Percentage Of Body Water Research Articles

Body composition estimates from bioelectrical impedance and its association with cardiovascular risk.

Screening for traditional risk factors of cardiovascular disease is well known in primary healthcare (PHC) settings. However, other risk factors through newer tools (such as bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) could also be predictors of increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). Body composition estimates (body fat percentage, body water percentage, body lean mass) by BIA and its association to CVR have been studied with variable results. This study assesses the body composition estimates and their association with CVR in the South African PHC setting. A retrospective record analysis was conducted on a cohort of de-identified patients utilising the ABBY®Health Check Machine at a PHC facility in South Africa between May 2020 and August 2022. The ABBY Machine estimates body fat percentage (BF%) and body water percentage (BW%) estimates from BIA. Cardiovascular risk based on the Framingham-risk-score was stratified into high, medium and low CVR. An analysis of variance was used to determine mean differences of BF% and BW% among these groups. A total of 4008 records (n= 4008) were used in the final analysis. The majority of patients were female (70.1%) with a mean age of 33.6 years. Higher mean BF% (35.75% vs. 31.10% vs. 27.73%;p 0.0001) and lower mean BW% (49.46% vs. 53.15% vs. 56.18%;p= 0000) were found to be significantly associated with high CVR. This study demonstrated the use of newer technologies that could assist in the identification of CVR in low resource PHC settings.

Medication Dosing for Children With Overweight and Obesity.

Approximately 14.7 million US children aged 2 to 19 years are obese. This creates significant challenges to dosing medications that are primarily weight based (mg/kg) and in predicting pharmacokinetics parameters in pediatric patients. Obese individuals generally have a larger volume of distribution (Vd) for lipophilic medications. Conversely, the Vd of hydrophilic medications may be increased or decreased owing to increased lean body mass, blood volume, and decreased percentage of total body water. They may also experience decreased hepatic clearance secondary to fatty infiltrates of the liver. Hence, obesity may affect loading dose, dosage interval, plasma half-life, and time to reach steady-state concentration for various medications. Weight-based dosing is also a cause for potential medication errors. This position statement of the Pediatric Pharmacy Association recommends that weight-based dosing should be used in patients ages <18 years who weigh <40 kg; weight-based dosing should be used in patients ≥40 kg, unless the recommended adult dose for the specific indication is exceeded; clinicians should use pharmacokinetic analysis for adjusting medications in children diagnosed with overweight and obesity; and research efforts continue to evaluate dosing of medications in children diagnosed with overweight and obesity.

The effects of cold exposure on body composition: Analysis with Computerized Bioimpedance

Introduction: Weight gain and obesity are common concerns for midlife women. Obesity is characterized by an accumulation of body fat resulting in body weight at least 20% above the optimum. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cryolipolysis on body composition in midlife women. Methods: Thirty women aged 30-55 with overweight underwent three cryolipolysis sessions, (45 minutes each), spaced 15 days apart. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance before and after the intervention. Parameters measured included fat mass, lean mass, muscle mass, muscle/fat ratio, and total body water (TBW) percentage. Results: Significant reductions were observed in both absolute fat mass (from 26 ± 1.5 kg to 24.4 ± 1.51 kg, p&lt;0.05) and fat mass percentage (from 34.4 ± 1.2% to 32.8 ± 1%, p&lt;0.05). Lean mass remained stable (48.91 ± 1.56 kg to 48.82 ± 1.4 kg), with a significant increase in lean mass percentage (65 ± 1.2% to 67 ± 1.2%, p&lt;0.05). Muscle mass percentage rise from 29 ± 0.6% to 31 ± 0.7% (p&lt;0.05). The muscle/fat ratio improved significantly from 0.85 ± 0.04 to 0.95 ± 0.2 (p&lt;0.05), and TBW percentage increased from 46.5 ± 0.9% to 48 ± 0.9% (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Cryolipolysis significantly enhances body composition by reducing fat mass, maintaining lean mass, and improving muscle/fat ratio and hydration status. These findings underscore cryolipolysis as an effective non-invasive alternative for body contouring with potential health benefits, including improved metabolic and cardiovascular health. Future research should explore long-term effects and mechanisms to optimize clinical applications.

