Perceived Discrimination Scale Research Articles

Racial discrimination is associated with binge-eating disorder in early adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

BackgroundRacial and ethnic discrimination are known stressors and are associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes. Previous studies have found relationships between racial/ethnic discrimination and binge-eating disorder (BED), though they have mainly focused on adult populations. The aim of this study was to determine associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and BED in a large, national cohort study of early adolescents. We further sought to explore associations between the racial/ethnic discrimination perpetrator (students, teachers, or other adults) and BED.MethodsWe analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 11,075, 2018–2020). Logistic regression analyses examined associations between self-reported experiences of racial or ethnic discrimination and binge-eating behaviors and diagnosis, adjusting for potential confounders. Racial/ethnic discrimination measures were assessed based on the Perceived Discrimination Scale, which measures experiences of discrimination based on race/ethnicity and frequency of ethnic discrimination by teachers, adults outside of school, and students. Binge-eating behaviors and diagnosis were based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSAD-5).ResultsIn this racially diverse sample of adolescents (N = 11,075, age range 9–12 years), 4.7% of adolescents reported racial or ethnic discrimination and 1.1% met the criteria for BED. In the adjusted models, racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with 3 times higher odds of having BED (OR 3.31, CI 1.66–7.74). Further, experiences of ethnic discrimination by students and adults outside school were associated with significantly increased odds of BED diagnosis (OR 1.36, CI 1.10–1.68 and OR 1.42 CI 1.06–1.90, respectively)., Increased odds of binge eating behaviors were only significantly associated with ethnic discrimination perpetuated by students (OR 1.12, CI 1.02–1.23).ConclusionsChildren and adolescents who have experienced racial/ethnic discrimination, particularly when discrimination was perpetuated by other students, have higher odds of having binge-eating behaviors and diagnoses. Clinicians may consider screening for racial discrimination and providing anti-racist, trauma-informed care when evaluating and treating patients for BED.

Psychosocial Factors in Chronic Illness Management in the Western Balkans: The Case of Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, and North Macedonia

This study aims to evaluate the psychological and social aspects related to prolonged illness management among individuals diagnosed with chronic illness in the Balkans. Data were collected using self-report measures, including the Patient Activation Measure, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), Family Support Scale (FSS), Zarit Burden Interview, Patient-Provider Communication Scale, Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS), and Perceived Discrimination Scale. The study involves 250 participants who completed surveys online and conducts multiple regression analysis to examine the interrelationships among the different factors. The results indicate moderate degrees of psychosocial suffering, with depression and anxiety being major factors. Effective coping strategies, familial support, and good communication with medical professionals are positively linked to improved overall results, while heavier burden placed on caregivers and perceived discrimination both exhibit negative correlations with health outcomes. The study emphasizes the need for specialized approaches that reflect a cultural sensibility related to chronic illness management struggles encountered by the population of the Balkans.

Association of Racial Discrimination With Adiposity in Children and Adolescents

Childhood obesity is a major public health issue and is disproportionately prevalent among children from minority racial and ethnic groups. Personally mediated racism (commonly referred to as racial discrimination) is a known stressor that has been linked to higher body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in adults, but little is known about the association of racial discrimination and childhood and adolescent adiposity. To assess the prospective association between self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and adiposity (BMI and waist circumference) in a large sample of children and adolescents in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. This cohort study used complete data from the ABCD study (2017 to 2019), involving a total of 6463 participants. The ABCD study recruited a diverse sample of youths from across the US, with rural, urban, and mountain regions. Data were analyzed from January 12 to May 17, 2023. The child-reported Perceived Discrimination Scale was used to quantify racial discrimination, reflecting participants' perceptions of being treated unfairly by others or unaccepted by society based on their race or ethnicity. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured by trained research assistants. BMI z scores were computed by applying the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's age and sex-specific reference standards for children and adolescents. Waist circumference (inches) was quantified as the mean of 3 consecutive measures. Measurements were taken from time 1 (ie, 2017 to 2019) and time 2 (ie, 2018 to 2020). Of the 6463 respondents with complete data, 3090 (47.8%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 9.95 (0.62) years. Greater racial discrimination exposure at time 1 was associated with higher BMI z score in both unadjusted (β, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.08) and adjusted regression models (β, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.08). Discrimination at time 1 was associated with higher waist circumference in unadjusted (β, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15-0.54) and adjusted (β, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.04-0.44) models. In this cohort study of children and adolescents, racial discrimination was positively associated with adiposity, quantified by BMI z score and waist circumference. Interventions to reduce exposure to racial discrimination in early life may help reduce the risk of excess weight gain across throughout life.

