Perceived Gender Identity Research Articles

ITS ABOUT TIME! PARANOIA AND SELF-HARM IN GENDER MINORITY TEEN IN INDIA: A CASE REPORT

In conservative social cultures, such as those in South Asia, societal norms often lead individuals to neglect or suppress the expression of their perceived gender identity if different from their birth assignment. Gender incongruence (GI) occurs the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. If GI causes significant distress or problems in functioning lasting for at least 6 months, it is described as gender dysphoria (GD). This case study contributes to understanding how gender dysphoria may result in personality disorders such as paranoid personality disorder in a conservative society. Removing societal taboos and accepting individuals with their perceived gender can lead to timely diagnosis and management of patients, preventing severe outcomes.

Transgender Discourse in Islam Review of Human Gender and Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018

Human Being is entitled with the best creature among all the creatures of Allah. There are three types of human being i.e. man, woman and transgender. Islam talks in all walk of life of man and provides all basic human rights to all. Transgender’s Identity and recognition in their family and society is the current issue in all public sphere of Muslims and Non-Muslims today. Attitude of society towards them is caused their incompatibility and dissatisfaction between their soul and body. The behavior of Islamic scholarship and law with regard to the issue of transgender is an important subject. As Pakistan is an Islamic state, a legislation is enacted the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 to address their issues and with the aim to provide rights to the transgender and for their welfare. This research deals with debate in Islamic jurisprudence and its level of compatibility or incompatibility with Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 and will discuss the approaches of Pakistan Islamic Ideological Council on the Act.
 Keywords: Transgender, Mukhanas, Islamic Jurisprudence, Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, Self -Perceived gender identity
 Human Being is entitled with the best creature among all the creatures of Allah. There are three types of human being i.e. man, woman and transgender. Islam talks in all walk of life of man and provides all basic human rights to all. Transgender’s Identity and recognition in their family and society is the current issue in all public sphere of Muslims and Non-Muslims today. Attitude of society towards them is caused their incompatibility and dissatisfaction between their soul and body. The behavior of Islamic scholarship and law with regard to the issue of transgender is an important subject. As Pakistan is an Islamic state, a legislation is enacted the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 to address their issues and with the aim to provide rights to the transgender and for their welfare. This research deals with debate in Islamic jurisprudence and its level of compatibility or incompatibility with Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018 and will discuss the approaches of Pakistan Islamic Ideological Council on the Act.

When Is Masculinity "Fragile"? An Expectancy-Discrepancy-Threat Model of Masculine Identity.

Manhood is a precarious social status. Under perceived gender identity threat, men are disproportionately likely to enact certain stereotype-consistent responses such as aggression to maintain their gender status. Yet less is known regarding individual variation in men's threat responsiveness-that is, the psychological conditions under which one's masculine identity is more or less "fragile." We propose a novel model of masculine identity whereby masculine norm expectancy generates discrepancy within the self to the extent that rigid norms are internalized as obligational (actual-ought discrepancy) versus aspirational (actual-ideal discrepancy), which predict extrinsic versus intrinsic motivations to reduce these discrepancies, respectively. Under threat, then, extrinsic motivations predict externalized responses (e.g., aggression), and intrinsic motivations elicit internalized responses (e.g., anxiety, shame, self-harm). We also consider the conditions under which masculinity may be less fragile-for example, in contexts with less rigid expectations and among men who reject expectations-as pathways to mitigate adverse masculinity threat-related outcomes. In many cultures, men prove their manhood by engaging in behaviors that harm themselves and others (e.g., violence, sexism, homophobia), particularly people from marginalized groups. Yet less is known about why some men are more likely than others to enact these masculinity-proving behaviors. The goal of our model is to specify certain conditions under which masculinities become "fragile" and elicit these responses when under threat. We start by describing the rigid expectations men experience-for example, that they are strong and tough. We propose that these expectations cause men to experience different forms of discrepancy within themselves that produce corresponding motivations to reduce these discrepancies. Under threat, motivations driven by others' expectations elicit outward attempts to restore masculine status (e.g., aggression), whereas motivations driven by self-ideals cause internalized responses (e.g., shame, self-harm). We conclude by discussing how to reduce these discrepancies, such as mitigating the rigidity of and encouraging men's resistance to masculinity expectations.

