Perceived Risk Factors Research Articles

A system dynamics model based on ISM for risk perception in emergency by employees in chemical industrial parks

Risk perception is one of the factors that guide human behavior in the workplace. In accident prevention and emergency response, the risk perception of employees affects the safety behaviour and efficiency of emergency disposal. Besides, risk perception is a complicated process restricted by many influencing factors. The study aims to identify the most important factors affecting risk perception. This study had three phases. In the first, factors affecting the risk perception were extracted based on the questionnaire survey and the expert scoring. Then, the Interpretive Structure Model (ISM) was used to stratify the 14 influencing factors of risk perception and obtain a hierarchical structure chart. Finally, by analyzing the influence paths in the ISM, the system dynamics feedback loop diagram was constructed. The model took the state variable “risk perception→ risk response→ risk identification→ risk communication→ risk perception” as the main circular loop, and was supplemented and perfected by multiple feeder loop circuits. Research indicates risk experience is the most fundamental factor affecting risk perception. In the aspect of sensitivity analysis, the study shows that the risk perception of employees is related to the distance of the risk source. Its effectiveness in quantifying qualitative data, identifying influential factors, and establishing cause-effect relationships make it a valuable tool for enhancing risk perception in chemical industry park.

Environmental, Social and Governance Awareness and Organisational Risk Perception Amongst Accountants

The relationships between accountants’ environmental, social and governance (ESG) awareness and their perceptions of organisational risk are examined in this study. The emphasis is on the operational, strategic, financial and compliance risks of business organisations. A total of 462 accountants in Hong Kong were included via stratified random sampling and snowball sampling to ensure population diversity. A stratified random approach was used to include factors such as age, gender, income and experience, and snowball sampling amongst professional networks was used to ensure representativeness. A significant positive relationship exists between ESG awareness and risk perception, with environmental and governance factors emerging as the strongest predictors. Accountants with deep ESG awareness, especially in the aforementioned areas, can successfully identify and manage nontraditional risks such as regulatory changes and environmental threats. The findings highlight the need for institutionalising ESG-focused education in accounting and corporate governance to improve risk management capabilities. Increased ESG awareness can ensure responsible and sustainable business behaviour. Future research can expand the sample of accountants to executives and use longitudinal designs to capture the dynamic nature of ESG awareness and risk perception.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENENTU MUSLIM MILENIAL BERINSVESTASI DI TABUNGAN EMAS SYARIAH

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the interest of millennial Muslims to invest in sharia gold savings in Malang City. The population in this study were those who were included in the millennial generation with a birth range of 1980 to 2000 in Malang City. The sampling technique used the accidental sampling method with a total of 100 respondents. The data source in this study was primary data. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires via Google Form. The data analysis technique, namely SEM or Structural Equation Model modeling, was used as a research data processing technique with the help of the SmartPLS 4.0 test tool. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the knowledge factor has a significant effect on the interest in investing in sharia gold savings, (2) the security factor does not have a significant effect on the interest in investing in sharia gold savings (3) the investment risk perception factor has a significant effect on the interest in investing in sharia gold savings.

The effect of perceived risks and overall risk perception on international tourists’ behavioural intention: Insights from Bali

This research aims to investigate the effect of international tourists’ perceived risk factors on ( n = 257) overall risk perceptions and consequently on their behavioural intention (i.e. intention to revisit, to recommend destination and repeat same activities) from the lens of prospect theory. An online survey was circulated to the onsite international tourists who were visiting Bali. We found that human-induced and financial risk have significant effect on overall risk perception, while overall risk perception mediates the relationship between human-induced risk and behavioural intention. Financial risk has significant negative effect on behavioural intention, however, human-induced risk interestingly has significant positive effect on behavioural intention. While international tourists were concerned about the environmental issues in Bali, it does not affect their intention to revisit Bali. This study extends prospect theory in tourism literature and attempt to provide insights for destination marketers to mitigate and manage growing risk perceptions associated with international tourists’ behavioural intention.

