Percentage Of Damaged Fruits Research Articles

Studies on population dynamics of major pests of okra

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is known tobe infested by many insect pest among them the most important onesare sucking pests like aphids, leafhopper, whitefly and fruit borerslike Earias vitella and Helicoverpa armigera. Controlling these pestsis very much important to obtain good yield, hence knowledge aboutthese pest incidence needed for taking up management practices. Inthis context, okra was sown during last week of November (rabi2020-21) and observations were recorded at weekly interval. Peakincidence of aphid (23.44 aphids/3 leaves) and leafhopper (16.97leafhopper/3 leaves) noticed during last week of December, whitefly(12.70 whiteflies/3 leaves) during second week of March. Fruit borersduring third week of February and second week of March with percent fruit damage of 44.9 (Earias vitella) and 13.59 (Helicoverpaarmigera).Sucking pests incidence more up to 10th week old crop,there after the population declined. In case of fruit borers, theypersisted upto end of the season

Design and Validation of Automated Sensor-Based Artificial Ripening System Combined with Ultrasound Pretreatment for Date Fruits

Climate change affects fruit crops’ growth and development by delaying fruit ripening, reducing color development, and lowering fruit quality and yield. The irregular date palm fruit ripening in the past few years is assumed to be related to climatic change. The current study aimed to design and validate an automated sensor-based artificial ripening system (S-BARS) combined with ultrasound pretreatment for artificial ripening date fruits cv. Khalas. A sensor-based control system was constructed to allow continuous real-time recording and control over the process variables. The impact of processing variables, i.e., the artificial ripening temperature (ART-temp) and relative humidity (ART-RH) using the designed S-BARS combined with ultrasound pretreatment variables, i.e., time (USP-Time) and temperature (USP-Temp) on the required time for fruit ripening (RT), the percentage of ripened fruits (PORF), the percentage of damaged fruits (PODF), and the electrical energy consumption (EEC) were investigated. The quadratic predictive models were developed using the Box–Behnken Design (B-BD) to predict the RT, PORF, PODF, and EEC experimentally via Response Surface Methodology(RSM). Design Expert software (Version 13) was used for modeling and graphically analyzing the acquired data. The artificial ripening parameter values were determined by solving the regression equations and analyzing the 3D response surface plots. All parameters were simultaneously optimized by RSM using the desirability function. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the predicted and actual experimental values were used to evaluate the developed models. The physicochemical properties of the ripened fruit were assessed under the optimization criteria. The results indicated that the pretreated unripe date fruits with 40 kHz ultrasound frequency, 110 W power, and USP-Temp of 32.49 °C for 32.03 min USP-Time under 60 °C ART-Temp and 59.98% ART-RH achieved the best results. The designed S-BARS precisely controlled the temperature and relative humidity at the target setpoints. The ultrasound pretreatment improved the color and density of the artificially ripened date fruits, decreased the RT and EEC, and increased the PORF without negatively affecting the studied fruit quality attributes. The developed models could effectively predict the RT, PORF, PODF, and EEC. The designed S-BARS combined with ultrasound pretreatment is an efficient approach for high-quality ripening date fruits.

Evaluation of IPM modules against shoot and fruit borer in Okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) locally known as ‘Bhendi’ or ‘Dherosh’ also known as lady’s finger is a popular and most common annual vegetable crop grown from seed in India and in other tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Several insect pests have so far been recorded to attack okra but okra shoot and fruit borer, is the most destructive insect pest responsible for considerable damage inflicting yield loss up to 40-50% or more. Now-a-days, IPM has been attaining immense importance in the agricultural scenario of India. Hence formulation of a sustainable IPM module was felt necessary to manage this pest. The experiment was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, Dharwad during khariff season of 2017-18 ans 2018-19. There were five modules, M-I: Bio- intensive module, (100% organic): Azardirachtin 10000ppm@1.0mlL, Lecanicillium (Verticillium) lecani @ 5g/L, Bt @ 1ml/L, Beauveria bassiana 5 g/l. The treatments in the IPM module M-II comprised of Azardirachtin 10000ppm@1.0mlL, Lecanicillium (Verticillium ) lecani @ 5g/L, Chlorantrinilipole 20 SC @0.25ml/L. M-III: Chemical module (100% chemical): Azardirachtin 10000ppm@1.0mlL Dimethoate @ 1.7ml/L, Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2g/L, Chlorantrinilipole 20 SC @0.25ml/L. M-IV: POP : Quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.0ml/L. M-IV: Quinalphos. M-V: Untreated control. The observed percent fruit damage and pooled analysis of 2017-18 and 2018-19 revealed that the percent mean shoot and fruit borer infestation during fruiting phase was 9.49 in IPM module (M-II). The chemical module recorded significantly lesser fruit infestation (7.24). The IPM module recorded 14.14 tonnes/ha fruit yield with highest B:C ratio against shoot and fruit borer. Further, highest B:C ratio (3.71) was recorded in M-II followed by M-III (3.55) and M-I (1.91). Hence, M-I in comparison with M-II and M-III seemed to be a quite promising strategy as it did not require much insecticidal interference, reduced of insecticidal residue problem and safe to bees and natural enemies.