Investigating the Impact of Perceived Discrimination on the Integration and Life Satisfaction of New Wave Turkish Immigrants Living in Germany

IntroductionApproximately 21.2 million people with im- migrant backgrounds live in Germany, which constituted 26% of its total population in 2020. Approximately 67% of immigrants are from European countries, including Turkey. Turks account for 13.2% of immigrants and constitute one of the largest immigrant groups (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2020). The integration processes and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants are differ from the first and second generation Turkish immigrants.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of perceived discrimination on their integration process and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants living in Germany.MethodsThe Community Integration Measure (CIM), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), The Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) were used. Pearson correlation and Regression tests were used in our analyses to observe the differences in scale scores according to the variables. The relationship between the scale scores was analysed with the Pearson correlation test. The effect between the scale scores was analysed with the regression test.ResultsThe findings demonstrated that there was a significant negative relationship between perceived discrimination and social integration (p=0,05) as well as life satisfaction (p=0,05). In addition, there was a significant and positive relationship between social integration and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrant participants.Conclusions The integration process and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants decreased when they perceive discrimination in their daily lives. However, the level of life satisfaction increased when they integrate into German society without any perceived discrimination.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Post-COVID-19 perceived stigma-discrimination scale: psychometric development and evaluation

The study aimed to adapt and evaluate a scale to measure COVID-19-CED in COVID-19 survivors. A sample of 330 COVID-19 survivors filled out the COVID-19 Perceived Discrimination Scale (C-19-PDS). C-19-PDS was adapted from the Tuberculosis Perceived Discrimination Scale (11 items). Confirmatory factor analysis showed poor goodness-of-fit indicators. However, the 5-item version of the C-19-PDS showed better goodness-of-fit indicators, high internal consistency, and non-gender DIF. This instrument is recommended to evaluate COVID-19-CED in Colombian and other Spanish-speaking populations.

Translation and Validation of Perceived Discrimination Scale in the Urdu Language

Perceived discrimination is an area that has been recognized as one of the important strains in relation to antisocial and delinquent outcomes. The purpose of this study was to translate and confirm the factor structure of the Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) in the Urdu language. The validation and translation were done in three phases. During phase I, the scale was translated using the standard forward and backward translation procedure. Language equivalence was established on a sample of 100 young adults (N = 100; 56 men and 44 women) through cross-language validation in phase II. Construct validity of the scale was established in phase III consisting of an independent study of 326 young adults with an age range from 18 to 25 (M = 21.23; SD = 1.68). The data was collected from universities across Pakistan. The factor structure of the scale was evaluated through two models: a two-factor structure model with Perceived Individual Discrimination and Perceived Group Discrimination and a unification model. The findings confirmed the factor structure of both the first-order and higher-order models of PDS. The findings confirmed the PDS as a psychometrically sound tool for measuring perceived discrimination in the Pakistani context

Adaptation of the Racial Microaggression Scale to Turkish Culture: Validity and Reliability Study