Health literacy of community leaders in the prevention and control of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study

Community leaders in Thailand play an important role in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, risk perception and adequate health literacy among these leaders influence the population. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationships among health literacy, risk perception factors, and the implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control. A self-administered structured questionnaire was administered to 1,338 community leaders in northeast Thailand to assess the level of implementation of COVID-19 prevention and control measures. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify the influence of risk perceptions and health literacy on the prevention and control of COVID-19. Approximately 64% of the sample was male, and the participants had an average age of 50.51 ± 8.47 years. The factors associated with moderate and high levels of COVID-19 prevention and control among community leaders were moderate and high levels of perceived susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 3.01; 95% CI: 2.13–4.25; p-value < 0.001) and perceived severity (ORadj = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.22–2.45; p-value = 0.023) as well as adequate access (ORadj = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.08–2.25; p-value < 0.001) and adequate understanding (ORadj = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.34–3.93; p-value < 0.001), with a level of statistical significance of 0.05. The incorporation of health literacy and risk perception, especially in dimensions such as access, understanding, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity, is essential for leaders to possess strong skills in community health development, particularly during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

ANALISIS KEMUDAHAN PENGGUNAAN DAN PERSEPSI RISIKO TERHADAP MINAT MENGGUNAKAN SHOPEE PAYLATER (STUDI KASUS PADA MAHASISWA POLITEKNIK NEGERI BALI)

In today's digital era, technology has advanced rapidly, enabling people to use their phones for various purposes easily, quickly, and instantly. E-commerce has grown rapidly in Indonesia, with Shopee being a leading platform. Shopee PayLater (SPayLater) allows users to make purchases with payment deferred to a later date. This study aims to analyze the factors of user-friendliness and risk perception influencing the interest of Bali State Polytechnic students in using SPayLater. Based on a survey conducted, SPayLater is very popular among students due to its convenience and various promotions offered. However, risk perceptions such as concerns about personal data and financial risks also influence user decisions. This research is quantitative, using data collected from 100 respondents who met the criteria through questionnaires. The method employed is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The results show that userfriendliness and risk perception have a positive and significant impact on the interest in using SPayLater. High user-friendliness increases consumer interest, while risk perception does not reduce it. Both variables simultaneously influence consumer interest in using SPayLater. This study is expected to contribute to both companies and users.

Analysis of influencing factors of risk perception among emergency nurses in China: An observational study.

To understand the current saturation of emergency nurses' risk perception and its influencing factors, and to explore the correlation between emergency nurses' risk perception and nurse's safety behavior. This study is a cross-sectional study. From January 2024 to February 2024 using the questionnaire star online survey method. The convenience sampling method was used to survey nurses in the emergency departments of 5 hospitals in China. Male and female emergency nurses (n = 189) from China were included in the final sample. Nursing risk perception questionnaire and nurses safety behavior scale were used for evaluation. The collected data were comprehensively analyzed using various statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, 2 independent samples t-test mean comparison, 1-way analysis of variance for differences, multiple linear regression analysis to identify influencing factors, and Pearson correlation analyze correlations. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant (2-sided). The emergency nurses score was (87.08 ± 20.18) on the risk perception scale, scoring rate 62.2%. The results of multiple regression showed that age, marital status, education level, professional title, monthly income level, and safety behaviors were the main factors influencing the risk perception of emergency nurses (P < .05). The results of correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the dimensions of nurses' risk perception and safety behaviors (R = 0.636, P < .01). Age, marriage, education level, years of work experience, professional title, duties. engagement type, monthly income level, participation in teaching work, safety training, and no adverse events were the influencing factors of risk perception. The research results emphasize that risk perception of emergency nurses has a positive prediction effect on safe behavior. It is suggested that nursing managers should optimize nursing workflow and human resource allocation, strategically add occupational risk training to vocational training, and strengthen nurses' safety behaviors.

Is it possible to manage energy politics? Exploring the direct and indirect effects of political factors on the acceptance of solar energy

Is an energy transition a rational choice? To answer this research question, this study analyzed the direct and indirect effects of political ideology and partisan support on the acceptance of solar energy by applying regression analysis and the moderation effect. The risk perception factor, energy factor, and political factor were set as the independent variables. The results showed that non-political variables such as perceived risk, perceived benefit, negative emotion, knowledge, trust, and energy insecurity influenced the acceptance of solar energy more than political variables. Negative emotion had the strongest negative effect on the acceptance. Second, support for the Moon jae-in government as a partisanship variable was associated with the acceptance of the solar energy. However, ideology had no effect on the acceptance. Third, support for the Moon Jae-in government had a positive direct effect on the acceptance and indirectly influenced it by ways of perceived benefits, trust, and negative emotion, which are key influencers of acceptance of solar energy. Progressive political ideology had no direct effect on acceptance, but indirectly suppressed the effect of negative emotion on solar energy acceptance. This study shows that partisanship, in terms of presidential support, has both direct and indirect effects on solar energy acceptance, whereas ideology has indirect effects. Given the important role of political variables, future research should focus more on various political variables, such as political leadership, preference for green politics, climate politics, and the polarization of political support as independent variables.