Effect of Indoxacarb against Tomato Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) and Phytotoxicity to Tomato Plants

Present study was undertaken at Crop Research Centre of G.B.U.A&T., Pantnagar to evaluate the effect of Indoxacarb against H. armigera in tomato. The percent damage of fruits by H. armigera was observed in Indoxacarb 75 and 60 g a.i. /ha dosage with 7.0 and 8.0 per cent fruit damage. Indoxacarb 50 g a.i. /ha was at par with Chlorpyrifos having 14.66 and 11.83 per cent fruit damage, respectively. Indoxacarb at 30 and 40 g a.i. /ha though had significantly lesser fruit damage 18.33 and 17.50, respectively but these dosage were less effective compared to Chlorpyrifos. As far as percent fruit damage over the untreated control is concerned maximum reduction in damage (83.17%) was obtained with Indoxacarb 75 g a.i./ha followed by Indoxacarb 60 g a.i./ha (71.89%), Chlorpyrifos (58.56%). Indoxacarb at 30, 40 and 50 g a.i. / ha reduced the per cent damage by 35.94, 40.57 and 48.72 per cent respectively. Indoxacarb treated treatments at 60 and 70 g a.i. /ha dosage yielded the highest yield of marketable fruits 29.16 and 29.50 tons/ ha respectively. While in untreated control, it was 16.66 tons/ha. All the treatments treated with Indoxacarb including 150 and 250 g a.i. /ha dosage did not show phytotoxic effect. The considering larval control, damage to the fruits and ultimately the yield of marketable fruits as well as plant safety, Indoxacarb can be used at 60 or 75 g a.i. /ha dosage.

Action Threshold Treatment Regimens for Red Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Tomato Fruitworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Tomato

The tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is the foremost pest of tomato in the Mariana Islands. Similarly, the red spider mite, Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a chief pest of vegetables particularly on tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae). However, the infestations by T. marianae are heavy during the early stages of crop growth, while infestations of H. armigera become prominent at later stages. Because no threshold levels are available for these pests, many growers apply up to 15 chemical applications per tomato cropping period. To reduce the regular spray schedules chemical applications and to prevent damage to foliage and fruit quality, the present study was undertaken for the development of action threshold levels for the timing of chemical applications for T. marianae and H. armigera on tomato in the Mariana Islands. Therefore, different threshold levels were evaluated for timing applications of Sun-spray 6E® horticultural oil against T. marianae and Aza-Direct®, neem against H. armigera on tomato in the wet and dry seasons at 2 locations, Dededo and Inaranjan, in Guam, USA during 2011 and 2012. Based on T. marianae infested leaves, incidence of T. marianae and yield levels, the plots sprayed at 8–12 mites/leaf in the dry season and 8–14 mites/leaf during the wet season had significantly lower leaf damage and T. marianae densities compared to a greater number of mites/leaf, regular based sprays and control plots. Likewise, an initial spray scheduled when 2 eggs of H. armigera were detected on 10 of the samples, followed by an added spray only if 2 damaged fruit or H. armigera larvae were detected per 50 immature fruit resulted in lower percent fruit damage and higher marketable yield compared to other threshold levels or a regular spray schedule.

