Motivation Of People Research Articles

Study of travel motivation and visit intention: The mediating role of perceived risks and travel constraints

The motivation to travel has been extensively studied, as it plays a crucial role in influencing people's travel decisions. Various theories have been proposed to explain travel behavior, including allocentric, psychocentric, push-pull factors, TPC, and TCL. This study delves into the impacts of perceived risks and travel constraints on Japanese people's motivation to travel to Mongolia, employing the push-pull theory as a framework. In the questionnaire survey, 142 Japanese citizens were selected by simple random sampling method, and the survey was conducted in Japanese and English between April and May 2023. The collected data were analysed using IBM SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 4 software. Out of the seven proposed hypotheses, four were confirmed and three were rejected. When examining risk/constraints as mediating variables, the results revealed that push motivation did not significantly influence travel intention, while pull factors demonstrated a statistically significant relationship. Furthermore, two and three variables were identified to characterize the push and pull factors that drive Japanese people's travel decisions. Two segments of travellers were also identified: those seeking nature-based experiences and those interested in historical and cultural attractions. These findings may guide tourism business operators seeking to attract Japanese travellers to Mongolia.

Is common behavior considered moral? The role of perceived others' motives in moral norm inferences and motivation about environmental behavior

The present research examines how inferences about moral norms from descriptive norms change by perceptions of others' motives in the context of environmental behavior. When individuals think that many others engage in an environmental behavior (e.g., water and energy conservation) for prosocial (vs. proself) motives, they infer moralization about the behavior in a given context. They infer stronger injunctive norms about the behavior and expect others to experience moral outrage at violation of the moral standard (e.g., wasting water and energy). The moral norm perceptions predict people's motivation to engage in environmental behavior themselves. We further show that expected guilt and shame if not engaging in normative behavior explain the effects of prosocial-motivated (vs. proself-motivated) norms. Together, perceived motives behind descriptive norms change people's inferences about moral implications of normative behavior and their motivation to engage in normative behavior.

Assessing basic/fundamental psychological need fulfillment: systematic mapping and review of existing scales to foster cumulative science.

Because the fulfillment of basic/fundamental psychological needs affects people's motivation and well-being, measuring the degree to which these needs are met is of interest to researchers across various domains. Although numerous self-assessment tools have been developed, no recent comprehensive reviews exist, hindering cumulative scientific progress. The present systematic review aimed to identify and analyze the main approaches to developing self-report scales for assessing basic/fundamental psychological need fulfillment. The objective is to inform readers interested in selecting instruments for their studies and those intending to develop new scales. Following PRISMA, we conducted a search of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest in August 2023. The following information was extracted from eligible studies: Scale name, abbreviation, theoretical basis, application domain, final scale construction, scale development and validation methodology, and citation count. Our search identified 32 primary studies, in which 31 original scales were developed and validated, and 89 secondary studies that aimed to modify these original scales. The predominant theoretical basis was Self-Determination Theory, although eight scales were based on alternative need typologies. The scales were either domain-general or specific to contexts such as work, education, or exercise/sports contexts. While most were designed to measure need satisfaction, some also addressed need support, frustration, and thwarting. Despite significant efforts in developing, adapting, and applying scales to measure need fulfillment, we found several issues resulting from diverse perspectives on conceptualizing psychological needs and need typologies, discordant approaches in developing and validating measures, and other inconsistencies that should be acknowledged and addressed in future research.

Considering the Role of Behavioural Fatigue in the COVID-19 Lockdown Debates in Great Britain: A Retrospective Analysis of a National Survey Assessing the Relationships between Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the term "behavioural fatigue" became the centre of policy debates in Great Britain. These debates involved deciding when to go into lockdown and whether behavioural interventions could be effective. Behavioural interventions can only succeed where people's Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations to perform target behaviours are supported. Our retrospective data analyses examine the relationships between people's Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivations, and Behaviours, i.e., adherence to lockdown guidelines. Our cross-sectional analyses include 17,962 unique participants in Great Britain who completed a survey over the initial 30 days of the first lockdown (April 2020). We examine trends in responses to each scale and then the relationships between the scales using Granger's causality test with tests for stationarity and cointegration. A mixture of increasing and decreasing trends was identified for Capabilities and Opportunities. Decreasing trends were identified for Motivation and Behaviour. Granger's causality tests found that Capability forecasts Opportunity and Behaviour and that Motivation forecasts Opportunity. The discussion reiterates that to realise and maintain Behaviour changes, policies surrounding people's Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations must continue to support target behaviours.

