Perceived Freedom In Leisure Research Articles

Analysis of university students’ perceived freedom in leisure during covid-19 lockdowns

ABSTRACT Before COVID-19, perceived freedom in leisure (PFL) was rarely considered based on academic majors. This study examined student PFL during COVID-19 lockdowns. 340 Iranian students studying physical education, non-physical education, and medical sciences took an online Witt and Ellis (1985) scale survey in July and August 2021. The one-sample t-test showed that students' PFL (M = 3.78) exceeded the hypothesized value (test value = 3). ANOVA showed a significant difference in PFL means between the three groups (F = 7.530, P < 0.01). Medical sciences students had the lowest PFL (3.45), and physical education students had the highest (3.86). Iranian students' high PFL likely indicates they don't have lessons or schoolwork, giving them a sense of freedom even during pandemics.

Leisure attitude, perceived freedom in leisure within married couples

Studies show that most people see marriage and children as an important part of their future, and view marriage as playing a crucial role in meeting their needs for companionship and emotional security. One of the factors found to play an important role in marriage is leisure which may influence and strengthen married couples interaction. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Perceived Freedom in Lesiure and Leisure Attitude within married couples. The sampling of the study consisted of a total of 206 married lecturers enrolled in Gazi and Selcuk University. Participants completed the Leisure Attitude (LAS), Perceived Freedom in Leisure (PFL) Scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a positive linear relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and leisure attitude subscale (Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural) scores for married couples. Furthermore, Leisure attitude affects perceived freedom leisure positively and significantly within married couples (R=0.615). Married couples’ leisure attitude explained 38 % of their perceived freedom in leisure. Key words: Leisure, leisure attitude, perceived freedom in leisure, married couples.

Taiwanese University students' perceived freedom and participation in leisure

Evidence suggests leisure presents an important context for wellness and development for students. Also optimal effects of leisure participation are closely associated with an individual's perceived freedom in manipulating or controlling discretionary free time. This study examined Taiwanese university students’ leisure behaviours and their capacity in managing leisure. Relationships among the cognitive components of control and competence, perceived freedom in leisure (PFL ), and chosen leisure activities, were tested. To validate these structural relationships, a hypothesised model was developed based on the theoretical framework of the Leisure Diagnostic Battery (LD B), postulating control and competence as antecedents of PFL and leisure participation. Data acquired from a self‐administered questionnaire survey of 1,019 samples were processed using LISREL analysis. Results reveal students’ pursuit of leisure activities is predominately static and domestic, which in turn, limits opportunities for socialisation. Positive and significant associations were found between students’ PFL and leisure participation (γ = 0.39). An asymmetric relationship between a moderate level of PFL and inactive participation was also observed. Implications of students’ leisure functioning and sedentary leisure behaviours are discussed.

Loneliness and life satisfaction of boys with developmental coordination disorder: The impact of leisure participation and perceived freedom in leisure

A theoretical model linking motor ability with perceived freedom in leisure, participation in team sports, loneliness, and global life satisfaction was tested using linear confirmatory path analysis. Participants were 173 boys aged 10–13 years who filled in self-report questionnaires about perceived freedom in leisure, loneliness, and global life satisfaction. Parents of boys completed 7-day diaries and 12-month retrospective recall questionnaires about their son’s leisure-time activity participation. Results of path analyses confirmed that the fit of the hypothetical model was consistent with predictions. The inferred direct pathways of influence between both total loneliness and global life satisfaction on motor ability were in the expected directions (i.e., inverse and positive relationships, respectively). Perceived Freedom in Leisure (PFL) and participation in team sports were two intermediate variables indirectly influencing these relationships. Although PFL was identified as a motivational process influencing participation levels in team sports it was noted that other psychological and environmental factors must also be considered when evaluating child–activity–environment fit for boys with developmental coordination disorder.

Perceived freedom in leisure and physical co‐ordination ability: impact on out‐of‐school activity participation and life satisfaction

Perceived freedom in leisure (PFL) is explored as a potential mechanism mediating relationships between physical co-ordination ability and both global life satisfaction and leisure-time physical activity participation for boys with differing levels of physical co-ordination ability. Understanding psychological mechanisms contributing to low rates of participation in physical activities for boys with developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is a clinical and research priority with potential to inform clinical interventions and preventive health initiatives. Sixty boys aged 10-13 years with DCD and 113 boys without DCD completed self-report measures of PFL and life satisfaction. Seven-day leisure-time activity diaries and 12-month retrospective recall questionnaires were completed by parents. Lower self-appraisals of PFL and overall life satisfaction were found for boys with DCD compared with boys without DCD. PFL mediated relationships between physical ability and both life satisfaction and team sport participation. Perceived freedom in leisure, comprising self-appraisals of leisure needs satisfaction and competence, depth of involvement and perceived control over leisure outcomes, was a significant mechanism influencing leisure-time participation and life satisfaction for boys. The implications for effective intervention and preventive health programmes are discussed.

Leisure Attitude, Leisure Satisfaction, and Perceived Freedom in Leisure within Family Dyads

Interdependence theory suggests that individual attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions are influenced through long-term relationships. This study explored the role of interdependence in dyadic, or two-person, relationships within families (spouses, adult child and parent, and siblings) in shaping beliefs about, and perceptions of, leisure. The sample consisted of 272 predominantly Anglo college students and their family members, aged 17?84. Participants completed the Leisure Attitude (LAS), Leisure Satisfaction (LSS), and Perceived Freedom in Leisure (PFL) Scales. Interdependence theory is partially supported as LAS scores were correlated for three family dyads, LSS scores were correlated for three family dyads, and PFL scores were correlated for four family dyads. It appears that family members experience a similar degree of enjoyment and sense of control in leisure even though interests and knowledge may vary.