Impact of volume indices in bioelectrical impedance measurement on the assessment of cardiac function indices by echocardiography in hemodialysis patients

Introduction Cardiovascular events resulting from volume overload are a primary cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is significantly valuable for assessing the volume status of hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this article, we explore the correlation between the volume index measured by BIA and the cardiac function index assessed by echocardiography (ECG) in HD patients. Methods Between April and November 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected 126 maintenance HD patients. Comprehensive data on medical history and laboratory test results were collected. Subsequently, we investigated the correlation between volume indices measured by BIA and cardiac function parameters by ECG. Results We discovered a significant correlation between the volume indices measured by BIA and various parameter of cardiac function. The Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) group exhibited higher levels of the percentage of Extracellular Water (ECW%) and the percentage of Total Body Water (TBW%) compared to the Non-LVH group. Extracellular Water (ECW) and Third Interstitial Fluid Volume (TSFV) were identified as independent risk factors for Left Ventricular Mass (LVM), and both demonstrated a high predictive value for LVM. ECW% emerged as an independent risk factor for the Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), with a high predictive value for LVMI. Conclusion ECW and TSFV were found to be positively associated with cardiac function parameters in HD patients.

Effects of 5-week detraining period on body composition of professional soccer players

Purpose. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of five weeks detraining period on body composition changes in elite professional Indonesian male soccer players. Material and methods. The body composition of 24 top-level male soccer players (age: 26.33 ± 4.06 years) competing in First League of Indonesia was measured before and after the 5-weeks detraining period. Body composition variables, including body mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and total body water percentage, were measured using the bioelectrical impedance method. The results. The paired samples T-test showed significant changes in the means of body composition variables for body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and total body water percentage. Mean values for body fat percentage increased during the detraining period from 10.87 ± 2.47% to 11.98 ± 2.75% (10.3%). A decrease in mean values for fat-free mass (61.34 ± 5.74 kg to 59.80 ± 6.22; 2.49%) and total body water percentage (from 65.13 ± 1.84% to 64.40 ± 1.99%; 1.12%) was observed. No significant changes occurred in body mass (from 69.05 ± 8.07 kg to 69.05 ± 8.48 kg; 0.04%) from initial to final testing. Conclusions. Since there was a significant difference in body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and total body water percentage% before and after detraining period., it is suggested that 5 weeks of detraining period. for the professional soccer players may not be necessary, and the duration should be shortened to maintain body composition status.

Utility of NICaS Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19.

(1) Background: COVID-19 presented many challenges to effective treatments, such as managing cardiovascular insufficiency while mitigating risks to healthcare providers. This study utilized NICaS, a non-invasive hemodynamic monitor that provides advanced data via whole-body impedance analysis. We investigated the associated trends in hemodynamic parameters obtained by the NICaS device and their correlation with in-hospital all-cause mortality during COVID-19 hospitalization in the intensive care unit. (2) Methods: Data from 29 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit and monitored with NICaS between April 2020 and February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. (3) Results: Decreasing cardiac output and cardiac power were significantly associated with death. Total peripheral resistance was significantly increasing in non-survivors as was total body water percentage. Those admitted with a heart rate above 90 beats per minute had a significantly reduced survival. (4) Conclusions: Non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring via the NICaS device is simple and effective in evaluating critically ill patients with COVID-19 and may help guide clinical management via remote monitoring. Controlling tachycardia may help ensure adequate oxygen supply-demand ratio. A hint toward a beneficiary effect of a restrictive fluid balance may be observed.

Six-month combined aerobic and resistance exercise program enhances 6-minute walk test and physical fitness in people with peripheral arterial disease: A pilot study

