People's Reactions Research Articles

The effect of combined exposure to noise and vibrations from rail traffic on sleep: results from the follow-up study "Living in the vicinity of the railway"

As a result of policy aims to improve accessibility and achieve climate targets, an increase in rail traffic is foreseen for a while. It is therefore expected that in the future more problems will arise due to the vibrations and noise that trains produce. It is demonstrated that most problems are caused by freight trains, predominantly tracking during the night, hence affecting sleep. Research has shown that both noise and vibrations from rail traffic can affect sleep; evidence on the impact of combined exposures is scarce. To investigate the effect of combined exposure to noise and vibrations from rail traffic on self-reported sleep disturbance, we used data from a survey aimed to investigate people's reactions on railway vibrations. In 2021, 17,189 people of 16 years and older, living within 300 meters of a railway track in The Netherlands were invited to fill in a questionnaire. Exposure to vibration and noise levels from rail traffic during the night were modelled and linked to the addresses of the 5,611 (33%) participants. We used logistic regression models to test the associations between rail traffic vibration or noise exposure and sleep disturbance for different noise and vibration exposure groups. This paper presents preliminary results.

Effects of human–wildlife conflict on local people's livelihoods and wildlife conservation in and around Alitash National Park, northwest Ethiopia

Human–wildlife conflict has become one of the fundamental aspects of wildlife management. It threatens both wildlife and human welfare. People have injured, abused, and killed wildlife in response to perceived and/or actual damage from wildlife. Such negative interactions are common in adjacent protected areas (PAs) where people and wildlife share the same resources. However, the local contexts of the conflict around the most newly established PAs remain unaddressed. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of human–wildlife conflict on local people's livelihoods and wildlife conservation in and around Alitash National Park, Ethiopia. The data were collected by interviewing 198 households from 11 villages and conducting 3 focus group discussions and 12 key informant interviews. The survey questions were designed to understand the occurrence of wildlife damage, species involved, losses incurred, and local people's perception and reaction. The results revealed that 59.6% of the surveyed households encountered at least a single type of wildlife‐caused damage. Crop damage was the most prevalent, encountered by more than half (54%) of the households, of which 34.4 and 19.6% lost at most 25 and 75% of their crop fields, respectively. Common warthog, African porcupines, and common baboon were the top‐ranked wildlife species involved in crop‐raiding. The livestock loss from 2016 to 2020 was 287.89 tropical livestock units, which were shared by 47.5% of the respondents. Human attacks were rare, although 18 attacks by lion, spotted hyena, and leopard were reported by the study participants. The responses of the victims were negative and full of resentment to the wildlife. This undermines conservation efforts and the socio‐economic welfare of the local people. Thus, providing alternative livelihood opportunities and creating a context‐based conservation scheme along with continuous conservation education would help to reduce the negative effect of human–wildlife conflict on both wildlife and people.

The effect of interpersonal relationships on epidemic spreading in weighted multilayer networks

During the epidemic outbreak, people's reactions to social contacts of varying degrees of intimacy exhibited significant differences. Historical data further reveal that interactions between groups play a crucial role in the epidemic's transmission chain. In light of this, it is essential for epidemiological models to account for more complex interaction mechanisms. Based on this understanding, we have developed a weighted dual-layer network model. One layer simulates the spread of information through 2-simplexes, while the other simulates the actual transmission paths of the disease based on physical contact. The weight between two nodes represents individual differences in information acceptance and self-protection among neighbors with different relationships. We conducted a theoretical analysis using the Micro-Markov Chain Approach to examine transmission behaviors, and we also implemented numerical simulations using the Monte Carlo Method. The simulation results aligned with the theoretical analysis, indicating that stronger interpersonal relationships can enhance information dissemination, prompting more individuals to adopt protective measures, which in turn helps curb the spread of the disease.

Predicting Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Collective Wrongdoing: Effects of Imagined Versus Experienced Collective Guilt on Moral Behavior

ABSTRACTPast research has shown that people are inconsistent when making predictions about emotions and moral behaviors following their own wrongdoing. However, it is less clear how people react when they did not cause the wrongdoing themselves but the group or collective they associate with. The present paper investigates people's reactions to collective wrongdoing and the question (1) whether the prediction of the experience of group‐based guilt is related to actual moral behaviors and (2) whether this prediction is reliable. In three studies, we analyze collective guilt and subsequent behavioral reactions. Study 1 involved real academic situations, varying the kind of unfair treatment of others. A priori, participants overestimated their own subsequent experiences of collective guilt as well as their moral behavior. With respect to actual responses, experienced guilt was the strongest predictor of behavioral reactions, while imagined guilt, in‐group identification and satisfaction did not significantly predict responses. Moreover, participants also reacted more to the direct harm caused by their group to others than to unjustified privileges granted to others. Study 2 fully replicated these results and showed relative stability in the predictions of collective guilt. Study 3 compared the responses by participants of the previous two studies with their responses 5 years later, indicating high stability of the observed effects over time. Also, we observed that making repeated predictions after experiencing the guilt‐eliciting situation did not improve the accuracy of our participants' predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for self‐predictions, behavioral and affective forecasting of collective emotions, and for common assessment methods of guilt by hypothetical vignettes.

Methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of the survey "The Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S)" to spanish-chilean

Introduction: the Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes-Stuttering is a survey designed to assess the general population's attitudes toward stuttering in comparison to a variety of human conditions or attributes. Its purpose is to inquire about people's beliefs and reactions to this condition. Objective: to describe the methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering from North American English to Chilean Spanish. Methods: quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational and cross-cultural adaptation study. With criterion method and back-translation, consisting of the following stages: 1) translation of the original survey into Spanish-Chilean; 2) construction of a consensus version based on both translations; 3) back-translation of the consensus version into English; 4) review by a committee of experts and construction of the pre-test version and; 5) pilot testing of the pre-test version to a random sample of 30 participants.Results: a semantically equivalent survey to the original instrument was generated and a pre-test version was made available. The latter version was applied to a pilot sample.Conclusion: the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering was cross-culturally adapted from its original North American English to Chilean Spanish through a rigorous and strict methodological process. In addition, the pre-test version preserved the conceptual and semantic properties of the original instrument, which could contribute to improving future awareness, public education and advocacy activities on stuttering

Gendered Corruption: People's Reactions to Victims of Monetary Versus Sexual Extortion.

This research addresses the important issue of the connection between corruption and gender-based violence, an area that has gained increasing attention in recent years. It provides a new perspective by comparing the perception of victims of monetary corruption versus sexual corruption. Through an experimental study, we exposed participants to a fictitious scenario in which they witnessed an event of sex-based (vs. money-based) extortion. The results showed that the victims' decision to cave into the extortion (both money or sex-based) led to higher feelings of moral outrage and blame toward them, and a weaker moral perception. Moreover, victims were considered less moral and more prone to reputational damage when described as caving into sex-based (vs. money-based) extortion. Finally, a moderated mediation model showed that the reputational damage suffered by the woman also significantly mediated the relation between the decision to cave into the extortion and the helping intentions toward her, but only when the corruption involved sexual payment. These findings provide insights into the perception of victims of both money-based and sex-based extortion, highlighting the significant role of reputational damage and stigma in the context of sextortion.

Visualizing numbers: Investigating the effect of presentation format on emotional responses and performance in lottery tasks.

Numeracy is the ability to understand, manipulate, and make sense of numerical information. It is crucial for everyday decision making that involves dealing with numbers. In this study, we tested whether we can help people make better choices in monetary lotteries by communicating numerical values (i.e., payoffs and probabilities) using visual aids. We also checked whether presenting this information in a visual form reduces affect negativity. Participants (N = 210) made choices in 10 monetary lotteries accompanied with visual aids (experimental condition) or without visual aids (control condition). After the lottery task, participants completed questionnaires measuring experienced emotions and numerical skills. Despite finding no hypothesized effect of visual aids on performance in a lottery task, the exploratory analysis revealed the interaction effect. In a visual aid condition, participants who were relatively less educated scored significantly higher in a lottery task in comparison to those in the control condition. Additionally, participants in the visual aid condition reported significantly lower intensity of negative emotions after the lottery task than those in the control condition. We discuss possible causes and mechanisms that can explain the results we obtained. We argue that visual aids are a promising tool for future learning, and their friendly format can positively influence people's reactions to decisions involving numerical information. However, we also point out the necessity for further research and exploration of the role of different designs of visual aids and individual differences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Transforming Cancer Care: The Impact of AI-Driven Strategies.

AI is a critical component in healthcare, especially in the application of precision medicine where patients' characteristics, including genetic makeup, determine the treatment options that should be implemented. AI sorts big data, predicting people's reactions to specific treatments, the right combinations of drugs, and possible side effects, therefore increasing the efficiency of the treatment process and decreasing negative outcomes. This article briefly presents the ethical issues and concerns that might arise due to the integration of AI in society, such as the privacy of data, the issues of bias in the algorithms, and the issues of interpretability of the AI systems. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that AI can bring qualitative changes in cancer care based on its potential to enhance patient prognosis and reduce health care costs, as well as become a defining feature of the standard of care.