Bu çalışmada Irksal Mikroagresyon Ölçeği (IMÖ)’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik bakımından incelenerek Türk kültürüne uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan 18-62 yaş arası 184 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Irksal Mikroagresyon Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formu orijinal formundaki gibi 14 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik çalışması için Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Düzeltilmiş madde toplam puan korelasyon değerleri aracılığıyla ise madde ayırt edicilikleri incelenmiştir. Bunun yanında verilere ilişkin %27’lik alt ve üst gruplar oluşturulmuş ve bu iki grubun anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı saptanmıştır. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliğini ortaya koymak amacıyla Kolektif Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği (KBSÖ) ile Algılanan Ayrımcılık Ölçeği (AAÖ) kullanılmış ve aralarında anlamlı ilişkilerin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. IMÖ’nün yapı geçerliğini incelemek için ise Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizine (DFA) başvurulmuştur. Ölçeğin orijinal formu ile benzer olarak tek faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçeğe ilişkin Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik katsayısı ise .91 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar Irksal Mikroagresyon Ölçeği (IMÖ) Türkçe Formunun azınlık bireylerde algılanan ırksal mikroagresyonu

Peer Victimization and Nonsuicidal Self-injury among Chinese Left-behind Children: Mediation by Perceived Discrimination and Moderation by Hardiness

ABSTRACT Left-behind children face peer victimization, which leads to negative mental adaptation. Previous studies have shown that peer victimization profoundly influences left-behind children’s nonsuicidal self-injury. However, the underlying mechanism of nonsuicidal self-injury remains unclear. A total of 832 junior high school students aged 11 − 16 in this investigation completed the Peer Victimization Scale, Perceived Discrimination Scale, Hardiness Scale and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Scale. After left-behind children’s sex and left-behind category were controlled, peer victimization significantly contributed to left-behind children’s nonsuicidal self-injury; perceived discrimination played a mediating role in the relationship between peer victimization and left-behind children’s nonsuicidal self-injury. Both the direct and indirect relations between peer victimization and left-behind children’s nonsuicidal self-injury were moderated by hardiness, which is consistent with the stress-buffering model. The current study reveals how and when peer victimization affects left-behind children’s nonsuicidal self-injury, which contributes to the prevention and intervention of nonsuicidal self-injury.

Gender in mental health: Comparing the rate and social factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among young heterosexual and sexual minority women in the Philippines

Young sexual minority Filipinos have been found to have a higher level of mental health problems compared to peers. It was also reported that Filipino sexual minority women had twice the odds of ill mental health such as depression compared to sexual minority men. Thus, this study compared the rates and social factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among young adult Filipino heterosexual and sexual minority women. Particularly, this quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional survey design. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), Daily Discrimination Subscale of the Perceived Discrimination Scale, and sociodemographic questionnaire were completed by 622 heterosexual and 177 sexual minority women. Afterward, descriptive statistics, chi-square, and logistic regression were done. Depression, anxiety, and stress rates were higher among sexual minority women compared to their peers. The possible risk factor for these mental health issues among heterosexual women was discrimination, while a possible protective factor was living with peers (p <.05). Among sexual minority women, it was found that discrimination is a risk factor, albeit with higher effects compared to their heterosexual counterparts. These may be explained by the reported high level of negative attitudes and discrimination that sexual minorities in the Philippines face daily in their social environment. Thus, anti-discrimination policies, gender-responsive healthcare for sexual minorities, and gender mainstreaming must be instituted and strengthened.

Social Support and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination.

The present research was done to examine whether social support was related to subjective well-being on Chinese parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and how perceived discrimination affected this relationship. Two hundred four parents with ASD children were investigated by Inventory of Social Support Behavior, Perceived Discrimination Scale for Parents of Children With ASD, Subjective Well-being Scale. The results showed that perceived discrimination was negatively associated with social support and subjective well-being, and social support was positively related to subjective well-being. Furthermore, perceived discrimination played a partial mediating role between social support and subjective well-being. All the findings suggest that social support can directly influence subjective well-being of parents of ASD children and indirectly influence subjective well-being through perceived discrimination.