BackgroundExercise therapy is a recognized non-pharmacological intervention for peripheral arterial disease (PAD); however, the effects of combined exercise remain under investigation. This study aimed to compare the effects of a 6-month combined supervised exercise program (SUP) with a usual care (UC) approach on walking ability, physical fitness, and peripheral blood flow in people with PAD and claudication. MethodsTwenty-three male participants (Age=64.1 ± 6.2years and ABI=0.58±0.07) with PAD and claudication were assigned to either the SUP group (n = 10), engaging in structured supervised treadmill walking combined with three resistance exercises, three times a week, or the UC group (n = 13), receiving advice to walk. The primary outcome measure was walking ability, with assessments conducted at baseline (M0), after 3 months (M3), and 6 months (M6). ResultsAfter the 6-month intervention, the SUP group exhibited significant improvements in absolute claudication time (ACT, p = 0.045), maximal walking time (MWT, p = 0.045), maximal walking distance (MWD, p = 0.027), and pause duration (p = 0.045) during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), when compared to the UC group. Over time, a significant increase in walking speed during the 6MWT (Speed6MWT, p = 0.001) and walking speed without claudication (SpeedNoC, p < 0.001) was found, although no significant differences were found between the groups. The SUP group increased by 0.8 km/h in both Speed6MWT and SpeedNoC, while the UC group increased by 0.3 km/h and 0.6 km/h, respectively. Despite claudication consistently occurring at the same time, the SUP group demonstrated an improved tolerance to pain or a better understanding of pain, enabling them to walk longer distances at higher speeds. A positive effect of SUP was found for chair sit-and-reach test (p = 0.023), percentage of fat mass (p = 0.048), fat-free mass (p = 0.040), and total body water (p = 0.026), suggesting potential benefits attributed to the resistance strength exercises. ConclusionA 6-month combined treadmill and resistance exercise program improved walking ability, walking speed, lower body and lower back flexibility, and body composition in people with PAD and claudication.

Maturity Status and Relative Age of Elite Taekwondo Youth Competitors-Case Study on Croatian National Team.

This study examines the maturity status and relative age effect in elite youth taekwondo Croatian National Team athletes. Measurements of biological age, maturity offset, and body composition were taken from a sample of 17 junior athletes. Differences in maturity status were observed among athletes of the same chronological age, with variations in sitting height and age at peak height velocity. Male athletes generally exhibited higher values in body height, percentage of body fat, muscle mass, and total body water. No significant relative age effect was found. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual biological age and maturity status for talent development and training program adjustments. Further research involving athletes from different countries is recommended to validate these results and enhance the understanding of youth taekwondo athlete development.

Nutritional physiology and body composition changes during a rapid ascent to high altitude.

Exposure to high altitude might cause the body to adapt with negative energy and fluid balance that compromise body composition and physical performance. In this field study involving 12 healthy adults, sex-balanced, and aged 29±4 years with a body mass index of 21.6±1.8kg/m2, we investigated the effects of a 4-day trekking up to 4556m a.s.l. on Monte Rosa (Alps, Italy). The food intake was recorded using food diaries and nutrient averages were calculated. The bio-impedance analysis was performed at low and high altitudes, and a wearable biosensor (Swemax) was used to track hydro-saline losses in two participants. Daily total energy intake was 3348 ± 386kcal for males and 2804 ± 415kcal for females (13%-14% protein, 35% fat, 44%-46% carbohydrates). Although there was a significant body weight loss (65.0±9.3vs. 64.2±9.10kg, p<0.001, d=1.398), no significant changes in body composition parameter were found but a trend in the increase of the bioelectrical phase angle in males (p=0.059, d = -0.991). Body water percentage significantly changed (p=0.026, η2 p=0.440), but the absolute water did not, suggesting that the weight loss was not due to water loss. Salivary and urinary osmolality did not change. A reduction in sweat rate at higher altitudes was observed in both participants. Interestingly, salivary leptin increased (p=0.014, η2 p=0.510), and salivary ghrelin decreased (p=0.036, η2 p =0.403). Therefore, the 4-day trekking at altitude of hypoxia exposure induced changes in satiety and appetite hormones. High altitude expeditions require more specific nutritional guidance, and using multiplex analysis could help in monitoring fluid balance and body composition.

Total body water percentage and 3rd space water are novel risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males

