Nature Of People Research Articles

Study on the Identity of Rule of Law China and Party Leadership

Party leadership is an essential feature of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, and the study of the homogeneity between the rule of law in China and Party leadership is of profound significance to the understanding of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. This paper stands in the field of Marxist scientific methodology, firstly, through the method of social cognition and evaluation, we answer the question of what the rule of law in China and the Party leadership are, and then, through the method of four Marxist social sciences, we argue why the two have the same nature. Then, through four Marxist social science methods, the paper argues "why the two have the same nature", namely: building a rule of law China and adhering to the Party's leadership are both based on the people's nature as a solid cornerstone; both have a strong socialist color with Chinese characteristics; in which building a rule of law China is an important content of the practice of adhering to the Party's leadership and the way to realize it; and adhering to the Party's leadership is a necessary principle of building a rule of law China and a strong guarantee. Finally, this paper also answers the question of "how to recognize and ensure the homogeneity of the two" from a practical point of view, i.e., to promote scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, fair justice and law-abiding by all people under the leadership of the Party.

Heterogeneous preference for biodiversity in Japanese urban blue spaces based on people's nature experiences: Analysis using eDNA and satisfaction data

This study focused on rivers as an urban blue space and investigated how urban residents perceive the biodiversity of rivers around their homes to understand whether people’s evaluation of biodiversity changes depended on the extent of their nature experiences. Quantitative data measured by the environmental DNA method were used as an indicator of biodiversity, while urban residents' perceptions of the river and their experiences of nature were ascertained by conducting a social survey. A regression analysis of 312 responses of people living in the catchment areas around 20 rivers showed that for participants with more childhood nature experiences, their satisfaction with their neighborhood waterfront areas tended to increase as river biodiversity increased. However, for those who have had fewer childhood experiences with nature, an increase in biodiversity resulted in lower satisfaction with waterfront areas. These results indicate that modern urban residents with little experience with nature tend to prefer concrete paved rivers for their recreational value and walkability rather than rivers with high biodiversity.

Urdu Translations Of Pakistani Languages In The Quarterly Journal Adbiyaat: An Overview

Translation binds not only nations and languages but also civilizations. It promotes novel themes, styles and tastes put into practice by the languages and cultures from the target languages and cultures to enrich its resources and brings a new angle of thought. Pakistan is polylingual country where multiple languages are spoken. The translation decides the internal development of the people's nature and their spontaneous expressions in oracy and literacy and points out the mental co-ordination amongst different peoples. It creates an atmosphere of understanding which in turns paves the way for fraternity, unity and harmony across Pakistan. The three monthly journal “Adbiyaat” was introduced in June 1985 in Pakistan to promote Urdu and translation of diverse Pakistani languages. It is the first journal of Pakistan which gives much importance to inter languages translation in Pakistan. The basic objective of my research is to focus the services rendered by three monthly journal of Academy of Letters “Adbiyaat” in the promotion of translation among different Pakistani languages and literature.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ КОРЕКЦІЙНОЇ ПРОГРАМИ САМОПРИЙНЯТТЯ ЛЮДЕЙ З НАДМІРНОЮ ВАГОЮ

The article describes the program correcting the self-perception of people with overweight. Modern society and mass media offer a slim body as an ideal to strive for. The social networks increase this pressure on those people who do not meet this ideal. If a person fails to achieve an ideal slim image he/she suffers of a lowered self-attitude, feelings of guilt and shame for one's own body, his/her relationships with loved ones become worse and his/her self-acceptance decreases. In turn, a person tries to overcome these bad emotions with the help of excess nutrition. We offer a program that is primarily aimed at strengthening a person's self-acceptance, developing his/her abilities in the emotional sphere and teaching self-help. The correctional program is based on the principles of the humanistic approach to people's nature, the Positive Psychotherapy approach proposed by N. Peseschkian (since 1977) and used in counselling and psychotherapy and the psychodynamic approach. Approbation of the program showed its high efficiency.