‘We are ignored rather than attacked politically’. Youth participation in regional sustainability transformation in eastern Germany

ABSTRACT In the context of Germany's coal phase-out, substantial resources are allocated to transform coal regions economically and socially. This study examines the opportunities and aspirations of young people in shaping local spaces, focusing on four participatory processes in Lusatia, eastern Germany. Utilising document analysis and 17 interviews with youth service workers, participants, and politicians, the study combines Massey, Doreen. 2005. For Space. London: Sage concept of space with Cahill, Helen, and Babak Dadvand. 2018. “Re-conceptualising Youth Participation: A Framework to Inform Action.” Children and Youth Services Review 95:243–253 model for youth participation. It bridges the gap between young people's goals and motivations and the quality of participation formats, with a regional focus. Findings reveal that young people's aspirations align with adult-developed projects in transport, digital and business infrastructure, energy transition, and technology, but youth advocate for a more ambitious ecological transformation, digital solutions, and democratic decision-making. Despite well-designed participatory programmes demonstrating youth ability to contribute to transformation, their ideas are often publicly praised but rarely integrated into political decisions due to inadequate procedures. Some formats allowed youth to reposition themselves, highlighting the fluidity of power. The study calls for further research on youth participation from a spatial perspective, and emphasizes the need to better prepareyoung participants and policymakers to manage expectations and responsibilities in participatory processes.

The Impact of On-line Advertising on Tourist Motivation to Travel and Ethical Tourist Behavior

Tourism is a significant cultural, social, and economic activity where individuals travel to different locations or countries outside of their usual environment. This involves spending money for various purposes such as business, leisure, and other activities, resulting in tourism expenditures (UNWTO 2021). The Internet, particularly the World Wide Web, has revolutionized social interactions and cultural experiences, shaping a new era of connectivity (Moradkhani, 2014). The travel industry has evolved with the rise of online advertising as a potent tool for attracting potential travelers. This research aims to explore the impact of online advertising on tourists' motivation to visit Egypt and their ethical conduct within the Egyptian tourism context, focusing on beach tourism in Red Sea resorts. An empirical study involving a substantial sample of 417 participants is presented, detailing the research methodology and its connections to ensure the study's credibility. Quantitative methods were used in this study to test the hypotheses. Data was collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)-26.0 software, utilizing various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings of this study indicate several distinctions. While Facebook advertising has shown some influence on tourists' ethical behavior, it is not the sole determining factor. Perceived sociocultural factors do not significantly impact ethical behavior, suggesting that these aspects may not heavily shape tourists' ethical conduct. However, perceived sociocultural factors do play a partial role in influencing travel motivation. This indicates that sociocultural aspects may influence people's travel motivations, but other factors may also be involved. Online Facebook advertising has a lasting impact on travel motivation. This shows that Facebook ads can have a positive impact on people's desire to travel. Online advertising on Facebook has a lasting impact on sociocultural aspects. This means that Facebook ads can influence people's perceptions of socio-cultural factors related to travel. Sociocultural factors play an important role in the impact of Facebook advertising on ethical behavior. This means that while sociocultural aspects may play a role in the relationship between Facebook advertising and ethical behavior, there are other factors as well. Sociocultural factors play an important role in the impact of Facebook advertising on travel motivation. This suggests that sociocultural aspects may influence the relationship between Facebook advertising and people's travel motivations, but other factors may also play a role. These results indicate that Facebook advertising has a significant impact on travel motivation and sociocultural aspects. However, other factors also influence ethical behavior, and the role of sociocultural aspects in mediating this relationship is not clearly defined. Additional research is needed to understand these relationships more fully. This study provides a valuable theoretical contribution by enhancing the current body of literature on tourist visit intentions. It offers a deeper insight into the motivational factors that impact the travel decision- making process, thereby enriching our knowledge in the field of tourism behavior research and tourism decision- making literature. Furthermore, it addresses gaps in empirical research on tourist behavior patterns in economically and culturally diverse countries.

