Perak Research Articles

Perspective of Private Kindergarten Teachers on Pre-Coding Program in Early Childhood Education / Pandangan Guru Tadika Swasta Terhadap Program Pre-Coding dalam Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak

Nowadays, learning coding has become a highly demanded teaching method to apply basic skills such as programming and computational thinking (CT) in line with current technological developments. Malaysia also takes this issue into account by introducing a pre-coding program for early childhood education. Pre-coding is an activity that teaches the concept of coding which is looking at computational thinking (CT) such as problem solving, logical thinking and creative thinking without involving the use of digital devices. This is because pre-coding is seen as more appropriate to be implemented for children in line with their developmental level who are in dire need of exploring the real world through physical activity. Therefore, this study aims to identify the views of private kindergarten teachers on pre-coding in early childhood education. This teacher's view is seen from the aspects of knowledge, awareness, interest and acceptance of the teacher about the pre-coding program in early childhood education. This study uses a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional survey method. A total of 144 private kindergarten teachers around the states of Perak, Selangor and Putrajaya were selected as the study sample. The research instrument uses a set of questionnaires to answer the research objectives by looking at the median value for each aspect. The findings of the study show that the median value is high for the aspects of knowledge, awareness, interest and acceptance of teachers about pre-coding for children. The study found that the median value of all four aspects is equal to a value of 4. Therefore, the implementation of the pre-coding program is very important to be introduced and implemented in the early teaching and learning of children to help children acquire new basic skills in line with the development of the world of technology.

Faktor Ekstralinguistik Terhadap Penguasaan Kemahiran Lisan didalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

Various reforms and updates in teaching and learning have been carried out by the Ministry of education, but the mastery of oral skills among students is still not encouraging. The average study conducted found that the mastery of the Arabic language (BA) in Malaysia is still not able to achieve real goals and objectives. One of the factors affecting language skills is extralinguistics. Extralinguistics refers to linguistic situations outside the linguistic environment, such as motivation, emotion, attitude, personality, and the like, that are proven to help a student master a particular language. Therefore, this study identifies extralinguistic factors on BA Communication among Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia students in Perak. This study was conducted quantitatively at Sekolah Menengah Agama Negeri (SMAN) which offers learning to sit for the Sijil Tinggi Agama (STAM) examination in the state of Perak. Results indicated that there are five extralinguistic factors on BA Communication, namely attitude, motivation, Arabic exposure, use of BA, Communication problems and teacher encouragement. It can be concluded that there is a strong relationship between attitude factors and the use of SK among students of STAM Perak. This study implies the importance of providing a conducive and supportive learning environment to improve Arabic communication skills among STAM students. Further studies are proposed to examine in depth the factors related to the use of technology in Arabic language learning and the impact on the communication strategies of STAM students.

The Usage of Game-Based Learning Approach in Physics Education: A Novel Board Game in Learning Resolution of Forces among Upper Secondary

Game-based learning (GBL) is an innovative teaching pedagogy that uses games to promote learning or act as educational tools. The teaching and learning of Newton's laws of motion, especially the topic of Resolution of Forces, are challenging when students cannot understand abstract concepts, leading to the failure to solve related problems. This study introduces a novel board game called Catch the Flight, designed to facilitate students' learning of resolution of forces and enhance their problem-solving skills. The board game was systematically designed based on the ADDIE model and the Integrated Design Framework of Playful Learning. A case study was conducted to test and evaluate the board game quality involving 41 upper secondary school physics students in the state of Perak, Malaysia through MEEGA + KIDS self-assessment questionnaire. The results suggest that the game can offer students a positive player experience and, at the same time, enhance students' learning and motivation. Based on the findings, it shows that the game is fun, user-friendly, relevant, and promotes social interaction. This study offers valuable insights for educators considering using educational board games as an instructional strategy or those interested in developing new educational games to teach physics.