Nature's People

Nature's People

How do urban green spaces increase well-being? The role of perceived wildness and nature connectedness

Nature connectedness is recognised for its potential to promote pro-environmental behavior and well-being. While urban green spaces are the main form of direct contact with nature for many people, it is largely unclear which types of natural settings and qualities in urban areas most effectively strengthen human relationships with nature. Wilderness is increasingly acknowledged as contributing to higher biodiversity in urban areas and has long received attention from the arts and sciences for its range of well-being benefits. The present study investigates the effects of walking in two different natural settings on people's nature connectedness and well-being. Eighty-four participants were randomly assigned to a walk in an urban forest or a landscape park, which represent different degrees of human impact on the landscape. Both settings increased positive affect, decreased negative affect, and restored attention capacity. Against our expectation, participants walking in the urban forest did not show higher levels of nature connectedness or well-being compared to those in the landscape park. Furthermore, the urban forest was not perceived as wilder than the landscape park. The degree to which people perceived the environments as wild was positively associated with nature connectedness. The findings further suggest that perceived wildness may increase positive affect through nature connectedness. The experience of connection with nature may be an important mechanism by which nature exposure enhances well-being. We conclude that individual perceptions of nature can influence the degree to which well-being benefits are gained in urban green spaces.

Promoting meaningful and positive nature interactions for visitors to green spaces.

The increasing alienation of people from nature is profoundly concerning because people's interactions with nature affect well-being, affinity for nature, and support of biodiversity conservation. Efforts to restore or enhance people's interactions with nature are, therefore, important to ensure sustainable human and wildlife communities, but little is known about how this can be achieved. A key factor that shapes the way people interact with nature is their affinity for nature (often measured as nature relatedness [NR]). We explored how using cues to experience nature as a means to induce NR situationally can influence the quality of people's nature interactions on visits to green spaces and their positive affect after the visit. Cues to experience are cues that guide individuals on how to interact with nature. We surveyed 1023 visitors to a nature reserve to examine the relationships between trait (i.e., stable and long-lasting) and state (i.e., temporary, brief) NR, the quality of nature interactions, and positive affect. We also conducted a controlled experiment in which 303 participants spent 30 min outdoors on campus and reported the quality of their nature interactions and positive affect. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 cues-to-experience experimental groups (e.g., smell flowers, observe wildlife, turn off your phone) that differed in the psychological distance from nature that they prompted. Participants who received cues of close psychological distance from nature (e.g., smell and touch natural elements) interacted 3 to 4 times more with nature and reported 0.2 more positive affect than other participants. Our results demonstrate that providing cues to experience nature, which bring people closer to nature and potentially induce state NR, can enhance the quality of people's nature interactions and their positive affect. These results highlight the role of NR in high-quality nature interactions and suggest the use of cues to experience as a promising avenue for inducing state NR and promoting meaningful interactions with biodiversity, thus, reconciling conservation and well-being objectives.

Personalised ecology and detection functions

Abstract Direct interactions with nature are important for people's health, well‐being and support for pro‐nature policies. There is an urgent need better to understand the structure and dynamics of these interactions, and how they differ among individual people, human populations and the communities to which they belong. The determinants of these interactions have two components. First are the factors that influence whether someone undertakes actions that may lead to interactions with nature (e.g. looking through a window, going for a walk, travelling to the countryside). These factors have attracted significant attention. Second are the factors that influence what nature interactions are obtained when someone is present in a situation in which these could occur. These have received little explicit attention. One way of formalizing understanding, and identifying gaps in knowledge, of the second group of factors is to consider human–nature interactions in terms of detection functions. Rather than using such functions for the estimation of species abundances, the purpose for which they were originally developed, they can be reorganized as descriptors of influences on people's nature interactions. This paper considers how the different variables contained within detection functions influence human–nature interactions, and in particular how the number of nature interactions a person has in a given place and time is shaped both by clearly ‘nature’‐associated variables, such as the number of organisms present, and also by variables that are strongly influenced by characteristics of the observer, such as how they use or explore an area and their personal nature detection abilities. Many issues explored in the context of human–nature interactions are then seen to concern these component variables of detection functions, and approaches to improving the frequency of interactions seen, in effect, to be targeted at affecting change in different ones of these variables. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

The ecology of human-nature interactions.