Barriers and facilitators to implement the redispensing of unused oral anticancer drugs in clinical care: A hybrid-effectiveness type I study

BackgroundMinimizing medication waste through the redispensing of oral anticancer drugs (OADs) that were unused by patients provides economic and environmental benefits, but this is not yet universally implemented in clinical care. Objective(S)To identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of redispensing unused OADs in clinical care. MethodsA multicentre intervention study following a hybrid effectiveness-implementation type I design was conducted, consisting of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in the redispensing program: pharmacy employees, prescribing clinicians in oncology and haematology, patients who participated in redispensing and patients who declined trial participation. Questions encompassed experiences and suggestions for future implementation. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided data collection and categorisation of identified barriers and facilitators through thematic analysis. ResultsIn total, 35 interviews were conducted, identifying 15 themes encompassing barriers and facilitators, reflecting all CFIR domains. Facilitators encompassed: 1) convenient process requiring an acceptable time-investment; 2) support from project leaders and implementation champions; 3) being well-motivated by personal values and societal impact; 4) feeling ensured of medication quality upon redispensing; 5) endorsement by healthcare providers for patient participation; 6) clear and personal patient communication; 7) good visibility of intervention successes; and 8) implementation well supported through a collaborative network. Barriers encompassed: 1) unclear target population; 2) redispensing legally prohibited; 3) absence of financial compensation for pharmacies; 4) complexity arising from two parallel work processes; 5) widespread communication on adjustments within local teams challenging; 6) patient's low receptiveness due to burden of oncology treatment; and 7) lack of familiarization among pharmacy technicians. ConclusionsFacilitators for implementation of redispensing unused drugs mainly related to people's values, motivation, and societal demand, whereas barriers mainly encompassed practical issues, including knowledge, time, financial resources, and legal conditions. Strategies emphasizing the benefits of redispensing and further streamlining process compatibility could support implementation.

Negativity bias in intergroup contact: Meta-analytical evidence that bad is stronger than good, especially when people have the opportunity and motivation to opt out of contact.

Seventy years of research on intergroup contact, or face-to-face interactions between members of opposing social groups, demonstrates that positive contact typically reduces prejudice and increases social cohesion. Extant syntheses, however, have not considered the full breadth of contact valence (positive/negative) and have treated self-selection as a threat to validity. This research bridges intergroup contact theory with sequential sampling models of impression formation to assess contact effects across all valences. From the premise that positive versus negative contact instigates differential resampling of outgroup experiences when self-selection is possible, we advance and meta-analytically test new predictions for the moderation of valenced contact effects and negativity bias as a function of people's opportunity and motivation to self-select in and out of contact. Our random-effects synthesis of positive and negative intergroup contact studies (238 independent samples, 936 nested effects; total N = 152,985) found significant valenced contact effects: Positive contact systematically associates with lower prejudice, and negative contact associates with higher prejudice. Critically, the detrimental effect of negative contact is significantly larger than the benefit of positive contact. This negativity bias is particularly pronounced under conditions in which one can self-select, is motivated to avoid contact, among male-dominated and prejudiced samples, in contact with stigmatized, low status, low socioeconomic status outgroups, along nonconcealable stigma, with nonintimate contact partners in informal settings and in collectivistic societies. Considering individuals' motivation and opportunity to self-select, together with contact valence, therefore offers a more nuanced and integrated platform to design contact-based interventions and policies across varied contact ecologies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Online Signals of Extremist Mobilization.