Auditory free classification of gender diverse speakers

A central issue in speech perception is how listeners resolve variability. Gender diversity presents an opportunity to examine how listeners learn and represent one dimension of sociophonetic variability arising from an evolving social category, speaker gender. To assess listeners’ perceptual organization of speaker gender, recordings were obtained from 30 cisgender (15 men, 15 women) and 30 transgender (1 agender, 15 non-binary, 7 transgender men, 7 transgender women) speakers. In an auditory free classification paradigm, listeners categorized speakers reading the same or unique sentences by perceived general similarity and gender identity. Multidimensional scaling revealed gradient organization of speaker gender with masculinity/femininity and gender prototypicality as the two most salient dimensions. Cluster analyses showed fewer perceptual speaker groups and attention to fewer indexical speech features when speakers produced unique sentences. Instructions to explicitly categorize speakers by perceived gender identity substantially simplified the hierarchical structure of speakers and shifted listeners’ attention towards masculinity/femininity over gender prototypicality. Results suggest that listeners engage in fine-grained, multivalent analysis of speaker gender that cannot be adequately captured by a “male” vs “female” dichotomy. Assumptions of a gender binary in speech communication research may require a critical re-examination to accommodate multidimensional and gradient representation of speaker gender.

How do Different Religions Influence Women’s Entrepreneurial Choices? The Role of Gender Identity

Gender discrimination and inequality have become some of the most salient issues in today’s global economy. Research shows that women at work are negatively affected by gender-based stereotypes that categorize women as inferior to men. Such values typically underpinned by patriarchal ideologies are argued to explain the gender wage gap evident across various societies, as well as women’s aversion to employment. Yet, such values have yet been used to explain the effect of religion on women’s entrepreneurial choice. In this paper, we argue that the major world religions influence women’s entrepreneurial choice by constructing their gender identities to uphold the conventional patriarchal values that categorize men as providers and women as their dependent. With a dataset of 30,084 women, we found that women’s perceived gender identity mediates the effect of religions on their choices between entrepreneurship, regular employment, and housewives. Therefore, identity theory provides an explanation of how religions influence women’s entrepreneurial choices.

Gender-Affirming Care With Transgender and Genderqueer Patients: A Standardized Patient Case.

IntroductionTransgender and gender-diverse (TGD) patients experience health disparities and bias in health care settings. To improve care for TGD patients, medical trainees can practice gender-affirming care skills such as inclusive communication and discussing hormone therapy through patient simulation. Systematically evaluating these simulation outcomes also helps educators improve training on gender-affirming care.MethodsA standardized patient case with a patient establishing primary care was developed for rising third-year medical students. The case featured multiple patient iterations to portray individuals with the same health history but a different gender identity and/or sex assigned at birth. Each student was randomly assigned to one patient encounter. Gender-affirming care skills were assessed through standardized patient checklists, postencounter notes, and preventive care recommendations.ResultsOver 2 years, 286 students participated in the simulation. Transgender men and women, cisgender men and women, and genderqueer patients were portrayed. Performance gaps such as misgendering patients and incorrect cancer screening recommendations based on perceived gender identity (rather than sex assigned at birth) were documented. Ninety-eight percent of students agreed that the encounter helped them practice clinical skills needed to see actual patients, and students described the case as challenging but important.DiscussionThis case served dual roles for medical training: (1) Students working with TGD patients practiced skills for gender-affirming care, and (2) portraying TGD patients along with cisgender patients allowed educators to identify biased recommendations that necessitated additional training. The outcomes further highlighted the importance of students routinely practicing gender-inclusive communication with all patients during simulation.

Action Sounds Informing Own Body Perception Influence Gender Identity and Social Cognition.

