Perceived Social Support Scale Scores Research Articles

Analysis on the current situation of twin breastfeeding and its influencing factors.

Studies have found that exclusive breastfeeding can not only promote the growth and development of infants, but also increase the emotional communication between mothers and infants, and reduce the incidence of maternal breast diseases. To analysis the current situation and influencing factors of breastfeeding twins. A total of 420 twin mothers delivered in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected to investigate the situation of breastfeeding within 6 months after delivery. An electronic questionnaire was conducted, and clinical information were collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to analyze the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 21.90%; in the exclusive breastfeeding group, the age <35 years old, bachelor degree or above, rural areas, no nipple depression or flat, no breast distension, no postpartum depression, adequate breast milk, participation in health education during pregnancy, husband support for breastfeeding, no infant feeding difficulties, infant diarrhea, lactose intolerance and return to milk were 96.74%, 53.26%, 65.22%, 80.43%, 76.09%, 80.43%, 73.91%, 63.04%, 69.57%, 71.74%, 65.22%, 70.65%, and 66.30%, respectively. It was significantly higher than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group (P < .05). The score of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was (8.08 ± 1.03) in the exclusive breastfeeding group, which was significantly lower than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group (P < .001), while the score of Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) was (67.32 ± 9.92), which was significantly higher than that in the non-exclusive breastfeeding one(P < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, education level, nipple depression or flat, breast tenderness, postpartum depression, breast milk volume, health education training during pregnancy, husband support for breastfeeding, PSSS score, infant diarrhea, lactose intolerance, and delectation were the influencing factors of exclusive breastfeeding (P < .001). Our findings suggest that various factors were associated with a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding in twin births, such as age, educational level, and social support. Corresponding measures should be formulated for intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding.

Depression status and functional outcome of patients with ischemic stroke and the impact on caregivers living in Chengdu: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate the associations between risk factors and depression symptoms in ischemic stroke (IS) survivors and the effect of IS survivors' depression status and functional outcomes on caregiver burden in Chengdu, China. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited a convenience sample of patients with IS and paired caregivers living in Chengdu from February 2022 to May 2022. Depression symptoms were assessed using the 17-item Chinese Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the social support of patients was assessed using the perceived social support scale (PSSS), caregiver burden was assessed using the Zarit burden interview (ZBI). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data between risk factors and depression symptoms, and multiple linear regression models were constructed to examine the depression symptoms and functional outcomes of stroke survivors, and caregiver burden. In total, 966 IS survivors and paired caregivers were included in this study. Among IS survivors, 35.51% (343/966) experienced depression. Age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.04; p = 0.036], the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.47-1.68; p < 0.001), and PSSS score (aOR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.89; p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of depression. The NIHSS score (b = 2.57, p < 0.001), patients' depression status (b = 2.54, p < 0.001), duration of care (b = 0.359, p = 0.006), and social support of caregivers (b = -0.894, p = 0.038) were significantly associated with the ZBI score. The PSSS score was a major risk factor for the development of depression in IS survivors, and patients' depression status and severe functional deficits had a negative impact on the ZBI score of the main caregivers. Social support can reduce the ZBI score.

Effectiveness of smart health-based rehabilitation on patients with poststroke dysphagia: A brief research report.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of smart health-based rehabilitation on patients with poststroke dysphagia (PSD). We recruited 60 PSD patients and randomly allocated them to the intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The former received the smart health-based rehabilitation for 12 weeks, whereas the latter received routine rehabilitation. Water swallow test (WST), standardized swallowing assessment (SSA), swallow quality-of-life questionnaire (SWAL-QOL), stroke self-efficacy questionnaire (SSEQ), perceived social support scale (PSSS) and nutritional measurements including body weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), total protein (TP), serum albumin (ALB) and serum prealbumin (PA) in both groups were measured. When the baseline WST, SSA, SWAL-QOL, SSEQ, PSSS and nutritional measurements were examined, there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (P > 0.05). After rehabilitation interventions, the WST and SSA scores in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The SWAL-QOL, SSEQ and PSSS scores in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed an increase in the serum levels of PA (P < 0.01). However, no statistically significant difference existed between the intervention group and the control group in terms of body weight, TSF, TP or ALB (P > 0.05). Overall, our data revealed that smart health-based rehabilitation is significantly beneficial to the swallowing function, quality of life, self-efficacy, and social support for PSD patients when compared with routine rehabilitation. However, nutritional measurements were not significantly improved in such patients under the smart health-based rehabilitation when compared the routine rehabilitation. In the future, it is necessary to extend the intervention time to further evaluate the long-term efficacy of smart health-based rehabilitation on nutritional measurements of PSD patients.

Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Resilience in Patients with Recurrent Schizophrenia in China.

PurposeTo explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between perceived social support and resilience in patients with recurrent schizophrenia in China.Patients and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 176 patients with recurrent schizophrenia who were hospitalized in a tertiary hospital in Hunan Province, China, completed a general data questionnaire, the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and the General Self-Efficacy Energy Scale (GSES).ResultsAmong the 176 patients, the mean GSES score was 2.02±0.61, the mean PSSS score was 56.77±14.61, and the mean CD-RISC score was 58.06±17.26. Self-efficacy played a partial mediating role between social support and resilience, and the mediating effect accounted for 42.56% of the total effect.ConclusionThe resilience level of patients with recurrent schizophrenia in China is moderate and needs to be improved. This research revealed that self-efficacy played a part in mediating perceived social support and resilience in patients with recurrent schizophrenia in China. Perceived social support can indirectly affect resilience in patients with recurrent schizophrenia through self-efficacy. Comprehensive interventions in perceived social support and self-efficacy would help to improve the resilience of patients with recurrent schizophrenia.

Effect of Psychological-Behavioral Intervention on the Depression and Anxiety of COVID-19 Patients.

The COVID-19 epidemic has caused increasing public panic and mental health stress. In this study, we explore the prevalence and factors linked to anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A total of 144 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 underwent depression and anxiety assessment by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Social support level was also evaluated by the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) at admission. Results showed that gender, age, oxygen saturation, and social support were associated with anxiety for COVID-19 patients. In addition, age, family infection with SARS-CoV-2, and social support were the risk factors associated with depression. Moreover, we designed a psychological–behavioral intervention (PBI) program that included psychological support and breathing exercises, and explored its effects on patients with COVID-19. Of the 144 participants, 26 patients with both anxiety and depression symptoms (cutoff score of ≥8 on HADS-A and HADS-D) were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group at a 1:1 ratio. After 10-day treatment, the HADS scores of depression and anxiety were significantly reduced in the intervention group, and PSSS scores were also significantly improved. However, no significant differences in HADS and PSSS scores between pre- and post-treatment were found in the control group. Our findings indicate that mental concern and appropriate intervention are essential parts of clinical care for COVID-19 patients.

Current situation and influencing factors of compassion fatigue in ICU nurses

Objective To investigate current situation of compassion fatigue of ICU nurses and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods By convenient sampling, a self-designed general information questionnaire, Chinese version of the Compassion Fatigue Short Scale (C-CFSS) , Ego-Resilience Scale (ERS) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) were used to investigate 194 ICU nurses in a ClassⅢ Grade A hospital in Yantai from May 2019 to June 2019. The t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results The total C-CFSS score of ICU nurses is (58.85±36.2) . ICU nurses had a moderate compassion fatigue level. The ICU nurse's ERS score was (39.96±7.65) , the PSSS score was (61.15±14.65) . The univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in C-CFSS scores among nurses of different ages, department beds, final education, self-perceived health status, monthly income, parenting (P<0.05) ; Correlation analysis showed that ICU nurse ERS score was negatively correlated with C-CFSS score (r=-0.200, P<0.01) ; PSSS score was negatively correlated with C-CFSS score (r=-0.278, P<0.01) . The results of multivariate analysis showed that age, the number of beds in the department, final education, self-perceived health status, and understanding of social support were the main influencing factors of compassion fatigue among ICU nurses, which together explained 30.1% of the total variation of compassion fatigue (F=9.673, P<0.01) . Conclusions The overall degree of compassion fatigue of ICU nurses is moderate. As nursing managers, they should pay attention to ICU nurses with different characteristics such as age, educational background and health status, carry out lectures and training on compassion fatigue, increase the social support of ICU nurses and formulate corresponding preventive intervention measures, so as to reduce the occurrence of compassion fatigue. Key words: Intensive care unit; Nurses; Compassion fatigue; Ego-resilience; Social support