Psychological theories of mobilization tend to focus on explaining people's motivations for action, rather than mobilization ("activation") processes. To investigate the online behaviors associated with mobilization, we compared the online communications data of 26 people who subsequently mobilized to right-wing extremist action and 48 people who held similar extremist views but did not mobilize (N = 119,473 social media posts). In a three-part analysis, involving content analysis (Part 1), topic modeling (Part 2), and machine learning (Part 3), we showed that communicating ideological or hateful content was not related to mobilization, but rather mobilization was positively related to talking about violent action, operational planning, and logistics. Our findings imply that to explain mobilization to extremist action, rather than the motivations for action, theories of collective action should extend beyond how individuals express grievances and anger, to how they equip themselves with the "know-how" and capability to act.

Use of Cannabinoids by People Who Consume Kratom in the United States.

To estimate lifetime, past-year, and past-month prevalence of kratom, cannabis, and cannabidiol-only product use among adults 18 years and older in the United States, using 2 independent datasets. Utilizing (a) the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and (b) a 2022 online national convenience sample of adults who use kratom regularly (from our research group at the National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA]), we examined key demographic information as well as lifetime, past-year, and past-month substance use and preferences. Among the full sample of adults from the 2022 NSDUH, the prevalence of lifetime use was 49.69% for cannabis, 34.09% for cannabidiol-only products, and 1.93% for kratom. When solely examining participants who have used kratom, both independent datasets showed higher proportions of cannabis use over the lifetime-92.81% (95% confidence interval: 90.31-95.31) in the NSDUH subset and 92.16% (95% confidence interval: 89.37-94.95) in our NIDA sample. Our study demonstrates that people are co-using kratom with cannabis and/or cannabidiol-only products at the same time or during the same time period, though more research is needed to understand people's motivations and practices for such co-use. Co-use might result in herb-herb interactions that may impact research findings and clinical outcomes for people who use kratom.

Study on Turnover and Retention Strategies Identifying Causes and Implementing Solutions

The purpose of this study is to comprehend staff retention tactics and the reasons behind employee churn. Important research findings show that a variety of factors, including work-related stress, job satisfaction, job security, work environment, motivation, pay, and benefits, can cause individuals to quit their jobs. Furthermore, because of the costs involved, staff turnover has a significant effect on an organization and can have a negative influence on its productivity, sustainability, competitiveness, and profitability. To increase employee performance and lower turnover, firms can implement various tactics by first understanding the demands of their workforce. Consequently, putting solutions into practice will boost people's and organizations' motivation, job happiness, and productivity—all of which can reduce absenteeism, employee turnover, and employment issues. KEYWORDS- Turnover intention, job stress, job satisfaction, work environment, retention strategies.

Legal Awareness-Based Religiosity: Unveiling the Segmentation and Motivation of Qurbani Participants in West Sumatra

: Qurbani is perceived to be performed by people who have a lot of money, but in practice, financial capability is not the main reason why people perform qurbani. This article discusses what factors are the segmentation and motivation for performing qurbani and divides them into several reasons for qurbani participants based on age, gender, economic level, and education level. Furthermore, the segmentation of qurbani participants that has been determined is analyzed from the perspective of legal awareness, which is an indicator of the level of knowledge, understanding, attitude, and behavior. The purpose of the descriptive description of the segmentation and legal awareness of qurbani performers is to reveal the motivation of qurbani performers based on the experience of the people of West Sumatra. The method used is a mixed method (mix method), namely a qualitative-descriptive approach and a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach will measure the percentage based on the segmentation of qurbani participants, namely based on age, gender, education, and region The qualitative approach was used to analyze the qurbani participants' motivation, religious level, and legal awareness. The results showed that the segmentation of qurbani participants from the middle class is higher, as many as 42% of the total qurbani participants. The dominance of West Sumatran people's motivation for qurbani is influenced by the level of religiosity fostered through religious teachings and Ulama fatwas, while economic motivation is only one of the supporting factors, because materially, even though the community does not have economic stability, they are still enthusiastic about becoming qurbani participants with motivations based on the pattern of preparing qurbani costs and the preparation period. Furthermore, it was concluded that qurbani participants in West Sumatra have high legal awareness, this can be seen in the high level of understanding and knowledge of the qurbani law, as well as positive attitudes driven by religiosity, which strengthens social solidarity and community unity. This research implies that the participation, segmentation, and motivation of qurbani performers are not solely related to economic security, but rather to high levels of religiosity and legal awareness.