English

  An investigation was carried out to know the effect of organics sources of nutrients on fruit damaged by shoot and fruit borer on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). The results revealed that plots applied with Vermicompost (VC) + biofertilizer (Silica solubalising bacteria, Azatobactor and Vasicular Arbuscular Mycoriza) + neemcake (T6) and farm yard manure (FYM) + biofertilizer + neemcake (T5) were found to be effective and recorded minimum percent fruit damage (5.93 and 6.12%), with the corresponding percent reduction of 66.68 and 65.61 over NPK (T11). The next effective treatments were Vermicompost + biofertilizer + insecticide (T8) and FYM + biofertilizer + insecticide (T7), with percent reduction of 64.49 and 63.20 over NPK (T11), respectively. The minimum percent reduction was recorded in the treatments VC + biofertilizer + NPK (18.93%) and FYM + biofertilizer + NPK (17.75%) as against inorganic NPK.   Key words: Organic sources, fruit damage, brinjal, Solanum melongena L., biofertilizer.

Effect of weather parameters on pest-disease of okra during summer season in middle Gujarat

To assess the impact of weather on pest-disease of okra, a field experiment was conducted in summer season 2009 in split plot design with five dates of sowing (D1 -15th February, D2 -1st March, D3 -15th March, D4 -1st April and D5 -15th April) and two spraying levels (S0-control, S1-spraying) at Agronomy Farm of B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The results revealed that the infestation of pests and diseases was higher in delayed sowing as compared to early sowing resulting reduction in yield by 44.4%. Different weather parameters were found to have different effect on various pests and diseases. The correlation study revealed that the Tmax had significant influence on jassid population while relative humidity had significant influence on aphid population. The whitefly, percent fruit damage and YVMV disease were significantly influenced by most of the parameters. However, bright sunshine hours (BSS) and pan evaporation (EP) did not have significant influence on any of the pests and disease of okra. Linear simple regression models, multiple regression models and curvilinear regression models developed with various weather parameters. Among all models, the curvilinear regression model using GDD was found well fitted in order to explaining the maximum extent of variability (83** to 98**%) in the population and intensity of most of the pests and disease except whitefly which was well explained by linear regression developed with VPmean (R2 0.88**).

Seasonal Abundance and Suppression of Fruit-Piercing MothEudocima phalonia(L.) in a Citrus Orchard in Sarawak

Seasonal population of the fruit-piercing moths Eudocima spp. was monitored throughout the citrus growing seasons in a citrus orchard and in site adjacent to secondary forest from July 2007 to June 2009. The moth was detected practically throughout the year with activity lowest during the wet months (September-February) when fruits are still available and while highest during the dry months (May-June) which also coincided with the main fruiting season. The effects of an nC24 horticultural mineral oil (HMO) on the citrus fruit damage caused by fruit-piecing moths was also determined. The percent fruit damage was significantly lowest (P≤0.05) in HMO-treated plots (8.4), followed by Dimethoate-treated plots (11.6) and untreated plots (22.5). However, there was no significant difference between HMO and Dimethoate treated plots indicating HMO is effective in reducing percent fruit damage.

시설재배 피망에서 담배거세미나방의 유충밀도와 피해관계

This study was conducted to determine the relationship of larval density of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) to damage in greenhouse sweet pepper. Laboratory experiments, cage experiments by artificial release and field investigation were carried out in 2008. The leaf consumption rate increased greatly with larval development. The damaged leaves had several round or oval shape holes on the surface or lost certain parts of them, and the fruit damaged had a conspicuous hole on the surface or scar marks around the calyx. In the field investigation, fruit damage was highly correlated with larval densities and reached 3.5% damage at maximum. Cage experiments showed that numbers of non-marketable fruit increased as increasing larval densities released. The larval density at two weeks before harvest had a high relationship with the percentage of damaged-fruit at harvest. Corresponding larval density caused 1, 3, 5% of damaged-fruit was 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 larvae per plant, respectively.