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF VEGETATION STRUCTURES (VS) AND LANDSCAPE ORIENTATION IN MINIMIZING THERMAL PERFORMANCE IN A TROPICAL CLIMATE: A FIELDWORK STUDY

The study investigates the impact of vegetation structure within two landscape orientations on thermal performance, a critical consideration in urban planning and environmental management. Given the increasing concerns about Urban Heat Islands and global warming, understanding how vegetation influences thermal regulation is essential. This research employed a quantitative method through field measurement studies, focusing on two single-storey semi-detached houses namely East Landscape Orientation (ELO) and West Landscape Orientation (WLO) located at Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia. The snowball technique was utilized to select the case study houses, ensuring a targeted approach to understanding the effects. Thermal Microclimate Data Logger and Indoor Air Quality Monitor Data Logger were used to measure environmental parameters for thermal conditions, ensuring consistent, reliable, and comprehensive data for analyzing thermal performance in both outdoor and indoor environments. The research findings reveal that the orientation of a house relative to the sun's path significantly impacts its thermal dynamics, with vegetation playing a crucial role in moderating these effects. ELO houses benefit from milder morning sunlight and effective afternoon cooling, while WLO houses experience higher outdoor and indoor temperatures due to intense sunlight and less efficient transpiration by vegetation. Vegetation on the west side provides shade and reduces heat absorption, improving comfort and energy efficiency. Understanding these dynamics can help homeowners and architects make informed decisions about landscape design, enhancing thermal comfort and energy efficiency in homes. This research also contributes to the expanding knowledge base on sustainable urban design by exploring the use of vegetation to enhance thermal performance.

Colorectal Cancer Screening Using Immunochemical Faecal Occult Blood test in Perak – A Cross-Sectional Study

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in Malaysia (13.5%).1 Immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) is known to be a newer, simpler, more sensitive, less expensive and non-invasive approach to CRC screening available.2, 3 The objectives of this study was to describe sociodemographic characteristics, prevalence of positive iFOBT tests and association between positive iFOBT tests, sociodemographic characteristics and colonoscopic findings of detecting CRC in Perak. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study, involving secondary data review of all patients screened for CRC using iFOBT in 96 government health clinics in Perak, from 1/1/2019 until 31/12/2019. Universal sampling method was used. Total of 819 patients were screened. Detailed colonoscopic findings were obtained from database in Perak State Health Department. Mean age was 62.64 (±7.37) years, 50.7% were females and 49.3% were males. Majority of respondents were Malays (57.4%) and iFOBT tests were done in urban government health clinics (67.8%). Out of 819 respondents, 3.1% obtained positive iFOBT results, majority being Malays (1.7%), females (1.6%) with age <65 years old (1.8%). Among the 3.1%, only 4 had pre-cancerous/cancerous lesion colonoscopic findings. Analysis of association between positive iFOBT results, sociodemographic characteristics and colonoscopic findings revealed no significant association between age and gender with colonoscopic findings. There was significant association between ethnicity and colonoscopic findings (p=0.037), however, only 4 tested positive. The detection rate for carcinoma is suboptimal using iFOBT test, probably due to the low numbers screened. Further strengthening of the program is needed to achieve a more favourable outcome.

Lost years, mortality burden: the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on premature death due to road traffic accidents in a northern state in Malaysia

BackgroundThis study addresses the persistent global burden of road traffic fatalities, particularly in middle-income countries like Malaysia, by exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Road Traffic Accident (RTA) fatalities in Perak state, Malaysia, with a secondary focus on applying Years of Life Lost (YLL) to understand the implications of these premature deaths.MethodologyThe cross-sectional study retrospectively reviewed certified RTA fatalities from 2018 to 2021, individually counting fatalities in accidents and excluding cases with incomplete death profiles. Data were collected from all Forensic Departments in the government hospitals in Perak. RTA fatalities were confirmed by medical officers/physicians following established procedures during routine procedures. A total of 2517 fatal accident and victim profiles were transcribed into data collection form after reviewing death registration records and post-mortem reports. Inferential analyses were used for comparison between pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic. The standard expected YLL was calculated by comparing the age of death to the external standard life expectancy curve taking into consideration of age and gender in Malaysia.ResultsThis study included 2207 (87.7%) of the RTA fatalities in Perak State. The analysis revealed a decreasing trend in RTA deaths from 2018 to 2021, with a remarkable Annual Percent Change (APC) of -25.1% in 2020 compared to the pre-pandemic year in 2019 and remained stable with lower APC in 2021. Comparison between pre-pandemic (2018–2019) and pandemic years (2020–2021) revealed a difference in the fatality distribution with a median age rise during the pandemic (37.7 (IQR: 22.96, 58.08) vs. 41.0 (IQR: 25.08, 61.00), p = 0.002). Vehicle profiles remained consistent, yet changes were observed in the involvement of various road users, where more motorcycle riders and pedestrian were killed during pandemic (p = 0.049). During pandemic, there was a decline in vehicle collisions, but slight increase of the non-collision accidents and incidents involving pedestrians/animals (p = 0.015). A shift in accident from noon till midnight were also notable during the pandemic (p = 0.028). YLL revealed differences by age and gender, indicating a higher YLL for females aged 30–34 during the pandemic.ConclusionThe decline in RTA fatalities during COVID-19 pandemic underscores the influence of pandemic-induced restrictions and reduced traffic. However, demographic shifts, increased accident severity due to risky behaviors and gender-specific impacts on YLL, stress the necessity for improved safety interventions amidst evolving dynamics.