The empathetic refutational interview to tackle vaccine misconceptions: Four randomized experiments.

We introduce and report early stage testing of a novel, multicomponent intervention that can be used by healthcare professionals (HCPs) to address false or misleading antivaccination arguments while maintaining empathy for and understanding of people's motivations to believe misinformation: the "Empathetic Refutational Interview" (ERI). We conducted four experiments in 2022 with participants who were predominantly negative or on the fence about vaccination (total n = 2,545) to test four steps for tailoring an HCP's response to a vaccine-hesitant individual: (a) elicit their concerns, (b) affirm their values and beliefs to the extent possible, (c) refute the misinformed beliefs in their reasoning in a way that is tailored to their psychological motivations, and (d) provide factual information about vaccines. Each of the steps was tested against active control conditions, with participants randomized to conditions. Overall, compared to controls, we found that observing steps of the ERI produced small effects on increasing vaccine acceptance and lowering support for antivaccination arguments. Critically, an HCP who affirmed participants' concerns generated significantly more support for their refutations and subsequent information, with large effects compared to controls. In addition, participants found tailored refutations (compared to control responses) more compelling, and displayed more trust and openness toward the HCP giving them. The ERI can potentially be leveraged and tested further as a tailored communication tool for HCPs to refute antivaccination misconceptions while maintaining trust and rapport with patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Responsibility, Care and Trust Among People Using Drug Checking Services at a Music Festival

Drug checking services (DCS) allow people who use drugs to submit substances of concern for chemical analysis and then provide results and specialized counselling when needed. DCS intersect risk management, from a public health perspective, with an activist take that provides people who use drugs with agency over their use by helping them detect and avoid unwanted substances. This paper presents data from an exploratory study of people's motivations for using the Boom Festival DCS and the meanings attributed to their interactions with the service. Semi-structured interviews ( n = 22; mean age 29 years, range 24–43; 68% cisgender men) were conducted, and an inductive approach was applied informed by Iterative Categorization and reflexive thematic analysis. Participant narratives were organized around three themes: “Drug Checking as a Responsible Practice”, “Drug Checking as a Care Practice,” and “Drug Checking as a (Mis)trust Practice”. Through these themes, the analysis focuses on the concepts of risk and the ideals of responsibility, care and trust among people using the DCS. Our findings expand the current literature that demonstrates the usefulness of DCS as an intervention to mitigate individual risks of drug use by demonstrating the more communitarian potential of this type of intervention as a means to expand the social networks of people who use drugs and support a “culture of care” among partygoers. Our participants relied on friends and trusted suppliers to get information about drugs and make informed decisions. Hence, there is a potential for those involved in drug use and supply to actively participate in harm reduction services, particularly DCS, as a way to disseminate information to a broader audience that does not want or cannot access the service.

Gamification Techniques and Contribution Filtering in Crowdsourcing Micro-Task Applications

The rapid expansion of the internet has led to a growing worldwide user base, with Brazil alone having approximately 83% of households connected to the network, equating to around 61.8 million households. Crowdsourcing, a production model that harnesses collective wisdom for problem-solving, has gained prominence in this digital landscape. Challenges in crowdsourcing include improving people's motivation and engagement and verifying the quality of a high number of contributions. In our research, we investigated the hypothesis that using gamification techniques, including recognition badges, feedback mechanisms, and user rankings, improves users' engagement and motivation in crowdsourcing micro-tasks applications. This paper presents ConTask, a crowdsourcing micro-task application, and two studies conducted to investigate the impact of using gamification techniques and contribution filtering as motivational factors in crowdsourcing. The first was a case study comparing two versions of ConTask: the original version and a gamified one. The second was an experimental study to evaluate the developed contribution filtering mechanism. Findings suggest that the use of gamification and contribution filtering can improve user participation in crowdsourcing micro-task applications.