Sensory information can temporarily affect mental body representations. For example, in Virtual Reality (VR), visually swapping into a body with another sex can temporarily alter perceived gender identity. Outside of VR, real-time auditory changes to walkers’ footstep sounds can affect perceived body weight and masculinity/femininity. Here, we investigate whether altered footstep sounds also impact gender identity and relation to gender groups. In two experiments, cisgender participants (26 females, 26 males) walked with headphones which played altered versions of their own footstep sounds that sounded more typically male or female. Baseline and post-intervention measures quantified gender identity [Implicit Association Test (IAT)], relation to gender groups [Inclusion of the Other-in-the-Self (IOS)], and perceived masculinity/femininity. Results show that females felt more feminine and closer to the group of women (IOS) directly after walking with feminine sounding footsteps. Similarly, males felt more feminine after walking with feminine sounding footsteps and associated themselves relatively stronger with “female” (IAT). The findings suggest that gender identity is temporarily malleable through auditory-induced own body illusions. Furthermore, they provide evidence for a connection between body perception and an abstract representation of the Self, supporting the theory that bodily illusions affect social cognition through changes in the self-concept.

Experiences of Transgender and Nonbinary Physicians During Medical Residency Program Application

Increasing numbers of transgender and nonbinary (TNB) people seek careers in medicine, but little is known about their experiences and the effect of their gender identity during residency application. This project sought to evaluate the experiences and needs of TNB individuals during the residency application and Match process in order to inform the practice of residency programs. An online survey was distributed in 2019 via social media, professional groups, and snowball sampling to TNB persons, who were current residents or recent graduates (within the past 3 years) of a US residency program. Twenty-six eligible respondents from 10 medical specialties completed the survey. Eighteen (69.2%) respondents felt unsafe disclosing their gender identity or discussing it during interviews some or all of the time due to fear of discrimination and how it might affect their match; 26.9% (7 of 26) felt they were ranked lower than their qualifications due to their gender identity. Eleven (42.3%) were misnamed or misgendered some or all of the time during interviews through use of incorrect name and pronouns. Respondents' recommendations for programs included: (1) adopt gender-affirming practices; (2) offer gender-affirming health benefits; (3) advertise nondiscrimination policies; (4) understand experiences of discrimination during medical training; and (5) value resident gender diversity. TNB residents and recent graduates perceived gender identity discrimination during residency application, including feeling unsafe to disclose their gender identity and being misnamed or misgendered. Suggestions for programs to improve the experience of TNB applicants are included.

Gender Dysphoria: A Review Investigating the Relationship Between Genetic Influences and Brain Development.

Gender dysphoria (GD) is a facet of modern human biology which is believed to be derived from the sexual differentiation of the brain. GD “involves a conflict between a person’s physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify”, as defined in the DSM-5. Individuals report feeling uncomfortable and faced with prejudice from those around them, affecting their mental health. Elucidating the relationship between genetic influences on gonadal and brain development could give an insight into understanding this clinical condition. To explore this issue, a review of the literature database was carried out. Evidence suggests that abnormal biological processes, including mutations in certain genes, can lead to abnormal gonadal development, causing some fetuses to present with indifferent gonads and to be reassigned at birth to the default female sex. This disparity in genetic influences relates to an increased likelihood of a diagnosis of GD. An investigation into complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, involving androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation, suggests that such individuals also experience GD. It is known that the brains of males and females are different. Evidence further suggests that brain anatomy and neuronal signaling pathways are more closely aligned with a person’s perceived gender identity. Individuals who present with discordant gonadal and brain developments experience psychological challenges that may contribute to a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with their biological sex. These point to a possible biological and genetic underpinning of GD as stemming from a discordance between gonadal and brain development. However, not enough evidence has associated these differences with GD. Further research is required to elucidate the true mechanisms and possible inheritance pattern of GD for a better education and greater understanding by clinicians and the general public on perceptions regarding GD.

CME: Hormonal Therapy for Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria

CME: Hormonal Therapy for Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria Abstract. The discrepancy between the inherited gender and the perceived gender identity is called gender incongruity. In this article the major indications, contraindications and therapeutic steps for gender reassignment surgery and hormonal therapy are discussed and summarized.