Sleep Quality and Psychosocial Factors in Liver Transplant Recipients at an Outpatient Follow-Up Clinic in China.

BackgroundSleep disturbance is a common problem in liver transplant recipients, but few studies have confirmed the psychosocial factors associated with sleep quality in patients after liver transplantation. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors related to sleep quality among liver transplant patients during outpatient follow-up.Material/MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in 124 liver transplant patients during outpatient follow-up. All participants completed a general demographic questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the perceived social support scale (PSSS).ResultsThe mean global PSQI score was 6.57 (SD, 4.28), which was significantly higher than the mean score for people with normal sleep quality; 50 (40.3%) recipients were classified as having poor sleep quality (PSQI >7). Among the self-reported sleep problems, 62 (50.0%) participants reported that they had to go to the bathroom at night, 58 (43.5%) woke up in the middle of the night or early morning, 84 (67.7%) reported depression symptoms, and 116 (93.5%) had low-level social support. The global PSQI score was positively correlated with anxiety and depression scores, while the global PSSS score was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression scores (p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the length of the post-liver transplant period, the type of residence, BMI, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms were important factors affecting sleep quality among liver transplant patients (p<0.05).ConclusionsOur findings showed high prevalence and incidence of poor sleep quality in liver transplant recipients in outpatient follow-up, with significant correlations with anxiety, depression, and social support, and it was affected by multiple factors. This indicates a need for further research on the follow-up results of sleep and the benefits of comprehensive interventions involving psychosocial factors in liver transplant recipients in China.

Status quo of self-disclosure in patients with stroke and its influencing factors

Objective To explore the status quo of self-disclosure in patients with stroke and analyze its influencing factors. Methods In this cross-sectional study, totally 248 patients with stroke admitted in Neurological Wards of a ClassⅢ Grade A hospital in Zhengzhou between February and August 2019 were selected as subjects by convenient sampling, and investigated with the demographic questionnaire, Distress Disclosure Index (DDI) , Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness (SSCI) , Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) . Results The SSCI score of the stroke patients was (35.56±6.26) , including 17.74% (44/248) at low levels, 74.60% (185/248) at medium levels, and 7.66% (19/248) at high levels. The total SSCI score of the stroke patients was (55.95±10.80) ; the SDS score was (56.98±9.31) ; and the PSSS score was (54.10±10.83) . Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that educational level, monthly household income per capita, stigma of chronic diseases, depression and social support were the influencing factors of self-disclosure in patients with stroke (P<0.05) , which could account for 36.6% of the total variation of self-disclosure. Conclusions The self-disclosure of stroke patients stands at a medium level and needs to be improved. Medical workers should take effective interventions to improve the self-disclosure of stroke patients and promote their physical and mental health. Key words: Cross-sectional study; Stroke; Depression; Self-disclosure; Stigma; Social support

Changes in social support among patients with hematological malignancy undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Souzhou, China.

Evidence regarding social support in patients is mostly from cross-sectional studies. Very few studies have focused on the change in social support systems before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A total of 191 patients were investigated before transplantation and at 30, 90 and 180 days post-transplantation. The social support for patients was evaluated by the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The overall PSSS scores showed a continuous decline in means from 71.29 ± 9.73 before the transplantation to 69.44 ± 10.61, 68.73 ± 10.04, and 66.37 ± 12.02 at 30, 90 and 180 days post-transplantation, respectively. In comparison to the baseline, the overall PSSS scores decreased significantly at 90 and 180 days post-transplantation (P < .05). The Generalized Estimated Equation (GEE) analysis found that patients with no transplant-related complications, higher household income, and better educational status had preferable social support. Social support presented a marked downward trend during the six month period. Patients with no transplant-related complications, higher household income and better educational status had preferable social support. Therefore, social support as a high-priority quality of life should be given close attention in the early phase of transplantation. Positive measures should be taken to improve social support in the early phase of transplantation especially among individuals undergoing this procedure for the first time.

Pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women with central placenta previa in second and third trimesters and its influencing factors

Objective To explore the pregnancy-related anxiety of pregnant women with central placenta previa in second and third trimester and its influencing factors and to provide an effective reference for clinical prevention and intervention. Methods Totally 206 pregnant women with central placenta previa who attended production inspection in Xinyang Central Hospital from January 2015 to January 2018 were selected. Pregnancy-specific Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ) was used to evaluate their anxiety, and the pregnant women were divided into the anxiety group and the non-anxiety group based on their anxiety. Their satisfaction with household income, marriage, household status, image during pregnancy and their pregnancy plan, pregnancy preparation and childrearing preparation were investigated using the scale designed by our hospital; their social relations and self-efficacy were explored by Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) respectively. Results A total of 130 pregnant women showed anxiety, while 76 pregnant women showed no anxiety. There was no statistical difference in gestational week, age, educational background, pregnancy plan, pregnancy preparation, childrearing preparation and the satisfaction with image during pregnancy between the anxiety group and the non-anxiety group (P>0.05) . The anxious pregnant women showed lower satisfaction with household income, marriage, household status, physical health during pregnancy, PSSS and GSES scores than the non-anxious pregnant women (P<0.05) . The incidence rate of severe pregnancy reaction was higher in the anxious pregnant women than in the non-anxious pregnant women (P<0.01) . Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the satisfaction with household income and marriage are the protective factors while severe pregnancy reaction, low score of PSSS and GSES were the risk factors for anxiety in the pregnant women (P<0.05) . Conclusions Anxiety is prevailing in pregnant women with central placenta previa. Personalized interventions should be developed based on the protective and risk factors for anxiety and their actual situations to effectively ameliorate their mental anxiety in clinical practice. Key words: Pregnant women; Placenta previa; Anxiety; Second and third trimsters; Influencing factors

The effects of social psychosocial intervention on mental state, self-esteem and re-drinking rate of patients with alcohol-induced mental disorders

Objective To study the effects of social psychological intervention on mental status, self-esteem and re-drinking rate of patients with alcohol-induced mental disorders(MD). Methods A total of 90 cases of alcohol induced MD patients in this hospital from October 2013 to March 2016 were selected as the research objects.The patients were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, 45 cases of each group.The two groups were treated with antipsychotic drugs and routine nursing.The observation group was combined with social psychological intervention on the basis of the above.After 8 weeks' nursing intervention, before and after intervention, the difference with the brief psychiatric rating scale(BPRS), the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), social function rating scale for hospitalized psychiatric patients(SSPI), self-rating depression scale(SDS) and nurses observation scale for inpatient psychiatric patients(NOSIE-30), self-esteem scale(SES), perceived social support scale(PSSS)were evaluated.The abstinence effect and relapse rate of the two groups within 1 year after discharge were observed. Results Before intervention, there were no significant differences in BPRS, SSPI, NOSIE-30, SAS, SDS, SES and PSSS scores between the two groups(P>0.05). After 8 weeks' intervention, the total scores of BPRS, SAS and SDS of the observation group were decreased, and the total scores of SSPI, NOSIE-30, SES and PSSS were increased, and all the patients were significantly better than those of the control group.The differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05). The effect of abstinence in the observation group after 1 year was better than that of the control group, and the relapse rate was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Social psychological intervention can improve the social support level of alcohol induced MD patients, relieve the negative emotion, improve the abstinence effect, enhance self-esteem and reduce the re-drinking rate.It is worthy of clinical promotion. Key words: Social psychological intervention; Mental disorder; Self-esteem; Re-drinking rate

Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Attitudes Towards Menopause among Women and Affecting Factors

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate affecting factors on perceived social support and attitudes towards menopause and the relationship between perceived social support and attitudes towards menopause of Turkish women. Methods: The study was planned as a descriptive and cross-sectional design. The data were collected with questionnaire form, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Attitudes towards Menopause Scale. Results: A majority of women (66.7%) had a negative attitude towards menopause. Strong perceived social support positively affects women’s attitudes towards menopause. Woman who have higher education level, being age 50 and under, working, being single, having normal BMI, and being in a nuclear family had more positive attitude towards menopause. Other factors were a husband who is a civil servant and with higher education, having a higher income perception and positive health perception, living in a province, physical exercise, being premenopausal, being informed about menopause. The perceived social support scale scores were higher than for other women in the following categories: age 50 and under, higher education level, working, higher income perception, single, living in a province, physical exercise, and positive health perception. Conclusion: In conclusion, the majority of women had negative attitudes toward menopause and perceived social support during menopause was at low levels. The perceived social support and attitude towards menopause correlated. Informational programs need to be focused on developing positive attitudes in both women and men to help couples and strengthening women’s social support and preparation during menopause.

Correlation between social support and quality of life in patients with breast cancer at different periods of treatment

Objective: To analyze the differences between the social support for breast cancer patients and healthy female, and to explore the correlation between social support and quality of life (QOL) in the patients. Methods: From January 2013 to December 2014, 101 patients with operable breast cancer treated at Xinyu City People's Hospital were recruited as the experimental group. They completed questionnaires in the preoperative, postoperative chemoradiotherapy and rehabilitation periods, respectively.101 healthy female volunteers recruited from the community were included as control group, whose age and level of education were matched with those of the experimental group.The general questionnaire including basic information, disease conditions and other projects, perceived social support scale (PSSS), quality of life of breast cancer patients (FACT-B) were applied to evaluate the general situation, social support and QOL of the subjects. The differences in PSSS scores between the experimental and control groups were compared. The correlation between PSSS score and FACT-B score in the experimental group was analyzed. SPSS 18.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The general situations of the experimental and control groups were comparable (all P>0.05). The rates of the total social support score ≥50 in the experimental and control groups were not significantly different (93.6% vs. 94.7%, P=0.067). Compared with that of the control group (23.2±4.8), the scores of family support in the experimental group in preoperative, postoperative chemoradiotherapy and rehabilitation periods were statistically higher (25.6±3.2, 24.2±4.2 and 24.0±3.4, respectively, P=0.034). The social support scores of patients with different demographic characteristics were different. Among the demographic characteristics, years of education and place of residence had the largest impact. The scores of social support in patients with longer education years and living in the urban area were higher than those with shorter education years and living in the rural areas (P<0.001). The scores of QOL among preoperative, postoperative chemoradiotherapy and rehabilitation periods in the experimental group were significantly different (all P<0.05). The patients gained the highest score of QOL in the preoperative period (110.7±5.1) and the lowest in the postoperative chemoradiotherapy period (95.3±18.1). The QOL of patients in the experimental group in preoperative, postoperative chemoradiotherapy and rehabilitation periods were all positively correlated with the overall social support (all P<0.01). Conclusions: The QOL of breast cancer patients at different periods of treatment is positively correlated with the social support. The quality of life can be enhanced by improving the social support for the patients.