Validity and Reliability Implementation Programme Empowercer Academic @ Perak Toward Indigenous Students at Perak State in 2024

Validity and Reliability Implementation Programme Empowercer Academic @ Perak Toward Indigenous Students at Perak State in 2024

Interactive AR Textbook Application for 3M Orang Asli Students in Primary School

The impact of technological advancement on the education system, particularly the need for innovation in its use in teaching and learning, is significant. However, the disclosure of a previous study found that a total of 269,332 primary school students across the country were not able to master the basic 3M skills of reading, counting, and writing. Therefore, this study aims to develop an Interactive AR textbook to learn the vowels a, e, è, i, o, and u. Evaluation of the effectiveness of using Interactive AR Textbooks, especially from the design point of view and to user experience and cognitive style in the context of Orang Asli education in the State of Perak. This study uses design-based research (DBR) as design research, which is divided into four phases: Phase I (analysis), Phase II (development), Phase III (evaluation), and Phase IV (documentation). Six experts were selected to verify the application. It was tested for usability and student performance on 62 first-year students among Orang Asli students in the State of Perak. The results revealed that the Interactive AR Textbook can be used to learn vowels a, e, è, i, o, and u based on expert agreement in terms of usability (99%), ease of use (98%), ease of learning (96%), and motivation (100%). Results show that Interactive AR Textbooks can increase motivation for learning Malay vowels, making them beneficial for grade 1 students, teachers, and schools. This application enables the creation of a realistic, authentic, engaging, and entertaining learning environment. This study also acknowledges the limitations and future recommendations of this study.

Enhancing Customer Retention within Malaysia Banking: Exploring the Impact of Relationship Marketing, Service Quality, Price, and Mediating Role of Satisfaction

The value of Customer Retention as the primary goal is to cultivate a loyal customer base that continually generates revenue through repeat transactions. The merger undertaken by the bank has resulted in a more extensive customer base, affording the opportunity for cross-selling various financial products. It is noteworthy that the performance of banks exhibited fluctuations. Remarkably, smaller banks can outperform their larger counterparts. As a result, this study aims to explore the strategies that enhance customer satisfaction by nurturing customer relationships through the perspective of Relationship Marketing. The establishment of long-term relationships emerges as a pivotal approach for banks to deliver quality services, encompassing both human and non-human interaction. Satisfaction plays a mediating role in achieving customers’ expectations in addition of the pricing strategy employed by banks, particularly the interest rates extended to customers. To obtain empirical insights, quantitative research is being conducted. Questionnaires have been distributed to customers selected at random from three distinct areas in Perak state. A total of 129 questionnaires were gathered and analyzed with SmartPLS. The outcomes were positive and supported relationship between relationship marketing and service quality in promoting retaining customer, with the two variables being mediated by satisfaction. Despite that, the linkage of pricing strategies and Customer Retention is not substantiated, and no mediation through customer satisfaction is observed. This implies that customers may be highly inclined to switch if being offered more competitive pricing. For future investigations, in the banking performance, are encouraged to explore the perspective of banks’ operation cost and management expenses.