Does Gender Minority Professional Experience Impact Employment Discrimination? Two Résumé Experiments

We sought to examine perceived gender identity, perceived co-worker discomfort, and salary recommendations for youth counselors with transgender-related work experience. In two experiments conducted in 2016 and 2017, we randomized participants to view 1 of 2 résumés with varying work experience at a camp for transgender youth or a generic youth camp. Study 1 participants were 274 adult festivalgoers at a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender pride festival. Study 2 participants were 296 employed, heterosexual adults aged 35-60 from an online survey panel. In Study 1, viewing the résumé with transgender experience resulted in a statistically significantly higher likelihood of reporting the applicant was gender minority than cisgender (adjusted odds ratio = 3.76, 95% confidence interval [1.32, 10.72], p = .01), higher but not a statistically significant level of co-worker discomfort (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI [0.83, 2.32], p = .22), and, although not statistically significant, a $2,605 higher salary (95% CI [-$604, - $5,814], p = .11). In Study 2, we found a statistically significantly greater likelihood of reporting the applicant was gender minority than cisgender (OR = 2.56, 95% CI [1.36, 4.82], p < .01), statistically significantly higher odds of reported co-worker discomfort (OR = 3.57, 95% CI [2.15, 5.92], p < .01), and, although not statistically significant, a $1,374 higher salary (95% CI [-$1,931, $4,679], p = .41). Our results indicate the potential for stigma by association for professionals working with marginalized groups and suggest potential pathways through which employment discrimination may exacerbate existing inequities for gender minority people.

An ex vivo porcine model of the anterior glottoplasty for voice feminization surgery.

Perceived gender identity is correctly assigned when a combination of physical and vocal attributes become congruent. Several voice feminization procedures have gained popularity, but current evidence of their impact on vocal feminization is limited to case series. This study establishes an ex vivo porcine phonatory model to evaluate the ideal extent of anterior glottic web formation in relation to frequency elevation and airway patency. Six fresh porcine larynges were obtained and fitted with arytenoid adduction sutures. Compressed air was passed through the larynges, and the vocal folds were adducted to induce phonation. Vocal fold length, posterior glottic width, fundamental frequency, and sound pressure intensity were measured as the vocal folds were progressively shortened as per the anterior glottic web surgical technique. The average fundamental frequency prior to web formation was 109.7 Hz. The maximum frequency achieved after web formation was 403.7 Hz, and the web proportions varied from 11.8% to 61.0% of the length of the membranous vocal folds. The glottic cross-sectional area showed an expected inverse linear relationship to the length of the glottic web. Creation of an anterior glottic web caused consistent elevation of pitch, but there was a gradual plateau of effect with increased length of the web. The ex vivo porcine larynx is demonstrated as an effective, available, and low-cost model for further study of vocal pitch elevation surgical techniques. We demonstrate that in addition to progressively reducing the cross-sectional area of the airway, additional benefit from increased web length is limited. NA Laryngoscope, 130:E206-E212, 2020.

Impact of Gender Cues in Advertisements on Perceived Gender Identity Meanings of the Advertised Product

The study investigates the phenomenological impact of gender cues in advertisements on the perceived gender identity meanings of the advertised product. The study utilizes a randomly assigned participants design that exposes three separate groups of participants to differently gendered advertisements of the same product and captures the distinction in the participants’ construction of the gender identity meanings of the advertised product under experimental conditions. Results establish the significant influence of gender cues in advertisements on the perceived gender identity meanings of the advertised product. Results also underscore the difference in the perceptions of men and women under the same stimulus. Theoretical contributions and implications for marketers are discussed.

Workplace “trans”-actions: How organizations, coworkers, and individual openness influence perceived gender identity discrimination.

Workplace “trans”-actions: How organizations, coworkers, and individual openness influence perceived gender identity discrimination.