Virtual Reality and Multi-Sensory Interactions: Enhancing Emotional Wellbeing of Urban White-Collar Workers in Shanghai

This research focuses on how to use virtual reality technology to realize emotion detection and adjustment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of moderate use of virtual reality therapeutic technology in physical space on the mood and productivity of mental workers. White-collar employees (n = 414) from various industries were asked to take part in an online survey to investigate the relationship between virtual reality technology, emotional health, and work performance through the mediation effect.Through data collection and in-depth interviews, This study had examined the perceptions of designers (n = 3) and urban white-collar professionals (n = 3) regarding their personal levels of work stress and experiences with the workplace. The purpose of this study was to determine whether effective usage of virtual reality spatial healing technology would improve employee wellbeing and work productivity. The findings revealed that using virtual reality to design healing spaces would improve emotional health, which would then result in better work performance from employees. Objective: To design and develop innovative therapeutic environments that incorporate multi-sensory interaction and virtual reality, with a focus on optimizing the potential for emotional wellness to create immersive and engaging environments. Theoretical Framework: A multi-method (QUAL→QUAN) research design has been adopted for this study (Creswell, 1999; Tarafdar et al., 2017). In the following sections, a brief literature review of the key constructs used in the study is explained, followed by the study descriptions, discussion of findings, and managerial implications (Banerjee, P., & Gupta, R. 2023) Method: A multi-method (QUAL→QUAN) research design has been adopted for this study (Creswell, 1999; Tarafdar et al., 2017). In the following sections, a brief literature review of the key constructs used in the study is explained, followed by the study descriptions, discussion of findings, and managerial implications (Banerjee, P., & Gupta, R. 2023), The questionnairs had been selected by interviews、expters and literature review, The data had been collected online. The mediation effect analysis had been use in this study to test the hypothesis. Results and Discussion: The results obtained that the integration of art and technology in interactive equipment will allow for personalized adjustments, enhancing user engagement and experience in the future. [synthesize the main results of the research]. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: 1. Advances in the discipline: This study is expected to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on multi-sensory interaction and the application of virtual reality in therapeutic environment design. It will provide a deeper understanding of how to use elements such as sight and smell into the overall design to promote emotional well-being in office Spaces. 2. Design innovations: The research will lead to the development of innovative therapeutic environments incorporating multi-sensory interaction and virtual reality. These designs could serve as a model for future projects aimed at promoting emotional health in a variety of Settings, which could be used in office Spaces and eventually, hopefully, in public places to promote public health. 3. Social benefits: The study can also increase people's motivation and level of work by raising people's awareness of the importance of emotional health. In the long run, regional productivity can be increased. Finally, the purpose is to make the environmental gain produce social benefits under the role of promoting emotional health. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by: 1. Advances in the discipline: This study is expected to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on multi-sensory interaction and the application of virtual reality in therapeutic environment design. It will provide a deeper understanding of how to use elements such as sight and smell into the overall design to promote emotional well-being in office Spaces. 2. Design innovations: The research will lead to the development of innovative therapeutic environments incorporating multi-sensory interaction and virtual reality. These designs could serve as a model for future projects aimed at promoting emotional health in a variety of Settings, which could be used in office Spaces and eventually, hopefully, in public places to promote public health. 3. Social benefits: The study can also increase people's motivation and level of work by raising people's awareness of the importance of emotional health. In the long run, regional productivity can be increased. Finally, the purpose is to make the environmental gain produce social benefits under the role of promoting emotional health.