Innovative Mosque Management Activities for Income Generation and Community Inclusion

Mosques play an important role in Malaysia’s moslem communities. However, mosque management and upkeep depend on the committee members, location and the surrounding community. The paper aims at showcasing the innovative management strategies for income generation effectiveness in organizing community engagement activities towards poverty alleviation and inclusion in their qaryah or locality. These qaryah mosques are situated in the states of Perak and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Through a qualitative design study, the findings from this project will describe and discuss the mosques’ management and strategies for continuity in ensuring income generation for the stakeholders’ wellbeing and sustainability.

COVID-19 related health literacy and preventive behaviours of the older person in Perak state, Malaysia: A qualitative study

IntroductionHealth literacy is crucial in controlling the spread of SARS-CoV2 and preventing infection, as well as preparing healthcare systems for situations that require immediate response. The aim of this study was to evaluate older people's health literacy towards disease prevention, as well as the motivators and barriers they experienced when adopting preventative measures. MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with 16 participants aged 65 and beyond. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants, accounting for variability in gender, age and educational level. The transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis methods. The interview guide was developed using Sørensen's conceptual model of health literacy. ResultsFive main themes and 16 sub-themes were identified in this study. Knowledge and perception on preventive measures (with two sub-themes), sources of Covid-19 information (with two sub-themes), appraise the health information (with two sub-themes), perceived practice (with five sub-themes), barriers and motivators (with five sub-themes) were the major themes. This study discovered aspects of SEM may influence preventive measure adoption and the impact of different levels of SEM on seniors' decision-making for preventive measure adoption. ConclusionThis study examined older adults' experiences with CoviD-19-related health literacy (access, comprehend, assess, and apply), as well as their preventative behaviours, barriers, and motivators. Future disease outbreak mitigation measures should consider the SEM approach in order to improve health communication and promote healthy behaviour.

Intervention for Learner Engagement using Token Economy among National Language Classrooms in Tamil Primary Schools

This research is aimed to know the effect of the application of the token economy method on National Language learning motivation. The experiment was set as the research method. The variables in this study were the token economy method as an independent variable, learning motivation as the dependent variable, and learning achievement as the control variable. The subjects used in this study were Year Three students in four Tamil Primary Schools in the District of Larut Matang Selama, in the state of Perak. Based on the descriptive analysis, it is found that in general, before undergoing modification, the experimental variables had a low motivation in learning the National Language. After undergoing the modification, it was noted that the variables in the Token Economy program have higher learning motivation compared to the same variables before the Token Economy program.

Hubungan Latihan Keselamatan, Peraturan dan Prosedur Keselamatan terhadap Prestasi Keselamatan Anggota Kerja GIATMARA

Safety performance holds a vital role in developing safety management in the workplace, aiming to ensure both safety compliance and safety participation in the organization. Safety performance also contributes to and determines the success of accident prevention program implementation. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between safety training, safety rules and procedures, and the safety performance of employees at GIATMARA. This study is a quantitative study that uses a survey research design. The research instrument is a questionnaire and involves 128 respondents among GIATMARA workers in the state of Perak. The results of the Pearson correlation statistical analysis show that there is a significant and positive relationship between safety training (r = .496, p ≤ 0.01), as well as safety rules and procedures (r = .593 **, p ≤ 0.01) on safety performance. The results of this study prove that safety training and safety rules and procedures affect the safety performance of an organization. Therefore, every organization needs to ensure that each employee receives adequate safety training and is provided with well-organized and clear safety rules and procedures.