PurposeTo identify the risk factors for training-related lower extremity muscle injuries in young males by a non-invasive method of body composition analysis. MethodsA total of 282 healthy young male volunteers aged 18 – 20 years participated in this cohort study. Injury location, degree, and injury rate were adjusted by a questionnaire based on the overuse injury assessment methods used in epidemiological studies of sports injuries. The occurrence of training injuries is monitored and diagnosed by physicians and treated accordingly. The body composition was measured using the BodyStat QuadScan 4000 multifrequency Bio-impedance system at 5, 50, 100 and 200 kHz to obtain 4 impedance values. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check whether the data conformed to a normal distribution. Data of normal distribution were shown as mean ± SD and analyzed by t-test, while those of non-normal distribution were shown as median (Q1, Q3) and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The receiver operator characteristic curve and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate risk factors for developing training-related lower extremity injuries and accuracy. ResultsAmong the 282 subjects, 78 (27.7%) developed training injuries. Lower extremity training injuries revealed the highest incidence, accounting for 23.4% (66 cases). These patients showed higher percentages of lean body mass (p = 0.001), total body water (TBW, p = 0.006), extracellular water (p = 0.020) and intracellular water (p = 0.010) as well as a larger ratio of basal metabolic rate/total weight (p = 0.006), compared with those without lower extremity muscle injuries. On the contrary, the percentage of body fat (p = 0.001) and body fat mass index (p = 0.002) were lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that TBW percentage > 65.35% (p = 0.050, odds ratio = 3.114) and 3rd space water > 0.95% (p = 0.045, odds ratio = 2.342) were independent risk factors for lower extremity muscle injuries. ConclusionTBW percentage and 3rd space water measured with bio-impedance method are potential risk factors for predicting the incidence of lower extremity muscle injuries in young males following training.

Postural balance and functional mobility in relation to BMI and body composition among female students at a College of Applied Medical Sciences: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionThis study aimed to compare different Body Mass Index (BMI) categories, body composition parameters, postural balance, and functional mobility among female students at a College of Applied Medical Sciences; and examine the relationship between BMI and body composition with postural balance and functional mobility among female students at the college of applied medical sciences. Materials and methodsFemale students, aged 18‒25 years old. They were subdivided into four groups according to their BMI category: underweight, normal, overweight, or obese, with n = 20 participants in each group. A Bioelectrical Impedance Human Body Analyzer (BIA) was used to assess the following body composition parameters: Fat Percentage (FATP), fat mass, muscle mass, and Total Body Water (TBW). A NeuroCom Balance Master was used to assess postural balance and functional mobility. A Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was employed to assess functional mobility. All data were analyzed using SPSS. ResultsParticipants’ ages and heights were matched (p > 0.05). However, there were variables that were statistically significantly higher in terms of weight, BMI and body composition, including FATP, fat mass, muscle mass, and TBW (p = 0.000), among the obese group. Moreover, postural balance was lower among the obese group. There was a significant relationship between BMI and body composition variables in respect of postural balance but not in relation to functional mobility. ConclusionPostural instability but not functional mobility was related to higher BMI and body composition values among the study groups.

The Comparison of Anthropometry and Cognitive Function Before and During Ramadhan Fasting among Overweight and Obese Adults in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

Ramadhan fasting is one of the five pillars in Islam. During these 29-30 days of holistic and spiritual days, Muslims abstain from drinking and eating from dawn to sunset. This alteration of dietary behavior could affect not only on anthropometry but also cognitive function. This prospective observational study aimed to determine the effect of Ramadhan fasting on anthropometry and cognitive function and its correlation overweight and obese adult populations. This study recruited adults aged between 19 to 65 years old with a BMI of ≥23.0 kg/m2 live in Kuala Nerus. Sociodemographic, anthropometry, and cognitive function data were assessed twice; Before Ramadhan (two weeks prior to Ramadhan) and During Ramadhan (week 3 and 4 during Ramadhan). Anthropometry data including body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage, muscle mass, and total body water were measured using a weighing scale, stadiometer, measuring tape, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) while the cognitive function was assessed using the Malay Version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MAVLT), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, and Stroop Task. A total of 146 participants were recruited with old 54.8% were male while 45.2% were female. The mean age of participants was 42.6±19.4 years. Analysis on the anthropometry data showed that weight, BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage were significantly reduced during Ramadhan with p&lt;0.001. Meanwhile, the cognitive function data showed that the completion time for Stroop Congruent and Incongruent Test, and TMT B were significantly reduced during Ramadhan with p&lt;0.001 signifying a better executive performance. The MAVLT learning and recognition scores were significantly increased during Ramadhan (p&lt;0.001) indicating an improvement in memory. The correlational analysis showed the negative correlation between the changes in waist circumference and MAVLT learning during Ramadhan (p=0.031) indicating that reduced waist circumference results in increased MAVLT learning score during Ramadhan. This study’s limitation includes the number of participants that did not reach the required sample size. In conclusion, the current study showed the significant potential of Ramadhan fasting to improve anthropometry outcomes and cognitive function among overweight and obese adults.

