain.

The effectiveness of non-Invasive ventilation in Covid-19 patients

Background: Endotracheal intubation is avoided more often with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in COVID-19 patients with hypoxemia. An endotracheal or tracheostomy tube is not required to use the NIV to deliver mechanical ventilation. When inflating the lungs for oxygenation, positive pressure is provided directly to the airway while negative pressure is applied externally to the abdomen and thorax to draw air into the lungs. Methods: The study was using a quasi-experimental (single-group pre- and post-test design) and sequential sampling approach. Patients hospitalised to the corona complex at LRH-MTI in Peshawar and who tested positive for COVID 19 PCR were selected for the study. Results: There were 34.8 percent of people in the study between the ages of 30 and 45, 38.5 percent between the ages of 46 and 60, and 26.2 percent between the ages of 61 and 75. Co-infections with a positive COVID-19 PCR were found in 47.8% (66) of patients. Overall, 53.6% of patients showed significant improvement after receiving NIV and were subsequently released. For 46.4% of these patients, the NIV did not work, leading to intubation or death. Co-existing diseases were present in the majority of individuals whose NIV attempts were unsuccessful.

The prevalence of foot pain and association with baseline characteristics in people participating in education and supervised exercise for knee or hip osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study of 26,003 participants from the GLA:D® registry

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) affecting the knee or hip is highly prevalent in the general population and has associated high disease burden. Early identification of modifiable risk factors that prevent, limit, or resolve disease symptoms is critical. Foot pain may represent a potentially modifiable factor however little is known about the prevalence of foot pain in people with knee or hip OA nor whether foot pain is associated with clinical characteristics. The main aim of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of foot pain in people with knee or hip OA attending an education and supervised exercise-based intervention in Denmark (GLA:D®) and determine if baseline demographic or clinical characteristics are associated with foot pain.MethodsAnalysis was conducted on baseline data of 26,003 people with symptomatic knee or hip OA completing a pain mannequin as part of the Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D®) primary care programme. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate the strength of association between baseline clinical characteristics (including pain severity in worst knee/hip joint, number of painful knee/hip joints, pain medication use and physical activity level) and the presence of baseline foot pain.ResultsTwelve percent of participants (n = 3,049) reported foot pain. In those people with index knee OA (n = 19,391), knee pain severity (OR 1.01 CI 1.00, 1.01), number of painful knee/hip joints (OR 1.67 CI 1.58, 1.79), and use of pain medication (OR 1.23 CI 1.12, 1.36) were statistically associated with foot pain. Excluding use of pain medication, similar associations were seen in those with index hip OA.ConclusionTwelve percent of people with knee or hip OA participating in GLA:D® had foot pain. Those with worse knee/hip pain, and greater number of painful joints were more likely to report foot pain. This study is the first to demonstrate a significant relationship between clinical characteristics and foot pain in people with knee or hip OA participating in education and supervised exercise. Future investigation should consider the role that foot pain may play on knee and hip related outcomes following therapeutic intervention.

Measurement of Bankariya Identity

Ethnic identity is a concept that is based on the feeling of the community, cultural heritage, traditional values and beliefs, ritual practices, mother tongue, specific geographical territory, and religion and can be measured by using different techniques and methods. Anthropologists and identity specialists developed various methods for the measurement of ethnic identity. This research examined the newly developed ethnic identity measures of the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS),the Multi-group Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), and the revised (MEIM-R) from anthropological perspectives. Exploration, commitment, and affiliation are the major factors for the measurement of identity and this article has used these factors. Data gathered from the field of Bankariya habitats in Dhading district were analyzed for identity measurement. For the calculation of Bankariya's identity, only 65 respondents out of 79 were selected. Most of them have identity feelings and pride in their ethnic group. More than 90 percent of Bankariya people have actively participated in their cultural practices but only 3 percent of people are active in ethnic organizations. The research also explores the demographic and geographic features of the Bankariya people, the theoretical framework of identity, and measuring techniques.

An innovative approach to measure multidimensional poverty: A synthesis method

This paper presents a new approach to measure multidimensional poverty, combining the strengths of the Fuzzy Set method and the Alkire and Foster method, and addresses some of their limitations. The approach applies the Fuzzy Set method to resolve the discontinuity problem that arises when the latter is used in the Alkire and Foster method to identify the multidimensionally poor people. The resultant process satisfies poverty axioms of a good poverty measure. It also incorporates some s statistical techniques in selecting indicators and computing weights for the membership function. The empirical assessment is done to primary data, collected from the Uva province of Sri Lanka, an economically, neglected comprising of people representing various socio-economic backgrounds. This study examines poverty under three main dimensions; material, social dimensions and human capital. The results reveal that, 42.3 percent of people in the Uva province have a propensity to poverty. The incidence of multidimensional poverty is 56 percent and the intensity is 48.6 percent. The adjusted fuzzy headcount index is 27.2 percent. Interestingly, the highest contribution to overall poverty comes from deprivation by social dimensions. The application of the this method undoubtedly would encourage the analysis of further research on multidimensional poverty.