Perceived Discrimination and Social Isolation Among Postpartum Hispanic Women in the MADRES Pregnancy Cohort Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Previous research has shown that perceived discrimination and social isolation due to immigration policies have important health implications among US Hispanic populations. Moreover, the early postpartum period is characterized by periods of social isolation which may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic also coincided with a growing awareness of discrimination and structural racism experienced by marginalized communities. We evaluated differences in perceived discrimination and social isolation between early postpartum Hispanic women in Los Angeles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered at one month postpartum to 176 Hispanic women in the MADRES pregnancy cohort. Perceived discrimination and social isolation are two subscales on the Perceived Immigration Policy Effects (PIPES) questionnaire. Respondents between 9/1/2018–3/1/2020 were classified as “pre-pandemic” (N=129) and between 3/1/2020–9/14/2020 as “during the pandemic” (N=47). Average social isolation and discrimination subscale scores were rounded to the nearest integer. Proportional odds models were used to evaluate COVID-19 pandemic impacts on perceived discrimination and social isolation among postpartum mothers. RESULTS:Participants were on average 28.9 (SD=5.9) years old and approximately half were born in Latin America (51.7%). Average pre-pandemic scores were 1.2 (SD=0.5) for both discrimination and social isolation and 1.4 (SD=0.6) for discrimination and 1.5 (SD=0.7) for social isolation during the pandemic. After adjusting for age, education, nativity, and postpartum distress, participants at one month postpartum during the pandemic had 3.98 times the odds of a higher score on the perceived discrimination scale (p=0.0017) and 5.29 times the odds of a higher score on the social isolation scale (p0.0001) than those responding to the questionnaire at one month postpartum before the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS:Higher perceived discrimination and social isolation at one month postpartum during the COVID-19 pandemic vs. pre-pandemic periods suggest increased social inequities during the pandemic among US Hispanic women. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Mental health outcomes, Non-chemical stressors

A Longitudinal Investigation of Discrimination and Mental Health in Chinese International Students: The Role of Social Connectedness

Race-based discrimination is associated with negative mental health outcomes for Chinese international students. Host and ethnic social connectedness have been demonstrated to buffer the effects of discrimination on mental health. However, most studies thus far have utilized cross-sectional designs. The current study was a longitudinal investigation of the effects of race- and language-based discrimination on anxiety and depression symptoms among 210 Chinese international students studying in the U.S. Participants were assessed during their first academic term at a U.S. university (T1) and 3 months later during their second term (T2). Measures included the Brief Perceived Discrimination Scale, the Perceived Language Discrimination Scale, the Social Connectedness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Results from a cross-lag model showed that T1 perceived discrimination was significantly predictive of T2 negative mental health symptoms, whereas T1 mental health symptoms did not predict T2 perceived discrimination. Subsequent moderation models revealed that this association between discrimination and mental health symptoms was buffered by host social connectedness (i.e., social connectedness with American students) but not ethnic social connectedness (i.e., social connectedness with Chinese students). This longitudinal analysis implies that efforts to reduce experiences of discrimination and to facilitate social connections between international and American students may help prevent negative mental health outcomes among international students.

Perceived discrimination, loneliness, and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese migrant children: The moderating roles of parent-child cohesion and gender

Chinese rural-to-urban migrant children frequently experience discrimination, which thereby often results in significant negative consequences. However, little is known about the contribution of perceived discrimination experiences to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and NSSI, the mediating role of loneliness in this relationship, and the moderating roles of parent-child cohesion and gender. Six hundred fifty-seven migrant children completed a perceived discrimination scale, an NSSI questionnaire, a loneliness scale, and a parent-child cohesion inventory. Results showed that there was a significant positive association between perceived discrimination and NSSI among migrant children. Loneliness mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and NSSI. Moreover, parent-child cohesion demonstrated a moderating effect on the mediation via loneliness; the indirect association between perceived discrimination and NSSI via loneliness was only significant in low parent-child cohesion condition, but not in the high condition. Additionally, there were differences by gender, with a significantly stronger mediating effect of loneliness among migrant girls compared with migrant boys. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between perceived discrimination and NSSI. Discussion also provides directions for future interventions and delineate how programs could be designed to target loneliness and parent-child cohesion among migrant children.