Effects of psychological nursing process on the quality of life and its related factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the effects of psychological nursing process on the quality of life and its related factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods Ninety maintenance hemodialysis patients from September 2013 to September 2014 were selected as research object,and they were divided into control group 45 cases and observation group 45 cases by random digits table method. The patients in control group received routine psychological intervention,while the patients in observation group received psychological intervention with nursing process. The two groups were evaluated and compared with Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire score (SF-36), Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease(SEMCD) and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS) before and after the intervention at 6th and 12th month.The score changes of each scale were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance. Results The number of patients that had completed the whole intervention process was 42 in control group and 44 in observation group.The SF-36 scores of two groups were all increased gradually with the extension of intervention time (time effect, all P<0.01), but compared with control group, observation group had a trend towards better SF-36 score except for the dimension of physical functioning(interactive effect, all P<0.01). In all dimensions of SF-36, the scores of physical role,general health,vitality and social function in observation group as a whole were higher than those in control group (group effect, all P<0.05). Similarly, the SEMCD and PSSS scores of two groups were all increased gradually with the extension of intervention time (time effect, all P<0.01), but the increasing trend of observation group was more obvious than control group (interactive effect, all P<0.01). Conclusions The application of psychological nursing process can effectively improve the life quality of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and have a satisfied long-term effect,which may be related to the continuous improvement of psychological nursing process on the self-efficacy and perceived social support of the patients. Key words: Renal dialysis; Quality of life; Social support; Nursing process; Self-efficacy

The correlation between gray matter volume and perceived social support: A voxel-based morphometry study

Social support refers to interpersonal exchanges that include the combinations of aid, affirmation and affection. Perceived social support is a kind of subjective judgment of one’s availability of social support. In spite of the importance of perceived social support to health, however, its neural substrate remains unknown. To address this question, voxel-based morphometry was employed to investigate the neural bases of individual differences in responses to the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) in healthy volunteers (144 men and 203 women; mean age = 19.9; SD = 1.33, age range : 17–27). As a result, multiple regression analysis revealed that the PSSS scores were significantly and positively correlated with gray matter volume in a cluster that mainly included areas in posterior parts of posterior cingulate cortex, bilateral lingual cortex, left occipital lobe and cuneus. Highly-supported individuals had larger gray matter volume in these brain regions, implying a relatively high level of ability to engage in self-referential processes and social cognition. Our results provide a biological basis for exploring perceived social support particularly in relationship to various health parameters and outcomes.

Mental health and mental intervention effect among Wenchuan earthquake survivors transferred to Chongqing

Objective To provide scientific basis for developing mental interventions for the wounded in major disasters by assessing the mental health status and the mental intervention effect among the Wenchuan earthquake survivors transferred to Chongqing.Methods A total of 389 transferred wounded survivors were examined by using questionnaires including general information questionnaire,Psychological Health Self-rating Questionnaire (PHSQ),Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90),Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ).According to PHSQ,the wounded were divided into control group and stress group.Then,the stress group was given mental intervention and taken the second mental evaluation one month later.Results Acute stress disorder (ASD) rate (30.08％) was remarkably observed in these transferred wounded,who were subsequently administered a set of mental intervention.The wounded whose PHSQ mark ≥8 were defined as the stress group (Group A) and the others as the control group ( Group B).Compared with Group B,Group A had higher scores in depression ( P ＜ 0.01 ),anxiety ( P ＜ 0.01 ) and consternation ( P ＜ 0.01 ),and lower scores in PSSS (P ＜0.01 ).Group A inclined to negative coping styles mainly including shrink back (P ＜ 0.01 ) and fantasy (P ＜0.01 ),while Group B inclined to coping styles mainly including rationalization and help.The PSSS score in Group A was significant lower than that in Group B (P ＜ 0.01 ).The scores in PHSQ,SCL-90 (anxiety and consternation),CSQ and PSSS were significantly improved after the mental intervention in Group A.Conclusions The incidence of ASD is high in the transferred wounded survivors and is mainly related with mental stress,such as emotional symptoms,negative coping styles and low perception of social support.Early mental interventions will help improve the psychological status of the transferred wounded. Key words: Natural disasters; Psychotyerapy; Stress, psychological; Wenchuan earthequake

A survey of pain and its influential factors in patients after operation of hepatobiliary surgery