Associations of dietary, sociodemographic, and anthropometric factors with anemia among the Zhuang ethnic adults: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China

BackgroundAfter decades of rapid economic development, anemia remains a significant public health challenge globally. This study aimed to estimate the associations of sociodemographic, dietary, and body composition factors with anemia among the Zhuang in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.MethodsOur study population from the baseline survey of the Guangxi ethnic minority Cohort Study of Chronic Diseases consisted of 13,465 adults (6,779 women and 6,686 men) aged 24–82 years. A validated interviewer-administered laptop-based questionnaire system was used to collect information on participants’ sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. Each participant underwent a physical examination, and hematological indices were measured. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the variables, and logistic regression was applied to estimate the associations of independent risk factors with anemia.ResultsThe overall prevalences of anemia in men and women were 9.63% (95% CI: 8.94–10.36%) and 18.33% (95% CI: 17.42─19.28%), respectively. LASSO and logistic regression analyses showed that age was positively associated with anemia for both women and men. For diet in women, red meat consumption for 5–7 days/week (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65–0.98, p = 0.0290) and corn/sweet potato consumption for 5–7 days/week (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.96, p = 0.0281) were negatively associated with anemia. For men, fruit consumption for 5–7 days/week (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60–0.94, p = 0.0130) and corn/sweet potato consumption for 5–7 days/week (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46–0.91, p = 0.0136) were negatively correlated with anemia. Compared with a normal body water percentage (55–65%), a body water percentage below normal (< 55%) was negatively related to anemia (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.86, p = 0.0014). Conversely, a body water percentage above normal (> 65%) was positively correlated with anemia in men (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.38–2.17, p < 0.0001).ConclusionsAnemia remains a moderate public health problem for premenopausal women and the elderly population in the Guangxi Zhuang minority region. The prevention of anemia at the population level requires multifaceted intervention measures according to sex and age, with a focus on dietary factors and the control of body composition.

Effects of high calorie, protein, calcium and iron Dietary intervention on nutritional status and body composition of long distance athletes- Ngong’ training Camp, Kenya

In recent times a number of athletes have used prohibited substances such as anabolic steroids to enhance their performance and have ended up being suspended from international competitions. This shows a growing need for foods for sports’ enhancement that work and that are affordable. The objective of the study was to develop a food supplement from local foods that was high in energy, protein, calcium and iron and test its’ efficacy in improving nutritional status of the athletes. It was designed to comprise of food supplement development, baseline assessment and dietary intervention with the first two months serving as control where only sports’ nutrition education was offered. Consequently, pre-intervention assessment was conducted on all the study participants. This was followed by a subsequent two months’ supplementation period, after which post-intervention assessment was done to determine efficacy of the product in improving nutritional and body composition status of the athletes. Athletes involved in the study included 13 men and 11 women randomly selected from a population of 36 athletes. Apart from hemoglobin levels, Anthropometric assessments included weight, height and body mass index (BMI) whereas body composition assessment included; fat free mass, percentage body fat, percentage body water and bone mass. In this study, women showed significant improvement in both % body fat and body water, whereas men had significant improvement in mean Body Mass Index and Fat Free Mass. Both men and women groups showed significant improvement in the mean hemoglobin levels at the end of the study. The study concluded that there was a need to ensure adequate nutrition for optimal nutritional status of long-distance athletes.

Abdominal obesity and hydration status as protective factors against mortality in older adults: A prospective study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the association between different anthropometric and body composition techniques for defining obesity status and to investigate their clinical implications in older hospitalized patients, both during their hospitalization and after discharge. MethodsThis prospective study included patients ≥60 y of age. They were followed for 18 mo to assess mortality and hospital length of stay. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were evaluated, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, body fat percentage, total body water percentage, and muscle mass. These measurements are associated with prognosis and survival. ResultsA higher BMI, excessive body fat, higher total body water percentage, and abdominal obesity were associated with a lower risk for death (P < 0.05). Higher hydration levels were identified as an independent protective factor against mortality. Obesity, defined by body fat percentage, was associated with a shorter hospital stay (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe present study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the existence of the obesity paradox in hospitalized older patients. Additionally, our novel finding reveals that higher levels of total body water percentage are associated with decreased odds of mortality. The study emphasizes the importance of considering other anthropometric measurements and body composition in addition to BMI, considering its limitations. These findings have important implications for health care providers when recommending changes in nutritional status for the older adult population.