The direct interactions between people and nature are critically important in many ways, with growing attention particularly on their impacts on human health and wellbeing (both positive and negative), on people's attitudes and behaviour towards nature, and on the benefits and hazards to wildlife. A growing evidence base is accelerating the understanding of different forms that these direct human-nature interactions take, novel analyses are revealing the importance of the opportunity and orientation of individual people as key drivers of these interactions, and methodological developments are increasingly making apparent their spatial, temporal and socio-economic dynamics. Here, we provide a roadmap of these advances and identify key, often interdisciplinary, research challenges that remain to be met. We identified several key challenges, including the need to characterize individual people's nature interactions through their life course, to determine in a comparable fashion how these interactions vary across much more diverse geographical, cultural and socio-economic contexts that have been explored to date, and to quantify how the relative contributions of people's opportunity and orientation vary in shaping their nature interactions. A robust research effort, guided by a focus on such unanswered questions, has the potential to yield high-impact insights into the fundamental nature of human-nature interactions and contribute to developing strategies for their appropriate management.

For the Love of Nature: Exploring the Importance of Species Diversity and Micro-Variables Associated with Favorite Outdoor Places.

Although the restorative benefits of nature are widely acknowledged, there is a limited understanding of the attributes of natural environments that are fundamental to restorative experiences. Faced with growing human populations and a greater awareness of the wellbeing benefits natural environments provide, park agencies and planners are increasingly challenged with balancing human and ecological outcomes in natural areas. This study examines the physical and experiential qualities of natural environments people referred to when describing their connection to their most valued natural environments in an online questionnaire. Recruited primarily via a public radio program, respondents were asked to identify their favorite places and explain what they loved about those places. Favorite places are considered exemplars of restorative environments and were classified based on an existing park typology. Reasons people liked particular sites were classified into three domains: setting, activity, or benefit. Content analysis was used to identify the attributes most commonly associated with favorite places. These attributes were then related to the four components of restorative environments according to Attention Restoration Theory. In contrast to previous research, we found that “fascination” was the most important component of favorite places. Possible reasons for this contrast, namely, respondents' median age, and the likelihood of a high degree of ecological literacy amongst the study population are discussed. South Australians' favorite environments comprise primarily hilly, wooded nature parks, and botanical gardens, in stark contrast to the vast arid areas that dominate the state. Micro-variables such as birds, plants, wildlife, native species, and biodiversity appear particularly important elements used to explain people's love of these sites. We discuss the implications of these findings and their potential value as an anchor for marketing campaigns seeking to encourage contact with nature, as well as education programs designed to improve people's understanding of important but intangible concepts such as biodiversity. The findings have clear, practical implications for park managers given the modifiable nature of many of the attributes identified as being most important to our respondents, and we believe attention to such elements has the potential to simultaneously enhance people's nature experiences, optimize restorative outcomes, and improve environmental stewardship.

Reducing the extinction of experience: Association between urban form and recreational use of public greenspace

Halting the ‘extinction of experience’, the progressive disengagement of people with the natural world, is vital to human health and wellbeing and to public support for global biological conservation. Home to the majority of humanity, urban areas are the key for engaging people with nature, raising the crucial question of how cities should best be designed to facilitate these experiences. For the purposes of maintaining local biodiversity, intensive development within a small area (land sparing) has been shown to be better than extensive development over a large area (land sharing). Here, we investigated for the first time how different city forms affect people's experience of nature, measured in terms of their use of greenspaces. We selected five pairs of land-sharing and land-sparing study regions with different coverage by greenspaces within the city of Tokyo, central Japan and used a questionnaire survey to determine the use residents made of these spaces. We found the frequency of people's recreational use of urban greenspaces was higher in urban land-sharing than land-sparing regions. Moreover, satisfaction with local green environments was also higher in land-sharing regions. This suggests a potential conflict in the design of cities between the urban form that is most desirable for the direct protection of regional biodiversity, and that which best promotes people's nature experiences and the support for its wider protection. A strong emphasis on the advantages of land sparing may increase the separation of humans from nature, and further reduce public interest in, and awareness of, biodiversity and its benefits.