Perceived discrimination and self-esteem among family caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Spain: The mediational role of affiliate stigma and social support

BackgroundPeople with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are stigmatized, and therefore discriminated against worldwide and, on many occasions, this stigma and discrimination are expanded to include their family caregivers. The main objective of this research was to examine the consequences of perceived discrimination on family caregivers of children with ASD and children with ID. MethodsThe sample consisted of 109 Spanish caregivers of children with ASD and 83 caregivers of children with ID. They completed four questionnaires: Multidimensional Perceived Discrimination Scale, Affiliate Stigma Scale, Social Support Questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. ResultsUsing path analysis, we found support for a model in which personal discrimination perceived by caregivers was positively associated with affiliate stigma, which, in turn, was negatively related to caregivers’ self-esteem. The model also shows the total mediational role of affiliate stigma in the association between perceived discrimination and self-esteem and the partial mediational role that social support plays in the association between perceived discrimination and caregivers’ self-esteem. ConclusionsCaregivers’ perceived discrimination negatively influences caregivers’ self-esteem, but this relationship is mediated by both affiliate stigma (totally) and social support (partially). These results have theoretical and practical implications and may contribute to improving the quality of life of parents of children with ASD and ID that in turn would result in an improvement of the quality of life of their children.

Perceived discrimination, social support, and psychological distress in transgender individuals.

The present study aimed to find the relationship among perceived discrimination, social support, and psychological distress in transgender individuals (TIs) and the predictors of psychological distress in TIs. A correlational research design was used in the present study. It was hypothesized that there would likely to be a positive relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress and that there would likely be a negative relationship between social support and psychological distress. It was also hypothesized that perceived discrimination would predict psychological distress. Permission for using the questionnaires was taken from the authors of the original tools and the authors of the Urdu translated versions of the tools. The sample of 111 participants with an age range of 20-65 years was recruited by using purposive and non-probability snowball sampling techniques. The Everyday Perceived Discrimination Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were used to determine perceived discrimination, social support, and psychological distress, respectively, in TIs. Results revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress, a significant negative relationship between social support and psychological distress, and there was also a significant negative relationship between perceived discrimination and social support. Additional findings revealed that perceived discrimination was found more in younger TIs than older TIs while social support from significant others was greater for younger TIs than for their older counterparts.

M133. DISCRIMINATION PHENOMENA AND THE LEVEL OF SCHIZOTYPY

BackgroundSeveral have suggested a link between discrimination phenomena and psychotic disorders. Since this is a potentially modifiable factor, it seems important to clarify the links between discrimination and psychotic disorders. In the hypothesis of the psychotic continuum, schizotypal features in the general population are intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia studies. In this study, the aim was to study the links between discrimination and level of schizotypy in the general population. We assumed that exposure to discrimination experiences is associated with increased levels of schizotypy.MethodsSubjects from the general population (N = 1456), without psychotic disorders, were recruited in 17 cities and 6 countries (Brazil, Spain, France, Holland, Italy, UK). Each subject completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), a autoquestionaire considered to assess the level of psychometric schizotypy (with positive, negative and depressive dimensions) and the 20-item Perceived Discrimination Scale developed by Williams et al. Linear regression analyzes were used with discrimination as an explanatory variable and CAPE scores as variables to be explained.ResultsWe show that an increase in the perceived discrimination score was associated with significantly higher levels of schizotypy, in the positive (p = 1.7.10-10), negative (p = 3.4.10-10) and the depressed dimensions (p = 2.1.10-10). In more than half of the subjects who reported discrimination experiences, the reason for the discrimination invoked was not one of the reasons given. Ethnicity remains, however, a major cause of reported discrimination.DiscussionThe stress-vulnerability model could explain the link between discrimination and schizotypy, though dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and cortisol secretion in subjects with schizotypy, preventing them from responding adaptively to social stress. Psychological and social factors also seem to play a role in stress management.