Body water percentage from childhood to old age.

Total body water (TBW) increases with growth, but the body water percentage (TBW%) decreases with aging. The objective of our study was to delineate TBW% in males and females by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) from early childhood to old age. We enrolled 545 participants aged 3 to 98 years (258 male, 287 female). Among the participants, 256 had a normal weight and 289 were overweight. The TBW was measured by BIA, and TBW% was derived by dividing the TBW (L) value by body weight (kg). For analysis, we divided participants into the four age groups of 3-10, 11-20, 21-60, and ≥61 years. In normal-weight subjects, the TBW% was similar at 62% between males and females in the 3-10-year group. It remained unchanged in males until and through adult life, then decreased to 57% in the ≥61-year group. In normal-weight female subjects, the TBW% decreased to 55% in the 11-20-year group, remained relatively unaltered in the 21-60-year group, then decreased to 50% in the ≥61-year group. In overweight subjects, the TBW% values in males, as well as females, were significantly lower as compared to those with normal weight. Our study showed that the TBW% in normal-weight males changes very little from early childhood to adult life compared to that of females, who showed a decrease in TBW% during the pubertal years. In normal-weight subjects of both sexes, the TBW% decreased after the age of 60 years. Overweight subjects had significantly lower TBW% as compared to those with normal weight.

Body composition of type 2 diabetes patients in Uganda: A case-control study.

The prevalence of obesity among people diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been widely documented. However, the specific composition of this bodyweight remains largely unknown. The study aimed to understand the body composition of T2DM patients using the bioelectric impedance analysis technique, comparing findings to sex and agematched controls. A comparative case-control study was carried out among 139 known cases of Type 2 diabetes aged 18 to 78 years randomly sampled from the diabetic clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. We matched them to 139 hospital controls who were healthy non-diabetic attendants. Body composition parameters were computed and summarized as medians and interquartile ranges. Differences in the medians of body composition parameters were further assessed using the Mann- Whitney U test. Fat-free and fat mass indices were derived to offer a precise estimation of body composition parameters adjusted for height differences among study participants. Cases had significantly higher median systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), total fat percentage, fat mass amount, Fat Mass Index, visceral fat, and metabolic age than their counterparts, whereas controls had significantly higher median total body water percentage versus cases. The highest significant differences occurred in fat percentage composition (Cases: β: 6.9 (95% C.I: 4.4, 9.4); Controls: Ref) followed by visceral fat (Cases: β: 3.5 (95% C.I: 2.5, 4.4); controls: Ref) and Fat Mass Index (Cases: 95% C.I: 2.6 (95% C.I: 1.6, 3.7). Cases had significantly higher Fat Mass Index, visceral fat and fat percentage (all p<0.05) than controls. Routine assessment of body composition of T2DM patients needs to be done to assess the amount, type and pattern of weight gain to prevent increases in adiposity.

Assessment of macular pigment optical density in Arab population and its relationship to people's anthropometric data: a cross-sectional study.

Anthropometry facilitates the evaluation of risks associated with reduced macular pigment optical density (MPOD). To investigate the predictors and anthropometric indices associated with MPOD in healthy adult in Arab population. This is a cross-sectional study. The MPOD was measured at 0.5° from fovea using a heterochromatic flicker photometer. Healthy participants aged between 20 and 40 years were recruited. The study evaluated the following data of the participants: height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, basal metabolic rate, visceral fat level, muscle mass, bone mineral content, and percentage of protein and body water. The correlation between MPOD with anthropometrics and demographic data was evaluated using Spearman's correlation test. The differences among genders were investigated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The smoking effect on MPOD was analyzed using the Friedman test. In all, 143 participants were recruited. The median ± interquartile range was calculated for age (23 ± 4 years), visual acuity (0.00 ± 0.00 logMAR), and MPOD (0.41 ± 0.18). The average MPOD was higher in males than in females but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05); on the other hand, they were statistically significantly different in most of the anthropometric data. A significant relationship was found between MPOD and percentage of body fat, protein, and body water (r = 0.30, p < 0.05). The observed median MPOD value was higher in this study than that found in previous studies in white populations, but lower than that found in studies investigating Asian populations. One of the most important risk factors of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a relative absence of macular pigment. This study brought into focus percentage of protein and body water for further studies as well as the well-established links with body fat and obesity. Unknown predictors of MPOD remain uncovered. The study also provided first report on normative values of MPOD for Arab population and confirmed the differences from other ethnicities.