Trans] Boy Meets Worldd: A Comparison of State Anti-discrimination Laws and First Amendment Protections for Gender Identity and Expression

In accepting the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2015 EPSYS, Caitlyn Jenner described her personal transition and experience learning about transgender issues as “eye-opening, inspiring [and] frightening.” In her television series, I Am Cait, Jenner strives to educate the public about transgender problems. Jenner is one of many who have taken on this Herculean feat to bring light to the discrimination transgender people face. For scholars, however, questions about trans-individuals’ legal rights and protections remain. Uncertainty regarding protections to combat inequality and discrimination against transgender individuals arises because the federal government has left a void. In an effort to fill some of those gaps, states have enacted laws pertaining to transgender issues, but state approaches vary considerably. Some state anti-discrimination disability statutes only apply to people suffering from gender dysphoria. Conversely, other states explicitly exclude coverage for gender dysphoria from their disability discrimination statutes. This Note explores how the First Amendment may protect one’s gender expression and how states have approached transgender rights through legislation. Subsequently, this Note lays out the basic tenants of First Amendment jurisprudence and the intersection of gender expression. This Note also compares three states’ approaches to the rights of transgender individuals in public schools and employment settings. Specifically, it describes transgender discrimination protections, or lack thereof, in three states: Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Indiana. Additionally, this section of the Note comments on each state’s policies first for transgender employees and then for transgender students in public schools.This Note ends with recommendations for other states considering how best to protect their transgender residents. The recommendations briefly consider where the case studies succeeded, where they failed, and how they need to continue. Moreover, the final portion of this Note calls for federal protections, at least for transgender employees who are discriminated against because of their real or perceived gender identity. By incorporating First Amendment jurisprudence generally, and specifically as applied to transgender (as well as lesbian, gay, and bisexual) individuals, this Note sheds light on legal avenues transgender people can utilize against discrimination based on their gender expression.

Gender identity and hate crimes: Violence against transgender people in Los Angeles County

Although efforts to improve the documentation of violence based on perceived gender identity have been steadily increasing over the last 10 years, the actual analysis of the reports of such violence has been limited. This article reports on a study that examined 49 cases of violence based on gender identity in Los Angeles County from 2002 through 2006. Although underreporting of such crimes certainly remains an issue, the findings suggested 3 main conclusions: Hate crimes based on a victim’s gender identity are often violent, perpetrators often manifest and verbalize high levels of a variety of prejudices, and transgender persons may be targets of violence for reasons far more complex than simply their violation of gender norms. This article discusses findings about the intersections of race, sexuality, socioeconomic status, and gender identity in the context of hate-motivated violence.

A Man’s Brain in an Ambiguous Body: A Case of Mistaken Gender Identity

Chief complaint: “I feel like I have the brain of a man. Am I crazy?” On her first visit to a psychiatrist ( J.M.B.), “Ms. C,” a 48year-old woman, asked this question about her confused gender identity. Having also discovered a primary sexual attraction to women, Ms. C was having difficulty reconciling her church’s injunctions against sinful homosexual activities with her sense of herself as fundamentally male. She was dressed in a subtly frilly blouse and leather jacket she called “my leather-and-lace look.” Encircling each wrist were tattooed bracelets, traceries of curlicues and rosebuds that gently contradicted pearl earrings and a delicate gold locket. Born in the early 1950s and raised resolutely as a girl, Ms. C did not learn until she was 23 and married the unusual circumstances of her birth. Her mother finally divulged that she had entered the world with strange-looking genitals—neither male nor female. Doctors told her parents it was best to remove the odd tissue, fashion what remained to look female, and raise her as if nothing unusual had happened. At 6 months, surgeons removed both external tissue and presumed intra-abdominal testicular tissue and fashioned labia around the vaginal entrance she had always had. In grade school, she was told her large abdominal scar resulted from herniorrhaphy. At 12, after starting daily estrogen pills to induce puberty, she developed breasts and feminine curves, although without menarche or an increase in height beyond 5 feet. Her mother said she could not have children but did not explain why. She recalls being a tomboy who preferred boys for playmates. Because of her small stature and feminine appearance, however, boys were not particularly comfortable hanging out with her. Then, as now, she identified with the way males think rather than a sense of being physically male. She dated boys in high school, had a sexual experience with a woman during college, and married a man with whom she enjoyed satisfying marital relations for nearly two decades until they experienced a menage a trois. Her husband fell in love with the other woman, and she kindled awareness of her greater attraction to women than men. The marriage ended, and she embarked upon two long-term lesbian relationships and a struggle with alcoholism. Ms. C found sobriety and her church while that second relationship was unraveling. Welcomed and spiritually nurtured by church members, she felt happy except for increasing discontent with her pastor’s insistence that homosexual desires were her “cross to bear” and her options were either heterosexual marriage or celibacy. On one hand, her personal theology concurred that homosexuality was against God’s plan. On the other, she struggled with identifying herself as either man or woman, a dilemma her pastor could not solve. Ms. C’s childhood medical records had been lost. The psychiatrist asked if she had been karyotyped, given her unusual birth. She did not know. When she was born, chromosome testing was not routinely available. Given medical advice to raise her unquestioningly as a girl, the issue had not resurfaced. The psychiatrist suggested the test, and when results revealed 45,X/ 46,XY chromosomes, 75% the latter, the fragments—the childhood operation, hormones, her short stature, “brain of a man”—fell into place. She immediately reported feeling “less of a freak” now that she had a name—“intersexual”—for her condition.