Emoting up, emoting down: status, authenticity and the emotional labour of STEM graduate students

Various studies have examined emotional labour’s positive and negative aspects, but the structural conditions under which people experience emotional labour as fulfilling vs. taxing are underexplored. In this study, I use interviews with graduate students – a group whose relative social status changes routinely – to illuminate the types of emotion work that occasion positive and negative feelings. I find that graduate students often felt positive when performing emotional labour down the academic hierarchy to undergraduate students but felt negative about their emotional labour when performing it up the academic hierarchy to professors. I also find that women, people of colour and international students find their emotional labour particularly distressing when they perceive it to be an expectation of their marginalised social identity. Using identity theory, I show how status dynamics underlie people's emotional reactions when their identities are at risk of being disconfirmed. This research study contributes to the field of the sociology of emotions by specifying that status matters for whether emotional labour is a positive or negative experience for workers.

Reactions to a Nicotine Reduction Policy Among Adolescents Who Smoke: A Qualitative Study.

The Biden administration is pursuing a nicotine reduction policy in the U.S. to render cigarettes less addictive. In this study, we qualitatively investigated adolescents' subjective responses to very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes, reasons for incomplete adherence to using them, and their expected responses to a nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily (ages 15-19; N=60) were enrolled in a three-week double-blind randomized clinical trial and assigned to smoke either normal nicotine content (NNC) or VLNC research cigarettes. Following the trial, 52 participants completed qualitative interviews about their reactions to the cigarettes and to the idea of a nicotine reduction policy. We utilized a template style approach to thematic analysis involving immersion in the data, codebook development with both inductive and deductive codes, and iterative refinement of themes. Reasons for incomplete adherence to smoking only research cigarettes focused on dislike for cigarette taste and lower satisfaction compared to usual brand cigarettes. Negative evaluations of research cigarettes were common across both groups. Many participants in both groups reported that they would decrease their smoking or quit entirely if the research cigarettes were the only ones legally available for purchase in the U.S. Adolescents may respond to a cigarette nicotine reduction policy by decreasing their cigarette smoking and eventually quitting. These findings suggest a need for public health strategies to reduce smoking initiation and progression in young people and to encourage cessation in the context of a nicotine reduction policy. Participants' negative subjective responses and challenges with research cigarette adherence offer insight into factors that might influence young people's reactions to a real-world nicotine reduction policy. Adolescents who smoke may increase their use of alternative tobacco products, especially e-cigarettes, if this policy were implemented. Specifically, themes identified across participant responses highlight important considerations for how such a policy might be implemented with specific attention to the unique smoking behaviors and needs of this vulnerable population.

Delivering the Future: Understanding User Perceptions of Delivery Robots

Delivery robots are increasingly becoming part of our urban landscape. However, the general public is divided about their presence in public spaces; some welcome their usefulness, while others see them as intrusive or even threatening. This study aims to understand users' perceptions of these robots to provide concrete insights into their further development. First, we used text mining to analyze people's reactions to popular YouTube videos featuring delivery robots. Based on these findings, we applied the scenario-based design method to develop scenarios illustrating user interactions with delivery robots. We then conducted in-depth interviews with 30 participants to explore their views on these scenarios. Our analysis highlighted several design issues, including robots' aesthetics, interactions with pedestrians, and the broader physical and regulatory framework. We also identified common concerns and positive expectations for these robots. From these findings, we propose design implications for the future of delivery robots.

The effect of malnutrition on students' academic performance: Roy’s model application

Purpose This study aims to enhance understanding of malnutrition's effect on academic achievement of primary school students. Design/methodology/approach This is a descriptive, cross-sectional design built on Roy's adaptation model (RAM). This study uses a random cluster sample, consisting of 453 primary school students. Contextual stimuli (mother's educational level, income and child’s breakfast eating) and focal stimuli (wasting, thinness, body mass index and stunting) were examined regarding adaptive responses to student’s academic achievement. Findings The investigation revealed that Model 1, which took into account factors of age, gender, the frequency of breakfast, income, the number of family members and the education of mothers, explained 12% (R2 = 0.12) of the variance in academic achievement. Stuntedness (β = −3.2 and p < 0.01), BMI (β = 0.94 and p < 0.001), family income per month (β = 5.60 and p < 0.001) and mother's education (β = 2.79 and p < 0.001) were the significant predictors in Model 2. Practical implications This study provides evidence that malnutrition is associated with ineffective academic achievement. Moreover, variables such as the mother's level of education, family income and the child’s breakfast consumption have a significant impact on academic achievements. Originality/value RAM is a useful framework for determining factors affecting people's reactions to difficult circumstances.