Objective To investigate the pain level and its influential factors in patients after operation of hepatobiliary surgery. Methods 120 patients were evaluated with the demographic data, State Trait Anxiety Inventory Form (STAI) , Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) , Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Results The highest pain level was within 2h in patients after the operation,then decreased gradually,but its still in the moderate level until 72h after the operation;the pain scores of the PCIA group were lower than the control group ( 2h, 12h after the operation) (P ＜ 0.05, (P ＜ 0. 01 ). The preoperative state anxiety (S-AI) scores were higher than the norm (P＜0. 01 ). The psychoticism Personality characteristics influents the postoperative pain ( 12h,24h after the operation); there were positively correlations between P and VAS (12h, 1week after the operation). The analgesia methods influent the postoperative pain(2h,48h after the operation). The S-AI influents the postoperative pain (2h-48h after the operation) ,there were positively correlations between S-AI and VAS (2 ～ 72h after the operation). The social support influents the postoperative pain (48h after the operation); there were negatively correlations between PSSS score and VAS (48h ,72h and 1 week after the operation). The age and occupation of the patients influent the postoperative pain. Conclusion There was serious pain in patients after operation of hepatobiliary. The preoperative S-AI ,the psychoticism personality characteristics, analgesic modalities, social support, age, occupation of patients are influential factors of pain in patients after abdominal operation. Key words: Hepatobiliary surgery; Postoperative pain; Influential factors

Coping styles in heart failure patients with depressive symptoms

Objective Elevated depressive symptoms have been linked to poorer prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. Our objective was to identify coping styles associated with depressive symptoms in HF patients. Methods A total of 222 stable HF patients (32.75% female, 45.4% non-Hispanic black) completed multiple questionnaires. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessed depressive symptoms, Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) assessed optimism, ENRICHD Social Support Inventory (ESSI) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) assessed social support, and COPE assessed coping styles. Linear regression analyses were employed to assess the association of coping styles with continuous BDI scores. Logistic regression analyses were performed using BDI scores dichotomized into BDI<10 vs. BDI≥10, to identify coping styles accompanying clinically significant depressive symptoms. Results In linear regression models, higher BDI scores were associated with lower scores on the acceptance ( β=−.14), humor ( β=−.15), planning ( β=−.15), and emotional support ( β=−.14) subscales of the COPE, and higher scores on the behavioral disengagement ( β=.41), denial ( β=.33), venting ( β=.25), and mental disengagement ( β=.22) subscales. Higher PSSS and ESSI scores were associated with lower BDI scores ( β=−.32 and −.25, respectively). Higher LOT-R scores were associated with higher BDI scores ( β=.39, P<.001). In logistical regression models, BDI≥10 was associated with greater likelihood of behavioral disengagement (OR=1.3), denial (OR=1.2), mental disengagement (OR=1.3), venting (OR=1.2), and pessimism (OR=1.2), and lower perceived social support measured by PSSS (OR=.92) and ESSI (OR=.92). Conclusion Depressive symptoms in HF patients are associated with avoidant coping, lower perceived social support, and pessimism. Results raise the possibility that interventions designed to improve coping may reduce depressive symptoms.

Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction.

We previously reported that depression after myocardial infarction (MI) increases the long-term risk of cardiac mortality. Other research suggests that social support may also influence prognosis. This article examines the interrelationships between baseline depression and social support in terms of cardiac prognosis and changes in depression symptoms over the first post-MI year. For this study, 887 patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) at about 7 days after MI. Some 32% had BDIs > or =10, indicating mild to moderate depression. One-year survival status was determined for all patients. Follow-up interviews, including the BDI, were conducted with 89% of survivors. There were 39 deaths (35 cardiac). Elevated BDI scores were related to cardiac mortality (P=0.0006), but PSSS scores and other measures of social support were not. There was a significant interaction between depression and the PSSS (P=0. 016). The relationship between depression and cardiac mortality decreased with increasing support. Furthermore, residual change score analysis revealed that among 1-year survivors who had been depressed at baseline, higher baseline social support was related to more improvement in depression symptoms than expected. Post-MI depression is a predictor of 1-year cardiac mortality, but social support is not directly related to survival. However, very high levels of support appear to buffer the impact of depression on mortality. Furthermore, high levels of support predict improvements in depression symptoms over the first post-MI year in depressed patients. High levels of support may protect patients from the negative prognostic consequences of depression because of improvements in depression symptoms.