Perceived Locus Of Causality Scale Research Articles

The Role of Controlled Motivation in the Self-Esteem of Adolescent Students in Physical Education Classes.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationships between the satisfaction of psychological basic needs, physical education, academic controlling motivation, and self-esteem, and to propose a prediction model in line with the postulates from the hierarchical model found in the self-determination theory. The participants were 618 physical education students from primary and secondary school (317 girls and 301 boys) aged between 10 and 14 years old (M = 11.62; SD = 0.94). The questionnaires basic psychological needs in exercise measurement scale (BPNES), perceived locus of causality scale (PLOC), the academic motivation scale (EME), and physical self-perception profile (PSPP) were used to measure the studied variables. The results showed that autonomy and relatedness significantly and negatively predicted physical education controlling motivation, which predicted a positive and significant academic controlling motivation. This, in turn, negatively and significantly predicted self-esteem. It is concluded that it is essential to avoid controlling motivation to promote the development of a positive self-perception in students.

Complementing the Self-Determination Theory With the Need for Novelty: Motivation and Intention to Be Physically Active in Physical Education Students.

The theoretical framework of the self-determination theory establishes that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and more self-determined motivational forms are related to positive behavioral consequences and, therefore, may increase the intention to be physically active in Physical Education students. In this sense, the need for novelty has been proposed as a psychological need by recent scientific evidence, so it is necessary to prove its possible contribution to the prediction of young people’s behavior. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to test a model that analyzed the power of prediction of the satisfaction of the needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty as well as the motivation experienced in Physical Education on the intention to be physically active. A questionnaire was administered to 1665 Physical Education students with an average age of 12.43 years (SD = 1.87), of which 835 were boys and 830 were girls. An adaptation of the Spanish educational context of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) that includes the need for novelty, the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC), and the Intention to be Physically Active Scale (IPAS) was used. Path analysis results showed that the satisfaction of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty predicted autonomous motivation. On the other hand, the need for autonomy positively predicted controlled motivation, while the satisfaction of relatedness did so negatively. The need for competence and autonomous motivation positively predicted the intention to be physically active in Physical Education students, obtaining an explained variance of 33%. However, controlled motivation was not related in a statistically significant way to the intention to be physically active. In conclusion, the results of the hypothesized model highlight the importance of satisfying all the basic psychological needs (including novelty) and give special emphasis to the need for competence, since it predicts autonomous motivation and the intention to be physically active outside of the educational context.

Effects of Cooperative-Learning Interventions on Physical Education Students' Intrinsic Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim was to review the effects of cooperative learning interventions on intrinsic motivation in physical education students, as well as to conduct a meta-analysis to determinate the overall effect size of these interventions. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. The PEDro Scale was used to assess the risk of bias and the GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. A total of five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and they were included in the meta-analysis. Effect size for intrinsic motivation of each study was calculated using the means and standard deviations of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) before and after the intervention. The overall effect size for intrinsic motivation was 0.38 (95% CI from 0.17 to 0.60) while the heterogeneity was large. Although four of the five studies reported significant within-group improvements in intrinsic motivation, only three studies showed significant between-group differences in favor of the experimental group. The findings showed that program duration and participant age may be relevant factors that must be considered by educators and researchers to conduct future effective interventions. Cooperative learning interventions could be a useful teaching strategy to improve physical education students’ intrinsic motivation. However, given the large heterogeneity and the low quality of the evidence, these findings must be taken with caution.