Elasticity of emotions to multiple interpersonal transgressions.

After an interpersonal mishap-like blowing off plans with a friend, forgetting a spouse's birthday, or falling behind on a group project-wrongdoers typically feel guilty for their misbehavior, and victims feel angry. These emotions are believed to possess reparative functions; their expression prevents future mistakes from reiterating. However, little research has examined people's emotional reactions to mistakes that happen more than once. In seven preregistered studies, we assessed wrongdoers' and victims' emotions that arise after one transgression and again after another. Following two (or more) consecutive transgressions, wrongdoers felt guiltier, and victims felt angrier. However, from one transgression to the next, increases to anger were significantly greater than increases to guilt. Likewise, after transgression repair, anger decreased more than guilt did. In short, we found that anger is more elastic than guilt, which suggests a new perspective on emotions: The sensitivity to which emotions update in response to new circumstances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Is it better to be happy or right? Examining the relative role of the pragmatic and epistemic imperatives in momentary affective evaluations.

According to research highlighting the importance of predictions, the confirmation of expectations may be a positively-laden experience. A strong test of this principle is the case of the "doomsayer's delight": the possibility that belief confirmation can be rewarding even when negative expectations are realized. In order to investigate this idea, we conducted two high-powered experiments examining people's immediate affective reactions following exposure to expected or unexpected positive and negative stimuli. The results show that people feel significantly worse when their pessimistic expectations are confirmed than when their optimistic expectations are violated. This finding was not moderated by several theoretically relevant individual difference measures or temporal dynamics. Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the interplay between epistemic and pragmatic motivations in guiding emotional responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Similarities and Differences in Diabetes Diagnosis Stories Among Adults With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes in Appalachian Ohio.

This qualitative study examined adults' recollections of their reactions to their diabetes diagnosis and explored the similarities and differences among those diagnosed with type 1 versus type 2 diabetes. Based on semistructured interviews, the authors identified three themes: 1) shared emotional reactions of fear, sadness, confusion, and worry; 2) perceived differences in expressing concerns for diabetes complications; and 3) differences in perceiving the diagnosis as a surprise versus an inevitability. How health care professionals (HCPs) deliver diabetes diagnoses may be crucial to individuals' acceptance of the condition and coping strategies. HCPs should consider assessing people's emotional reactions to their diagnosis.

Expose Level, Morality, and Sexual Attraction from A Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comprehensive Analysis of Individual Differences and Cultural Influences

Exposure level, morality, and sexual attraction are essential themes involving interaction between individuals and cultures. Whether in the context of globalization or the prevalence of gender equality movements today, exploring these three factors remains an integral part of moral discussions. This study investigates the relationship between exposure level, moral standards, and sexual attraction across different cultural backgrounds. Using the experimental paradigm of implicit association tests, this paper designs a 2x2 within-subjects experimental study to measure people's reactions to different levels of exposure under various moral contexts. By analyzing the differences in response time, data conclusions are drawn. Furthermore, based on the perspectives of moral relativism, and social constructivism, possible outcomes of the study are explained and described. Two potential models of variable relationships are established. In both models, sexual attraction mediates moral standards and exposure level. Still, the difference lies in the presence of demographic variables as either influencing the relationship between sexual attraction and moral standards or moderating the relationship between moral standards and exposure level.

Crafting Entrepreneurial Pet Brands: Unravelling the Influence of Media Exposure on COVID-19 Anxiety through the Lens of Pet Attachment

This study aims to investigate the impact of media exposure regarding COVID-19 on anxiety with the mediating role of risk perception and the moderating role of pet attachment. The target population of the study is pet owners in major cities of Pakistan. The results concluded that media exposure has a significant and positive impact on risk perception, and risk perception has a significant and positive impact on anxiety. Furthermore, pet attachment plays a moderating role between media exposure and risk perception, and there is a partial mediation effect of risk perception between media exposure and anxiety. The study suggests that pet attachment must be considered as a solution to reduce risk perception caused by media exposure to COVID-19. The effect of media exposure regarding COVID-19 on anxiety has not been widely studied in Pakistan, nor has the mediating role of risk perception and the moderating role of pet attachment; therefore, this study is a contribution towards filling this gap. The goal of the study is to find out how business owners in the pet sector strategically mold their brands and deal with the difficulties posed by the COVID-19 environment. It also explores how media exposure affects people's anxiety levels throughout the epidemic, with a focus on how people's attachment to their pets mediates this effect. When examining and interpreting the emotional and psychological components of people's reactions to COVID-19-related media messages in the context of their relationships with their pets, the lens of pet attachment offers a distinctive viewpoint. For future studies, the impact of media exposure on anxiety may be examined across various cities in Pakistan, with larger sample sizes. Managerial implications are discussed.