How vulnerable are people to victimisation of County Lines drug dealing?

The current study examined how willing a non-probability sample of adults were to engage in hypothetical activities typical of County Lines, and whether involvement could be predicted by perceived risk factors. Of the 101 participants; 48% were willing to engage in activities that could lead to cuckooing, 63% to a coffee meet up, 50% to transferring money, 32% would accept free drugs, 56% would pay off a friend’s debt, whereas only 1% were willing to engage in the control scenario (a phone scam). Actual occurrences of these scenarios were also documented and occurred in approximately 1% of the sample. Males and people with greater drug use scores were more likely to endorse engagement in a County Lines scenario involving drugs, whilst greater drug use scores were only associated with a lower risk of a County Lines scenario involving lending money to a friend. Our findings suggest that drug use may predict endorsement to engage in some County Lines scenarios. However, given a small non-probability sample was used in the current study, further development of methodologies to capture the likelihood to engage in County Lines activities are needed.

Factors that influence consumers’ inclination to acquire counterfeit luxury goods

This study investigates the influence of perceived value and perceived risk on consumer intentions to purchase counterfeit luxury goods, drawing upon an integrated theoretical framework encompassing perceived value theory, risk perception theory, and consumer behavior models. Through a quantitative research design involving a structured survey and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study examines the relationships among perceived value dimensions (functional, emotional, social, economic), perceived risk factors (financial, social, performance), consumer attitudes, and purchase intentions. The findings reveal that perceived value positively influences purchase intentions, with consumer attitudes acting as a critical mediating mechanism. Conversely, perceived risk negatively impacts purchase intentions, with this relationship also mediated by consumer attitudes. Furthermore, Bayesian Network analysis uncovers the indirect pathways through which perceived risk shapes purchase intentions via its influence on consumer attitudes. By integrating these theoretical frameworks and employing advanced analytical techniques, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex decision-making processes underlying counterfeit luxury goods consumption. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, luxury brand managers, and consumer protection agencies in devising targeted strategies to address consumer perceptions of value and risk, ultimately mitigating the proliferation of counterfeit luxury goods.

Consumer perception of risk towards new sustainable non-thermal food processing technologies: A cross-cultural study between Portugal, Germany, and the UK

Consumers are interested in sustainable and safe food with positive sensory attributes, either minimally processed or incorporating sustainable processes. However, the introduction of new food technologies may generate concern among consumers. This study aims to identify ways to decrease consumers' risk perception of new technologies: High pressure, Non-thermal Plasma, Pulsed Electric Field, and Ultrasound. This cross-cultural study was conducted in three contrasting countries: Portugal, Germany, and the United Kingdom, recruiting over 400 consumers per country. The survey presented twelve constructs based on the Ecological Framework, which was used to predict perceived risk. Factors affecting such perception varied both for technologies and countries, as shown by a multiple regression model. Food technology neophobia, perceived relative severity, and trust were common factors across all countries. This study demonstrates that developing and producing new products using non-thermal technologies should consider the country's consumers' risk perception factors.

Factors Affecting Consumers' Online Purchasing Attitudes Towards Ads Guided by Artificial Intelligence

The aim of this study is to try to explain the factors that are thought to affect consumers' attitudes towards online advertisements guided by artificial intelligence. In this context, by utilizing the TAM model, innovation value, trust and perceived risk variables were added to the research model developed to explain the attitudes of individuals towards online advertisements guided by artificial intelligence. Although it is observed that the trust and perceived risk factors added to the model do not have a significant effect on AI-directed ads, it is thought that the non-significance of the two proposed hypotheses may be due to the data set. Because the literature in which the research model was developed shows that the perceived risk factor has a negative effect on attitudes. In this current study, it was observed that perceived risk had a negative effect on attitudes (R²=-0.038, p≤ ,106) but the hypothesis test was not significant. Similarly, although it was observed that trust had a positive effect on attitudes (R²=0.050, p≤ ,117), the hypothesis test was not significant. On the other hand, perceived usefulness (R²=-0,407 p≤ ,05), perceived ease of use (R²=-0,507, p≤ ,05), perceived novelty (R²=-0,186, p≤ ,05) positively affect attitudes towards AI-directed advertisements.