Influence of non‐crop plants on stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and natural enemy abundance in tomatoes

AbstractWe investigated the effects of weed hosts on stink bug density and damage (Euschistus conspersus Uhler and Thyanta pallidovirens Stal), and a nectar bearing plant on natural enemies of stink bugs in the Sacramento Valley of California. Stink bug density and fruit damage were evaluated in processing tomatoes adjacent to weedy and cultivated borders. The density of E. conspersus was significantly greater in tomatoes adjacent to weedy borders in July but not during August/September. Thyanta pallidovirens was less abundant overall (19%), but was found in significantly greater densities adjacent to cultivated borders in July but not in August/September. Mean percent fruit damage by stink bugs was greater adjacent to the weedy border than the cultivated border, but this difference was not significant. Stink bug egg parasitism and generalist predator density were evaluated in fresh market tomatoes adjacent to a sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima L.) border and an unplanted control border at three sites. Egg parasitism was significantly greater in the alyssum treatment for the 9–12 September sampling period. Jalysus wickhami VanDuzee (Hemiptera: Berytidae) density was significantly greater in the alyssum treatment in mid‐June. No other significant differences in predator populations were detected. Results of these two studies show that habitat manipulations have the potential to reduce densities of E. conspersus in tomato, the first step in developing a farmscape management plan for stink bug control.

Does Host Plant Chemistry Influence Feeding and Ovipositional Behavior of Fruitborer in Tomato?

ABSTRACT The tomato fruitborer (TFB), Helicoverpa armigera Hub., is one of the most difficult pests to control with insecticides. Development of cultivars that are resistant to this insect has become an important strategy in management. Resistant/tolerant accessions of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to TFB have been identified based on feeding and ovipositional behavior of TFB. The moths laid more eggs on accessions LE 4 (52 eggs/plant), LE 104 (73) and LE 281 (57) than on LE 355 (11). Biochemical assays indicated that the acylsugar contents in leaves of tomato accessions varied from 38 to 266 nmol/cm2. High acylsugar content was negatively associated with number of eggs laid/ plant (r = -0.94). Content of alpha-tomatine in fruit varied from 0.57 to 3.51 mg.g−1 of fresh tissue. The alpha-tomatine concentration was weakly, and negatively, associated with percent fruit damage by TFB (r = -0.39). The fruit pigments lycopene and carotene influenced the feeding of TFB as there were differences in feedi...

Greenhouse Evaluation of Capsicum Accessions for Resistance to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

A replicated greenhouse evaluation of a range of commercial and noncommercial (Capsicum spp.) accessions for resistance to european corn borer (ECB) [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)] was conducted. Percentage of fruit damaged was observed among 29 accessions four weeks after plants were artificially infested with ECB egg masses. Small-fruited peppers generally showed lower levels of damage, while large-fruited peppers were the most susceptible. Genotypes with elongate fruit were less damaged than those with bell-shaped fruit. Resistance to fruit damage was also associated with increasing pungency level, with two notable exceptions. The pungent genotype `Large Red Thick Cayenne' was significantly more susceptible than many of the other pungent accessions tested. The relative susceptibility of this accession may be related to large fruit size. The nonpungent pepper `Corno di Toro' showed significantly lower percent fruit damage than other nonpungent peppers including `Banana Supreme' with roughly similar fruit size, ranking amidst highly pungent peppers such as `Red Scotch Bonnet'. These results confirm that resistance to ECB can be identified in nonpungent Capsicum genotypes and demonstrate that pungency is not always correlated with ECB damage. Reported sources of aphid resistance or tolerance showed good levels of ECB resistance, but interpretation of these results was confounded by the presence of pungency.

Eco-Friendly Management of Major Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench)

ABSTRACT Studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of different biocontrol agents against the major pests of okra, a leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, sweet potato whitefly, Bemesia tabaci and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii as well as fruitboring insects, Helicoverpa armigera and Earias vitella in Coimbalore, Tamil Nadu, India. The results revealed that release/application of the predator, Chrysoperla carnea (25,000 larvae/ha/release) + Econeem 0.3% (0.5 l/ha) for three times at 15 days interval starting from 45 days after sowing was found to be effective in reducing the population of sucking pests as well as the fruit borers. The percent fruit damage by H. armigera (8.61%) and E. vitella (9.21 %) was also reduced. Fruit damage in untreated check was recorded as 22.56 and 22.6 percent, respectively. The fruit yield (10,326 kg/ha) and cost benefit ratio (CBR) (1:2.60) were also higher when C. carnea and Econeem 0.3% were combined, compared to either C. carnea (9643 kg fruit/ha and 1:2.39) or Econeem 0.3% (9533 kg fruit/ha and 1:2.44) alone.