SISTEM PERCERAIAN ONLINE DI MAHKAMAH RENDAH SYARIAH IPOH PERAK

Statistics from the Perak Syariah Judiciary Department (JKSPk) recorded the trend of increasing divorce applications for muslim couples in the state of Perak. This trend of divorce is not a foreign one in Malaysia and also led to the issue of delay in the settlement of divorce cases to the point of delaying the case. Thus, JKSPk has introduced an online divorce system or better known as the MySolve system at the end of 2016 as an alternative to the resolution of the issue. Preliminary studies have found that Perak was the first state to introduce this online divorce system. Divorce through the MySolve system is an innovation or improvement for divorce applications by mutual consent under Section 47 and application for confirmation of divorce of Section 57, Islamic Family Law (Perak) Enactment 2004. The objective of this study is to identify the implementation process, achievements and challenges of the online divorce system that has been applied in the Syariah Lower Court in Ipoh, Perak since it was introduced more than 6 years ago. This study is a qualitative study that requires document analysis and semi-structured interviews for data acquisition. The results of the study were analysed using descriptive methods. The findings of the study show that the MySolve system is a relevant system that remains in use until now. Another achievement of this system is that it also remains relevant during the emergency period of the Covid-19 pandemic and helps simplify customer affairs. However, the MySolve system is not well known by the general public and the reality of the public's negative perception of the online divorce system is one of the challenges faced by JKSPk. The results of this study can contribute to the addition of new reference sources for academics and general reading materials related to the express divorce method in the state of Perak.

Impacts of tilapia aquaculture on native fish diversity at an ecologically important reservoir.

The Temengor Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in Peninsular Malaysia. Located in the northwestern state of Perak, it was selected to develop a large-scale tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture facility within the Aquaculture Industrial Zone (AIZ) in 2008 due to its favourable environmental conditions. No record of tilapia has ever been reported in the natural waters prior to this. However, a post-establishment study recorded tilapia sightings in the natural waters of this lake. The cultured tilapia was easily recognizable with the elongated mouth and body, and long caudal fin. It is postulated that these were escapees from the floating cages that had invaded the natural waters and would negatively impact the native fish species. To test our hypothesis, we investigated the impact of the aquaculture facility on native fish diversity through a spatial design. The study was focused on assessing the impact of tilapia culture at sites nearer to the AIZ vs more distant sites, the former with a greater likelihood of receiving escapees. Two major sites were chosen; within 5 km (near-cage) and within 5-15 km (far-cage) radii from the AIZ. Fish sampling was conducted using multiple mesh sizes of gill nets (3.7, 5.1, 6.5, 7.6, and 10.2 cm) deployed at the littoral zone of the sampling points. Species diversity, abundance, dietary habits, and habitat preference were investigated. The CPUE (individual/hour) of native fish species at the far-cage site of the AIZ Reservoir was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that at the near-cage site. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on diet and habitat preferences showed that the tilapia, O. niloticus had almost overlapping diet resources and habitat with native fish species. We conclude that there is a correlation between the reduced catches of native species (based on CPUE) and the high presence of tilapia. Thus, appropriate actions must be implemented for strategic and effective planning in terms of native fish conservation.

THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL MERCHANDISING ELEMENTS ON SHOPPER’S IMPULSE BUYING MOTIVES

THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL MERCHANDISING ELEMENTS ON SHOPPER’S IMPULSE BUYING MOTIVES Phaviithtirrah A/P Govindarajoo 1, Aniza Suriati binti Abdul Shukor2 Fazlina binti Abd Rahiman3 Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah¹, Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah², Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, Behrang, Perak³ Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah Behrang 35950 Perak Malaysia phaviithtirrah@psas.edu.my ABSTRACT: Visual Merchandising is showing merchandise and concepts at the retailer’s very best with the end purpose of making sales. The primary purpose of this study was to examine what visual merchandising elements are the most influential on shoppers in the Sports Direct Sunway Pyramid when shopping in sports, fitness, fashion and lifestyle fascia’s &amp; brands. A total of 100 respondents participated in the survey. The study used a non-probability sampling technique which is convenience sampling. The respondents were customers of a Sports Direct Sunway Pyramid. The data were processed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The researchers have identified three main elements of visual merchandising: window display, mannequin display and floor merchandising. The value of the correlation coefficient is 0.695. The outcomes showed that shopper's impulse buying is significantly influenced by window displays, mannequin displays and floor merchandising. The study also concludes that the Mannequin display had the highest positive influence on shoppers' impulse buying and floor merchandising has the least significant effect on shoppers' impulse buying motives in the Sports Direct Sunway Pyramid. To entice customers into their store, the merchant must thus comprehend the demands and wishes of the shoppers and produce the ideal exhibition of the shoppers' expectations. Keywords: Visual Merchandising, Window Display, Mannequin Display, Floor Merchandising, And Impulse Buying Motives