Forest dear and forest fear: Dwellers’ relationships to their neighbourhood forest

This article shows that a deeper understanding of human–nature relationships needs to form a key part of research related to outdoor recreation, and include both positive and negative emotions and responses. The purpose of this study is to identify and explore the characteristics of nature experiences as dynamic, variable and situational, and to examine them as existential elements within human–nature relationships. These characteristics are examined in this article, in terms of complementary theories related to evolutionary biology and more experience-based phenomenological approaches. Findings are based on a qualitative case study undertaken in the semi-urban Norwegian town of Brumunddal, and specifically amongst those living near the small neighbourhood forest of Buttekvernskogen. Based on interviews related to people's experiences in this forest, the article describes their forest experiences not as uniform or ‘stable’, but as dynamic, socially constructed and changeable, and shaped by their lived experiences. The article also examines the feeling of fear in nature areas in terms of gender, and explores how men and women experience – and respond to – feelings of fear and anxiety in nature. The findings suggest that if forest management are to succeed, they need to appreciate the nuanced and dynamic character of people's nature preferences. Experience-based knowledge such as the phenomenological approach seems to be relevant for understanding how everyday framework conditions may hinder and limit the use of neighbourhood forests. Planning processes informed by a phenomenological approach in dialogue with dwellers will expose people's experiences, feelings and activities within their local landscapes.

Weiss's Marat/Sade and its Three Main Performance Versions

Weiss's MaratlSade and its Three Main Performance Versions DARKO SUVIN 1 This paper discusses aspects of three important productions of Peter Weiss's MaratlSade: West Berlin in April 1964 (Schiller-Theater, directed by Konrad Swinarski), the Royal Shakespeare Company in London and New York, respectively August 1964 and December 1965 (Aldwych and Martin Beck Theatres, directed by Peter Brook), and the East German premiere at Rostock in March 1965 (VoIkstheater, directed by Hanns Anselm Perten). A comparative approach to these three productions gains a certain significance from the playwright'S collaboration with all of them, although to a different degree in each case,l My approach uses an historically oriented discussion to formulate a theoretical problem within what I would call "interpretive pragmatics" in drama and theatre studies, and in all disciplines that have to do with "texts" in the widest sense, and therefore with intertextuality, from literature to music. The basic premise ofpragmatics is that any object or process becomes a sign only in a signifying situation relating signs to their users. Without pragmatic decisions to constrict which presuppositions and readings may be pertinent in a given, concrete context, the connotations ofeven amoderately complex text would be practically infinite. But obversely, a sign sequence is always spatio-temporally localized, and is in a tacit dialogue with potential classes of users. The concrete localization of signs and the presuppositions about their possible uses necessarily inscribe socio-historical reality - as understood by the dialogists between the lines of any text" My working premise is that the signifying situation in both printed and performed dramas are stories or narratives that induce a Possible World in the reader or spectator.3 Ifthis is so, then it seems to me logically unavoidable that this world will have both some limits and some central features - otherwise it would not be a cosmos but a chaos. Diverse interpretations or "readings" of an DARKO SUVIN even minimally complex Possible World - e.g. of a short lyrical poem - are legitimately possible, since a reading is a transaction between the interpreter and the interpreted. However, in order not to result 10 a vision of a centrally different Possible World,4 they will all have to have what Wittgenstein called a family likeness, that is some parameters in common: negatively, limits; positively, features. Those parameters I propose to call invariants. The first part of my paper will attempt to construct such central parameters for Weiss's play. The second part will attempt to use abbreviated reconstructions of the three performances for a first conclusion, in the third part, about performance variants and invariants. The different admixture of variants and invariants in each case is, of course, a matter of wider cultural pragmatics, of social history and ideology. In 1965 Peter Weiss (working on a refashioning of Dante's Inferno which was eventually to become Die Ermittlung) published a Gespriich aber Dante. In this dialogue, a clearly autobiogIaphical voice said: "I am planning a Welttheater. ... In the Renaissance theatre there were these great totalizing (zusammenfassenden) allegories, these choruses, these festive and macabre processions.'" This serves as a first introduction to his immediately preceding Marat/Sade, which can be seen as a quite specific - though in this case, as I shall argue, specifically ambiguous - left-wing intellectual's Theatrum Mundi. What kind of world on the stage serves as parabolic model ( "allegory") for human reality off-stage? A major difference between modem dramaturgic "totalizing" allegories and, say, the Athenian, Medieval, or Baroque Welttheater6 is that twentieth-century variants explicitly relate to historical humanity and nature, to immanence and not transcendence; their locus is to be found in socio-politics and not theology; and they reflect on the nature ofpeople in class society with a view to exploring possible change rather than reflecting an unchanging Man who must find his bearings as best he can in an unchanging universe. It will be apparent that the reflection of such "political drama" in the widest sense may start from - and privilege - either individuals within society or society as a whole, or may attempt to transcend this bourgeois split; this is a major dilemma of Weiss's play too. Marat/Sade is usually analyzed as...