Changes in Segmental Impedances and Selected Body Composition Parameters Assessed by Multi-Frequency Bioimpedance Analysis after Fluid Consumption in Healthy Young Population.

Objectives: Body composition (BC) analysis is a routine part of comprehensive public health care. Assessment of BC is more important source of information than BMI. Adherence to the standard measurement conditions is essential for the correct results. Our study aimed to examine the effect of acute fluid consumption on measures of body mass (BM), percentage of body fat (%BF), visceral fat (VF), percentage of body water (%BW), and impedance at 100 kHz (I100) and 20 kHz (I20) using segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SMF-BIA) in a general healthy population. Methods: 95 consecutive healthy normal-weight adults (42 men; 53 women) were involved in the study (mean ± s.d.; age 23.9±1.6 years; body mass 68.3±14.1 kg). All subjects underwent two separate series of body composition (BC) measurements at 0 (BASELINE), 30, 60, 90 min (POST): the first series after drinking 600 ml of isotonic carbohydrate/electrolyte drink (IST) and the second after no fluid administration (CON). Individual measurements were performed in the morning on two consecutive days. Results: In the IST group, BM, VF (both P<0.001), and %BF (P<0.05) increased significantly at 30 min POST compared to BASELINE. BM and VF remained elevated at 90 min POST (both P<0.001). %BW decreased significantly at 30 min POST (P<0.01) then increased at 60 min (P<0.001) and 90 min (P<0.01) POST. There were no significant changes in I100. I20 increased significantly at 30 min POST (P<0.001) then decreased at 60 min (P<0.001) and 90 min POST (P<0.01) compared to BASELINE. In the CON group, BM and VF decreased below BASELINE at 90 min POST (P<0.001), %BF, %BW and I100 did not change significantly. The difference between IST and CON was statistically significant for all POST measurement times only in BM and VF (both P<0.001). The VF results are also underlined by the detected impedance changes in the trunk area at 20 kHz (B20) and 100 kHz (B100) at 60 min and 90 min (both P<0.001). Conclusions: Our study suggests that segmental impedances and BC measurement in healthy young normal-weight adults requires strict adherence to fluid restriction at least 90 min before the measurement to avoid false impedance values and overestimation of BM and VF.

Assessing effects of diet alteration on selected parameters of chronically mentally ill residents of a 24-hour Nursing Home. Part 2. Effects of nutritional changes on anthropometric parameters and composition of the body.

The study was aimed at finding out whether, and how, changes in dietary habits would be reflected in anthropometric parameters and body composition. Anthropometric measurements (Martin's technique) were taken on 52 chronically mentally ill patients, twice: before and a year after diet correction. The patients' body composition was examined, directly after the measurements, by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) in tetragonal arrangement, using a Bodystat ®1500MDD device. Changes in dietary habits were reflected in a significant reduction of body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in schizophrenic women; WHR in men with other diseases increased significantly. BMI analysis showed an increase in the percentage of normal-weight schizophrenic women and men, a decrease in the proportion of underweight women and men, and an increase in the proportion of individuals with normal weight suffering from other diseases. Both groups showed beneficial changes in body composition (increased content and percentage of fatless body weight and water, reduced content and percentage of fat tissue). These changes were statistically significant only in men suffering from other diseases and concerned the increased content of fatless body weight. Changes in dietary habits enhanced body weight reduction in overweight and obese individuals and resulted in desired changes in BMI, WHR, and body composition. The body fat content was distinctly reduced, with no concurrent changes in the fatless body weight and/or water content. Changes in dietary habits were beneficial for the nutritional status of undernourished patients or those with low body weight.