Isu dan Impak Perkembangan Penanaman Getah di Perak, 1958-1984

This research is to see to what extent the development of commercial plantations, in particular rubber plants in Perak between 1958 and 1984 has had a positive impact on the socioeconomic progress of the population in this state. The elemental of this rubber plant development is seen through the development of this plant in the state of Perak, the challenges faced by the people in rubber cultivation activities, especially in facing the problem of South American Leaf Blight (SALB) disease and how they resolved it during the period studied. This research adopted historical qualitative method on sources and materials obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, National Archives of Malaysia Perak State Branch, Hamzah Sendut Library 1, Universiti Sains Malaysia in the Malaysiana and Archives section, Kuala Kangsar Public Library, Perak, and the library at the National Archives of Malaysia Perak State Branch.This study has found that the rapid development of rubber plantations in Perak has left a significant impact on socioeconomic aspects among residents in the state of Perak. For example, the rate for employment opportunities and generated income had increased especially for women, as well as there were improvements in infrastructure, education, and health. This matter shows that the progressiveness of the economic sector in Perak is not solely contributed by tin mining activities as widely discussed by previous studies. It turns out that economic activities based on rubber cultivation have also had a positive impact on the progress of the lives of residents in the state of Perak.

Isu dan Impak Perkembangan Penanaman Getah di Perak, 1958-1984

This research is to see to what extent the development of commercial plantations, in particular rubber plants in Perak between 1958 and 1984 has had a positive impact on the socioeconomic progress of the population in this state. The elemental of this rubber plant development is seen through the development of this plant in the state of Perak, the challenges faced by the people in rubber cultivation activities, especially in facing the problem of South American Leaf Blight (SALB) disease and how they resolved it during the period studied. This research adopted historical qualitative method on sources and materials obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, National Archives of Malaysia Perak State Branch, Hamzah Sendut Library 1, Universiti Sains Malaysia in the Malaysiana and Archives section, Kuala Kangsar Public Library, Perak, and the library at the National Archives of Malaysia Perak State Branch.This study has found that the rapid development of rubber plantations in Perak has left a significant impact on socioeconomic aspects among residents in the state of Perak. For example, the rate for employment opportunities and generated income had increased especially for women, as well as there were improvements in infrastructure, education, and health. This matter shows that the progressiveness of the economic sector in Perak is not solely contributed by tin mining activities as widely discussed by previous studies. It turns out that economic activities based on rubber cultivation have also had a positive impact on the progress of the lives of residents in the state of Perak.

Assessing the national antibiotic surveillance data to identify burden for melioidosis in Malaysia

ObjectivesA leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia, the epidemiological data on melioidosis disease occurrence and mortality in Malaysia is not comprehensive. The aim of this study is to determine the burden of melioidosis and assess the National Surveillance for Antibiotic Resistance (NSAR) data as a potential tool melioidosis surveilance in Malaysia. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis on the B. pseudomallei reposited data submitted to the NSAR network between January 2014 and December 2020. The data were screened for information on patient demographics and specimen types. Additional patient comorbidities and outcomes were drawn from parallel surveillance for bacteremic melioidosis. ResultsThe average annual incidence rate of melioidosis between 2014-2020 was 3.41 per 100,000 population and was significantly different between states (P <0.001). The highest incidence was observed in Pahang at 11.33 per 100,000 population. Individuals of Malay ethnicity, from the states of Pahang, Johor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan aged 40-49, who were diabetic and working in agriculture-related sectors had a higher risk of succumbing to the infection. ConclusionAssessing the NSAR data proved to be a useful tool for the determination of the incidence and socio-demographic risk factors attributed to melioidosis in Malaysia.

Mimbar Design Motifs in Pre-Independence Mosques in Ipoh Perak

Mimbar is where Khatib delivers a sermon before the Friday prayer begins. Undeniably, a mimbar built before the independence era in Malaysia is hard to find today, and there are deficiencies in research on the mosques' mimbar motifs. This research aims to identify the motifs on the mimbar before the independence era, particularly in Ipoh, Perak. Therefore, this research significantly benefits the future generation and nurtures their knowledge regarding the extrinsic values of the mimbar's aesthetics and the intrinsic meaning of its motifs that contribute to developing mimbar motifs in art and architecture in Malaysia and share the motifs' character representing Perak's state.