Sexual orientation discrimination in hiring

Little research has been done to examine discrimination against gays and lesbians in the labor market. Wage regressions have documented lower incomes for gays but repeatedly showed higher incomes for lesbians. The results concerning lesbian women are striking but can be reconciled with the existence of labor market discrimination, however. Problems like sample selection and unobserved heterogeneity—in particular, lesbians' violation of stereotypical female gender roles—might be responsible for their higher earnings. To investigate whether discrimination against lesbians actually does exist, a labor market experiment is conducted. Job applications of candidates, who are equivalent in their human capital but differ in their sexual orientation, are sent out in response to job advertisements. Furthermore, to test whether increased masculinity affects labor market outcomes, the applicants differ in their perceived gender identity. While results show a strong negative effect for lesbian orientation, gender identity does not have a significant overall impact on hiring chances.

Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Hiring

Little research has been done to examine discrimination against gays and lesbians in the labor market. Badgett (1995) was the first to investigate labor market outcomes of gays and lesbians using a random data set. While her results suggested lower earnings for lesbians compared to heterosexual females, later studies indicated the contrary and indeed consistently documented an income premium for lesbian women. Considering the wage penalty we observe for most social minorities in the labor market (women, ethnic minorities), this result appears as striking. The apparently privileged labor market situation can be reconciled with the existence of labor market discrimination, however. Problems like sample selection and unobserved heterogeneity - in particular lesbians' violation of stereotypical female gender roles - might be responsible for their higher earnings. To investigate whether discrimination against lesbians actually does exist, a labor market experiment is conducted. Job applications of candidates, who are equivalent in their human capital but differ in their sexual orientation, are sent out in response to job advertisements. Furthermore, to test whether increased masculinity affects labor market outcomes, the applicants differ in their perceived gender identity. While results show a strong negative effect for lesbian orientation, gender identity does not have a significant overall impact on hiring chances.

Sexuality in the Older Woman

Older women face many psychosocial obstacles related to roles prescribed by society that are dictated by age. Throughout the life cycle, individuals conform to role expectations that impact on psychosocial health. Many times gender type casting can effect older women negatively. A secondary analysis was done on a data set from an experimental study that was conducted to examine depression in older women. An ethnography research analysis was used to analyze older women's responses from interviews and daily diaries on perceived gender identity, age, and sexuality. Themes emerged that influence older women's perceptions of gender identity. Health care professionals can assist older women to maintain or enhance gender expression, reaffirm a sense of self-identity, reintegrate their self-image, and accept the normal changes accompanying the aging process. Some of society's negative injunctions of older women should not be a self-fulfilling prophecy. The manner in which an older woman expresses gender related feelings and physical sexual needs should be considered from the perspective of a normal progression to another life phase.