Development and Evaluation of the Individuals With Learning Disabilities and/or Difficulties Perceived Discrimination Scale

The present two studies describe the development and psychometric evaluation of the Learning Disability/Difficulty Perceived Discrimination Scale used to assess the self-reported discrimination experiences of people with learning difficulties and/or disabilities. In Study 1 ( N = 202) an exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors, Inferior and Cheating the System. In Study 2 ( N = 216) a confirmatory factor analysis supported the stability of this two-factor correlated model and a bifactor model. Across studies, subscale and full-scale items offered evidence of good reliability, convergent validity, and concurrent validity. Preliminary support for a minority stress framework is explored. Limitations, research, and clinical work with learning difficulties and/or disabilities populations are discussed.

The mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in immigrants.

The aim of the study is to analyze the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in South American immigrants in Chile. An analytical, cross sectional, non-experimental design was used. We evaluated 853 Peruvians and Colombians living in the northern cities of Arica, Antofagasta, and Santiago de Chile, the capital located in the center of the country. The instruments used were the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Perceived Discrimination Scale by Basabe, Paez, Aierdi and Jiménez-Aristizabal. We used the estimation method (RWLS) and polychoric correlation matrices, to estimate the effect size and overall fit of the direct effect models of discrimination and self-esteem on psychological well-being, and indirect and total effects of discrimination mediated by self-esteem. While both populations reported similar levels of perceived discrimination, it was found that the means in psychological well-being and self-esteem of the Colombian population were significantly higher than that of the Peruvian population. Regarding self-esteem, the results provided evidence for the possible mediating effect on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. This research aims to contribute to the development of interventions seeking to strengthen self-esteem in order to circumvent possible negative consequences of perceived discrimination, as a consequent, improving immigrants´ personal resources to successfully cope with the diverse demands of their new context.

Cultural socialization attitudes and behaviors: Examining mothers' centrality, discrimination experiences, and children's effortful control as moderators.

The current study examined whether mothers' cultural socialization attitudes predicted cultural socialization behaviors. In addition, we tested whether this association was moderated by children's effortful control, mothers' ethnic-racial centrality, and mothers' experiences of ethnic discrimination. Mexican-origin young mothers (N = 181; Mage = 20.97 years) completed the Cultural Socialization Attitudes Measure, a revised version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form, and the Perceived Discrimination Scale during an interview and then completed the Cultural Socialization Behaviors Measure a year later. Findings indicated that mothers' cultural socialization attitudes when their children were 4 years of age positively predicted their cultural socialization behaviors 1 year later. Furthermore, experiencing higher ethnic discrimination strengthened the association between mothers' cultural socialization attitudes and behaviors. In addition, mothers' ethnic-racial centrality and children's effortful control were positively associated with mothers' cultural socialization behaviors. These findings contribute to the literature by underscoring the role of individual characteristics and context in cultural socialization efforts with young children over time. (PsycINFO Database Record

Perceived Discrimination and Subjective Well-being in Chinese Migrant Adolescents: Collective and Personal Self-esteem As Mediators.

This study aimed to examine whether collective and personal self-esteem serve as mediators in the relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being among Chinese rural-to-urban migrant adolescents. Six hundred and ninety-two adolescents completed a perceived discrimination scale, a collective self-esteem scale, a personal self-esteem scale, and a subjective well-being scale. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediation hypothesis. The analysis indicated that both collective and personal self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being. The final model also revealed a significant path from perceived discrimination through collective and personal self-esteem to subjective well-being. These findings contribute to the understanding of the complicated relationships among perceived discrimination, collective and personal self-esteem, and subjective well-being. The findings suggest that collective and personal self-esteem are possible targets for interventions aimed at improving subjective well-being. Programs to nurture both the personal and collective self-esteem of migrant adolescents may help to weaken the negative relationships between perceived discrimination and subjective well-being.