John Wesley and the non-naturals

Urban greenspace is vital in fulfilling people's nature needs. Informal urban greenspace (IGS) such as vacant lots, street or railway verges and riverbanks is an often-overlooked part of the natural urban landscape. We lack a formal definition of IGS and a comprehensive review of knowledge about IGS and its role for urban residents. This paper advances a formal definition and typology of IGS that can be applied globally. Based on this definition, a total of 65 peer-reviewed papers in English (57), Japanese (7) and German (1) were reviewed. We analyzed this literature for its temporal trends, spatial patterns, studied IGS types, methods used and key authors, and summarized the individual research papers’ findings concerning IGS. Results show IGS plays an important role for urban residents, but also highlight limitations and problems in realizing IGS’ full potential. Research papers focused on perception, preferences, value and uses of IGS. Residents could distinguish between formal and informal greenspace. They preferred a medium level of human influence in IGS. The analysis of patterns in the literature reveals: a marked increase in publications in the last 20 years; a strong geographical bias towards the USA; and a lack of multi-type IGS studies including all IGS types. Publications outside of scholarly research papers also make valuable contributions to our understanding of IGS. Our results suggest IGS is emerging as an important sub-discipline of urban greening research.

ESKi YUNAN ve ROMA'da SÖZ SÖYLEME SANATININ ÜÇ BİÇEMi: Attike, Asia ve Rodos

There were three main forms of rhetorics widely used among the ancient Greeks and the Romans. One of them was the Attic kind, which attained to its full development under the influence of the styles of Lysias, Demosthenes and his contemporaries. It took as its model particularly Lysias' style which was on the one hand full of every rhetorical trick hiden and not easy to see at once, on the other hand simple without ornamention and abundance of words, identifying its author with his client and giving the impression that it was not writen by a paid professional logographos, but spoken by a ordinary litigant who was stuck to elequence by his grievous wrongs. From the middle of second century B.C. on there were some orators at Rome who followed to some extent the Attic style of rhetorics, but in Hellenic times a general tendency to artificiality had already showed itself. As we learn from Cicero's Brutus this Atticism, having spread over the Aegean sea first to the islands and then to the cities of western Anatolia, lost its simple but healthy characteristics under the unavoidable influence of the local people's nature and customes. Thus the new ornate style of rhetorics, Asianism, is said to have come to being. The typical example of the Asianism was the style of Hegesias, who together with the other Asians generally used jerkey,short clauses, words which had no meaning in the context and was fond of ending with one particular rhythm (periodos or numerosa comprehensio). There were two kinds of Asianism, one characterized by its use of neat and pretty epigramatic phrases, lacking in weight, the other by the rush words (Cicero,Brutus,325). The prominent representative of this Asiatic style of rhetorics at Rome was Hortensius, Cicero's great rival in his profession. After some time Asianism appeared again in the style of the younger Seneca. Somewhat inbetween Atticism and Asianism was the Rhodian style of rhetorics. On of the best teachers of this rhetoric school was Apollonios Molon of Rhodes, who having come on an embassy to Rome on the behalf of the Rhodians, had the chance to give some stylistic advice to Cicero in his defence of Roscius and Cicero attended his lessons when he went to Rhodes after this legai case.