Risk perception, compliance with COVID-19 measures, and the role of social media after China's lockdown lift

IntroductionFew studies have investigated people's reactions after a sudden lift. The transitional experiences of Chinese people at the end of 2022 serve as a valuable reference for pandemic management. Therefore, this study investigates Chinese people's perception of risks after the lifting, the influence of risk perception on their compliance with COVID-19 measures, and the moderating effect of social media on this influence. MethodsInitially, using a random sampling approach, we carried out an online questionnaire survey through Questionnaire Star, an online questionnaire platform. 417 (304 females, 13–64 years old) participants responded to questions on their perception of risks, compliance with COVID-19 measures, and trust in social media. Then, in the follow-up experiment, we observed another 60 (30 females, 18–22 years old) participants’ actual behaviors to see how they comply with COVID-19 measures (for the peak of the confirmed cases, we chose to make do with this small size). We also asked them to complete a paper questionnaire on risk perception and trust in social media. ResultsThe initial survey indicated that, after the lifting, Chinese citizens perceived high risks (they reported a possibility of 61.04 out of 100 to be infected and threatened by COVID-19. The number was 54 in a previous study), showed a low degree of adherence to COVID-19 measures (on a scale of 1–5, they reported a score of 2.04 in private, and 1.89 in public), and social media positively moderated the relationship between risk perception and adherence (ΔR2 = 0.10, p < .01 for private behavior; ΔR2 = 0.13, p < .01 for public behavior). The follow-up experiment further confirmed these findings. ConclusionThis study suggests that, when lifting lockdowns on a national scale, the government should inform the public about the risks accurately, encourage healthy behaviors, and make full use of social media to promote adherence to COVID-19 measures. By using a hybrid approach that combines a questionnaire survey with actual behavior observation, this study expands earlier research into the understudied context of lockdown lifts. Finding effective strategies to support individuals through the transition period can facilitate global pandemic management.

PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL ORANG TUA -REMAJA (KETERBUKAAN DAN EMPATI) TERHADAP PRILAKU SEK PRANIKAH PADA REMAJA

Interpersonal communication or interpersonal communication is communication between people face to face, which allows each participant to capture other people's reactions directly, both verbally and non-verbally. Effective communication is communication that creates understanding, pleasure, influences attitudes, improves relationships and actions, so that any advice given by the mother or father is not considered a passing thought. This type of research is an analytical survey with a cross sectional design. The research was carried out at SMPN and MTSN in Tambang District with a population of 295 people and a sample of 192 people. sample of 192 people. The results of statistical tests show that the openness aspect (p=0.002) and the empathy aspect (p=0.001) are significant, so it can be concluded that there is an influence of the openness aspect and the empathy aspect on paramarital sexual behavior in adolescents..

The smart city conundrum: technology, privacy, and the quest for convenience

PurposeA smart city integrates a comprehensive suite of technologies, which inherently require data to function effectively. It is designed with the intention of amassing all available data concerning machines, devices, infrastructure, individuals and their surroundings. This commentary addresses the evolution of smart cities over time, the increasing extent of data collection, the growing pressure on personal privacy and people's reactions to these trends. The article highlights the contradiction between the needs of the city and the desires of its inhabitants. It notes that people react differently to gradual versus abrupt changes in data-collecting technologies and services. It also suggests that more work needs to be done to prepare both smart cities and the human population for a sustainable, mutually beneficial future.Design/methodology/approachThis commentary presents a viewpoint on the subject of data collection and privacy in smart cities, drawing on various sources to support its observations and conclusions.FindingsThe primary focus of this discussion is on the technological evolution of the cities. It emphasizes that, as cities get smarter, they offer more conveniences in exchange for various types of data, highlighting the likelihood that pressure on personal privacy will continue to escalate. This is due to the increasing pervasiveness of data-collecting technologies in every aspect of lives and urban environments. These environments are expected to become progressively smarter each year. Given this context, and to ensure a seamless transition to smart and sustainable cities, it is imperative that today's privacy discussions start to focus not only just on the existing but also on the future conditions and challenges that citizens are expected to encounter.Originality/valueThis commentary delves into the existing gaps in understanding the contradiction between the data-collection “needs” of smart cities, the direction in which the cities are evolving and people's awareness of how much data they will have to surrender in the future. It also highlights the risk of people gradually relinquishing nearly all their privacy, often without noticing, in exchange for the ever-increasing conveniences offered by smart cities.