Campoletis chlorideae Uchida and its Hyperparasite Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) on Helicoverpa armigera Hubner from Solan, Himachal Pradesh

Field surveys undertaken in Himachal Pradesh since 1991 revealed that tomato crop suffered upto 56.7 percent fruit damage by Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Anonymous, 1991.) Mathur (1970) reported four parasites of H.armigera from the State. In the present studies which were carried out at Solan (Himachal Pradesh, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida an ichneumonid and it hyperparasite Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) a chalcid have been recorded.

Development and economic evaluation of an IPM program for fresh market tomato production in Mexico

An integrated pest management (IPM) program based on intensive sampling, parasite releases, use of the mating disruption technique, and applications of microbial pesticides and abamectin was developed for the fresh market tomato industry in Sinaloa, Mexico. The IPM program for tomatoes was compared with conventional practices and an unmanaged control in each of three major agricultural valleys in autumn and winter crops, and in two valleys for spring plantings. The amount of marketable fruit production was similar for all treatments in the autumn plantings, but significantly higher in the IPM program during the winter and spring plantings. The densities of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) eggs, larvae and adults were substantially reduced in the IPM treatment. Percent fruit damage by Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) was generally higher in the IPM treatment (4.2–10.9%) as compared with the conventional treatment (0.9–3.7%). However, the percent fruit damage by K. lycopersicella was significantly reduced in the IPM treatments (6.49–30.4%) vs. the conventional treatments (4.65–84.2%) in the winter and spring plantings. Net profits (value of fruit at harvest minus the cost of control) were substantially higher in the lower input IPM plots than in conventional treatments. In the autumn, net profits ranged from US$304 to US$579 ha −1 higher in the IPM treatment for carton values of US$5–US$11, respectively. In the winter and spring plantings, only the IPM approach was profitable. The IPM program offers substantial, long-term benefits in comparison with the conventional approach. Not only was the cost of the IPM program considerably less, but it: (1) reduced the potential for pesticide resistance development; (2) reduced the possibility of potential mammalian toxicity or non-target effects by using less toxic pesticides that are specific in activity; (3) provided less chance for fruit contamination or environmental damage.

Monitoring Azinphosmethyl Resistance in the Light Brown Apple Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand

The extent of azinphosmethyl resistance in light brown apple moth, Epiphyas Postvittana (Walker), in the Nelson region of New Zealand was determined in 1982. Light traps were used to capture females from which laboratory colonies were established for testing. Resistance was detected by spraying larvae directly with a Potter tower. In later resistance surveys (1983–85) topical application to pheromone-attracted males was used to assess resistance. Two populations (at Mariri and at the Moutere Bluffs) resistant to azinphosmethyl, but of confined distribution, were found. Resistant male moths were collected from apple orchards and nearby scrub areas and were more abundant outside orchards during the period of insecticide spray application. Subsequent reinvasion of orchards by moths from nearby scrub areas within the orchard area was indicated by the similarity in proportion of resistant individuals in the two habitats and by catches in pheromone-baited sticky traps from orchards and scrub areas. Two percent fruit damage occurred in an affected orchard in which the grower applied azinphosmethyl, compared with a normal level of ca. 0–0.2% damage elsewhere in the district.

Insecticide Applications Based on Codlemone® Trap Catches vs. Automatic Schedule Treatments for Codling Moth Control in North Carolina Apple Orchard12

During 1973–77, insecticide applications based on a trap catch within an apple orchard of >;2 moths/trap during 2 consecutive wk showed a significant reduction in treatments when compared to an automatic spray schedule for control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). The number of postbloom sprays for the automatic spray schedule ranged from 3–11, while the number of sprays for the trap catch program ranged from 3–6. Even with the variability in the number of sprays, the avg percent fruit damage by codling moth was not greater than 1%. Fruit damage by the codling moth was too low to correlate fruit damage with number of sprays. Variability of damage to the fruit by insects other than the codling moth was not associated with number of sprays. Lack of significant association between 3 or more postbloom insecticide sprays and fruit damage by insects indicated 3–4 postbloom sprays in most apple orchards in North Carolina would give economic insect control.