Risk factors and service gaps affecting a sustainable work: a qualitative multi-stakeholder analysis in the context of persons with acquired brain injury living in Switzerland

IntroductionAlong with the social and economic challenges posed by an aging society, creating work conditions that allow persons to stay healthy and work into old age has become a major task of Western societies. Retaining employment after returning to work is particularly difficult for individuals with a disability, as evidenced by the high rate of premature labor market dropout. Individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) exemplify this challenge, as it often impairs cognitive, technical, and interpersonal abilities that are crucial in today’s labor market. To effectively support these individuals, vocational integration practitioners require comprehensive knowledge of risk factors for premature labor market dropout and effective strategies for sustainable work.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify perceived risk factors and related service gaps regarding sustainable work for people with ABI, as reported by affected individuals, employers, vocational integration professionals, and health professionals.MethodsSecondary data analysis. Data that was originally collected through seven focus groups and two interviews with persons with ABI, 15 interviews with employers, and 13 interviews with vocational integration and health professionals in the context of the project ‘Sustainable employment’ was re-analysed thematically.ResultsTwo major themes of risk factors were identified: (1) person-related factors (including the subthemes: post-ABI impairments; lack of understanding of post-ABI impairments; poor health management) and (2) environment-related factors (including the subthemes: challenges related to the service structure; insufficient knowledge and education about ABI; challenges at the workplace; difficulties in private life). While stakeholders noted the variety of the currently available services, they particularly pointed to the missing long-term monitoring and counseling services for persons with ABI following the initial return-to-work, reflecting a major challenge for sustainable work. An overarching gap related to the fragmentation of the service structure and the lack of case coordination along the working life.ConclusionsMultiple stakeholders emphasized the importance of empowering individuals, ensuring easy access to professional support, and providing a suitable work environment to address key risk factors and facilitate sustainable work for individuals with ABI. Continuous coaching, long-term monitoring and counseling following return-to-work, were identified as potential strategies to achieve these goals.

Exploring the impact of cultural diversity in global projects: A comparative analysis of virtual and face-to-face teamwork

In today’s interconnected global business landscape, the rise of international business and technological advancements has led to a proliferation of global virtual teams. This dynamic environment underscores the critical importance of understanding cultural diversity within such teams and its impact on performance. To effectively compete in this milieu, individuals must possess the requisite knowledge and skills to navigate diverse cultural backgrounds, both in virtual and face-to-face interactions. This paper delves into the profound significance of cultural diversity and its multifaceted implications within the context of virtual and face-to-face project team dynamics. To gain insights into global virtual teamwork dynamics regarding cultural diversity, a project involving 65 participants was designed. The project’s progression was closely monitored, and participants provided feedback in two stages, yielding a total of 130 feedback sheets for analysis. The research findings shed light on the nuanced dynamics of global virtual teamwork, highlighting cultural diversity as a perceived risk factor. However, these challenges can be effectively managed through the strategic deployment of project management tools. Conversely, in face-to-face settings, cultural diversity emerges as a potent catalyst for innovation and creativity, offering unique perspectives that enrich problem-solving processes. This study serves as a critical resource for educators, project managers, and stakeholders invested in optimizing cross-cultural interactions in both virtual and face-to-face environments. By leveraging insights gleaned from this research, practitioners can harness the power of cultural diversity to drive success in today’s globalized organizational landscape.

Investigating the Components of Perceived Risk Factors Affecting Mobile Payment Adoption

As smartphone ownership rapidly expands, mobile payment options are gaining popularity due to the portability and convenience they offer. This study examines attitudes towards adopting mobile payment, focusing on the component risk, which consists of multiple dimensions including performance, financial, time, psychological, and social risks. The study uses a quantitative approach, collecting data through a survey distributed to mobile payment users, with 361 respondents in the United States. The survey instrument includes measures of performance and psychological risk, as well as attitudes towards mobile payment acceptance. Data analysis using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24.0 reveals that both performance and psychological risk significantly negatively impact attitudes towards mobile payment acceptance, underscoring the importance of mobile payment service providers implementing effective risk management policies to improve users’ positive attitudes towards their platforms.

Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for predicting E-wallet Adoption among Higher Education Students in Malaysia

In today’s digitised world, e-wallets have been sprouting thick and fast in Malaysia as they contribute significantly to expediting onlinetransactions. The E-wallet system is not only a mechanism for businesses to acquire profit but is also one of the most secure paymentoptions for customers, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of e-wallets among higher education students remains unfavourable, eliciting only minimal response. This study aims to analyse higher education students’ adoption of e-wallets using a hybrid machine learning method, combining clustering and decision trees. This approach provides deep insights into user behaviour, improving prediction accuracy and enabling personalised strategies for enhanced user experiences. It profiles and classifies students based on demographics and traits such as age, year of study, gender, frequency of use, future use intention, lifestyle compatibility, perceived trust, risk perception, convenience, and security factors. The analysis reveals the segmentation of the dataset into four distinct clusters, each characterised by shared attributes. These clusters are subsequently labelled descriptively and incorporated into the dataset. The dataset, now enriched with cluster information, serves as the foundation for constructing a decision tree model. The outcome of the decision tree indicates that Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are hesitant towards e-payment. In contrast, Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 are more receptive despite security concerns, as e-wallets offer convenience despite lacking full trust, with security being a prominent concern amidst rising cyber threats. This study helps the Malaysian government and service providers promote cashless transactions and shape students’ financial independence based on their traits.

캠핑활동의 지각된 위험과 참여동기가 태도와 행동의도에 미치는 영향

Purpose - The camping market in China has demonstrated consistent growth in recent years, with a continued expansion observed. Particularly, following the COVID-19 pandemic, heightened concern for safety during leisure activities has become prevalent among individuals. This study aimed to ascertain the motivational factors driving Chinese individuals to engage in camping activities, and assess the influence of perceived risk on camper attitudes and behavioral intentions. Design/Methodology/Approach - Data analysis encompassed a sample of 258 sets collected from campers that visited three campsites situated in Qinhuangdao, China. Findings - The findings revealed that all perceived risk factors associated with camping activities significantly impacted individual attitudes. Furthermore, among the motivating factors for participation, aspects such as affinity for nature and escapism from daily routines were identified as influential in attitudes toward camping activities. The study confirmed a substantial relationship between the attitude toward camping activities and behavioral intentions. Research Implications - The outcomes underscore the necessity for camping operators to furnish campers with strategies to manage risks and educational initiatives encompassing safe camping practices and emergency protocols. Consequently, this study offers insights into the future trajectory of the camping industry, emphasizing the imperative of amalgamating safety measures with a rich natural experience.

Research on Risky Driving Behavior of Young Truck Drivers: Improved Theory of Planned Behavior Based on Risk Perception Factor

Research on Risky Driving Behavior of Young Truck Drivers: Improved Theory of Planned Behavior Based on Risk Perception Factor

Subjective perceived risk factors of exertional heat exhaustion-related symptoms in female collegiate athletes in Japan.

Associations of exertional heat exhaustion (EHE)-related symptoms with lifestyle habits and health factors specific to female athletes, ranked by relative risks from high to low, remain elusive. Addressing this issue would benefit athletes and coaches, ensuring safer practices during summer sports activities. To address this issue, we distributed paper-based questionnaires to seven universities in Japan, and 983 respondents completed our survey. The questionnaires covered various personal characteristics, lifestyle habits, perceived health factors, perceived athletic activity, and EHE-related symptoms. In this retrospective case-control study, we analyzed the relationships of EHE-related symptoms (objective variables) with lifestyle habits, health factors, and athletic activity conditions (explanatory variables) using the partial proportional odds model. The questionnaire responses revealed that perceived dehydration, sickness, loss of appetite, perceived accumulated fatigue, perceived mental stress, lack of ambient wind, and insufficient rest breaks were positively associated with EHE-related symptoms, with relative risks ranging from high to low. Using an air conditioner during sleep and having a sleep duration of ≥ 6h were associated with a reduced risk of EHE-related symptoms. The study results suggest that female athletes should be allowed to postpone exercise or reduce its intensity and volume based on their perceptions of dehydration, sickness, loss of appetite, accumulated fatigue, and mental stress in summer to prevent heat-related illnesses.

Occupation, risk culture, and risk perception: empirical evidence from China on COVID-19

Understanding the differences in risk perception among various groups is crucial for policy development, and the cultural theory of risk provides significant insights into these group variations. Utilising data from Mainland China during the COVID-19 pandemic, we constructed a structural model that encompasses occupational background, risk culture, and risk perception, examining the interplay between these elements. Our findings reveal that risk culture, as initially conceptualised by Mary Douglas, acts as a mediating factor between occupational roles and the differences in risk perception, offering a deeper understanding of how diverse risk perceptions are shaped across distinct demographic groups. This study underscores the importance of considering cultural factors in risk perception and provides valuable guidance for the development of targeted risk communication and intervention policies.