Inteligencia emocional y motivación en educación física en secundaria (Emotional Intelligence and Motivation in Secondary Physical Education)

La motivación y la inteligencia emocional aparecen como dos importantes aspectos de la educación de los jóvenes, cuya relación en Educación Física ha sido poco estudiada. Bajo la teoría de la autodeterminación, el estudio analizó las relaciones existentes entre la inteligencia emocional (IE) y la motivación de los estudiantes en las clases de Educación Física (EF). Se utilizó una muestra de 170 estudiantes pertenecientes al primer ciclo de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (E.S.O) de un centro de Gibraleón (Huelva). Los instrumentos empleados fueron: la versión española del Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), una adaptación para EF del Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Percibido (PMCSQ-2), el Cuestionario de Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (BPNS), y la Escala del Locus Percibido de Causalidad (PLOC). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones entre las variables clima motivacional, necesidades psicológicas y motivación en línea con la teoría de la autodeterminación. Los factores de la IE percibida correlacionaron con el clima motivacional, con algunas necesidades psicológicas y con las diferentes formas de motivación, aunque con un coeficiente de correlación bajo. Por su parte, se destaca que en los análisis de regresión la claridad emocional predijo positivamente la regulación introyectada. Son necesarios más estudios que permitan profundizar en esta relación.Palabras clave. Inteligencia Emocional, Motivación, Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, Educación Física.Abstract. Motivation and emotional intelligence appear as two important aspects of education of young people, whose relationship in Physical Education is an understudied topic. Based on the Self-Determination Theory, the study analyzed the relationship between emotional intelligence and motivation in physical education students. A sample of 170 students from the first cycle of compulsory secondary education in Gibraleón (Huelva) was used. The instruments used were: the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (BPNS) and the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC). The results of correlation analysis showed relationships between motivational climate, psychological needs and motivation in line with Self-Determination Theory. The three dimensions of emotional intelligence (Attention, Clarity, and Mood Repair) correlated with perceived motivational climate, with some psychological needs and the different forms of motivation, although with a low correlation coefficient. The regression analysis showed that emotional clarity predicted positively the introjected regulation. Further studies are necessary to enable us to deepen our understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence and motivation in PE classes.Keywords. Emotional Intelligence, Motivation, Secondary Education, Physical Education

The Children’s Perceived Locus of Causality Scale for Physical Education

A mixed methods design was applied to evaluate the application of the Perceived Locus of Causality scale (PLOC) to preadolescent samples in physical education settings. Subsequent to minor item adaptations to accommodate the assessment of younger samples, qualitative pilot tests were performed (N = 15). Children’s reports indicated the need for further revisions to the items, resulting in the Children’s PLOC (C-PLOC). In a second study involving a larger sample of 9–12 year old children (N = 429), the questionnaire was evaluated using quantitative methods. The five factor structure hypothesized based on self-determination theory was confirmed. Discriminant validity and reliability of the subscales was largely supported, but require confirmation in future research. Age was not found to be significantly related to children’s motivational styles. Taken together, initial results provide support for the suitability of the C-PLOC for the assessment of motivation in 9–12 year old children in physical education.

Relación del feed-back positivo y el miedo a fallar sobre la motivación intrínseca / Relatioship between positive feedback and the fear of failure of intrinsic motivation

The aim of this study was to determine the predictive relationship of positive feedback received by the student and the fear of failure in relation to intrinsic motivation using, as mediating variables, motivational orientation and psychological need. The Performance Failure Assessment Inventory (PFAI) was validated in the context of physical education. The sample consisted of 654 physical education students with an average age of 15. The Spanish versions of the perception of teacher feedback scale (PTF) were administered, as were the long and short versions of the Performance Failure Assessment Inventory (PFAI), the Achievement Goals Scale 2 x 2 and the Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs Scale, and the intrinsic motivation factor of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) was used. A descriptive analysis and correlation of all variables was performed, and to test the predictive relationship between the proposed variables, a measurement model and a structural equation model were performed. The results confirmed the reliability and factor structure of the PFAI scale and showed that intrinsic motivation was positively predicted by psychological mediators, along with the motivational orientations and these, in turn, by positive feedback and negatively by fear of failure. The mediator relationship with others was the exception, with no correlation. Due to the novelty of the proposal, further studies are needed in this field to substantiate the results obtained.