Growing crisis of urban rat infestation in Karaj city, Iran: Insights from hotspot mapping and social network analysis

To control the increasing growth of rat populations in metropolitan areas, several factors need to be considered to mitigate the risks posed by rats. Identifying rat density hotspots with more efficient methods and assessing people's experiences and attitudes toward them can be useful in prioritizing rat control efforts. We focused on the two most common species of rats (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) in the metropolis of Karaj, the fourth most populous and the largest immigrant-friendly city in Iran. The urban rat infestation is one of the problems caused by the high population growth in Karaj and the insufficient development of urban infrastructure and waste collection. It has led to discontent and public concern about rat infestations and there is a need to address the associated threats. We applied the Kernel Density Function and Optimized Hotspot Analysis to the presence points of the aforementioned types of rats and found that while Optimized Hotspot projects a macro view of hotspots at the city level, the Kernel Density Function prioritizes neighborhoods for initial actions. In addition, social network analysis with complementary regression models was conducted to determine people's experiences. The results show that fear of rats and concern about their presence form the basis of people's attitudes toward rats and lead to feelings of hatred. Moreover, economic harm reinforces people's motivation to control or eliminate this species. Despite their unpleasant feelings toward rats, people have a great influence on the growth of rat infestations by creating food sources through improper waste disposal. They prefer to use traps and poison instead of disposing of household waste and following the principles of cleanliness as preventive measures and believe that the lack of proper garbage collection by the municipality is the most important reason for the growth of rat populations. They are not sufficiently aware of their position in addressing this crisis. Our findings argue for the formation of a stronger network between the relevant authorities and residents, especially those living in the hotspots, to educate them about their role in rat control and to gain their cooperation in improving the city's waste management system.

Parks Visitation, Physical Activity Engagement, and Older People's Motivation for Visiting Local Parks.

Despite the health benefits of parks and outdoor recreational spaces, small numbers of older people visit parks. This study identified older park visitors' perceptions of their local parks, visit motivation, health, and physical activity level in six parks in Victoria, Australia. Characteristics of general community park visitors and their physical activity engagement were also recorded. Fifty-five older people were surveyed onsite; 92.7% lived within a 5-km distance from the park. Walking was the most common reason for visiting (36.4%), followed by walking the dog (36.4%) and exercise (23.6%). Most older visitors (77.8%) were determined as being sufficiently active. Observation of parks visitors over 1 week recorded 3,770 park visitors, with <5% being older people. Half of all park visitors were inactive, and half of older people visitors (50.5%) engaged in walking. This study supports the importance of parks, park features, and their potential in helping older people to achieve levels of physical activity required for good health.

With whom do people compare at work? The role of regulatory mode and social comparison motives

AbstractWe investigate whether people's regulatory mode (assessment and locomotion) and social comparison motives (self‐evaluation vs. self‐enhancement) jointly influence with whom—either a peer or their leader—individuals prefer to compare. In three preregistered studies (N = 839), we measured participants' chronic regulatory mode and assessed their comparison target preference separately for different social comparison motives. For each motive, participants indicated with whom they would prefer to compare, using choice (Study 1) and rating (Studies 2 and 3) measures. Supporting our predictions, assessment interacted with social comparison motives such that assessment was positively associated with preferring to compare to peers for self‐enhancement motives, but unrelated to comparison target preference regarding self‐evaluation motives. In addition, and as predicted, locomotion was consistently positively associated with preferring leaders as comparison target, independently of social comparison motives. These results contribute to emerging research highlighting the key role of individuals' regulatory mode in understanding interpersonal dynamics at work.

Responses to political partisans are shaped by a COVID-19-sensitive disease avoidance psychology: A longitudinal investigation of functional flexibility.

How do natural changes in disease avoidance motivation shape thoughts about and behaviors toward ingroup and outgroup members? During the COVID-19 pandemic, political party affiliation has been a strong predictor in the United States of COVID-19-related opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Using a six-wave longitudinal panel survey of representative Americans (on Prolific, N = 1,124, from April 2020 to February 2021), we explored how naturally occurring changes across time in both risks of COVID-19 infection and people's disease avoidance motivation shaped thoughts about and behaviors toward Republicans and Democrats (e.g., perceived infection threat, feelings of disgust, desires to avoid). We found a significant effect of dispositional level of motivation, over and above powerful effects of in-party favoritism/out-party derogation: Participants with a dispositionally stronger motivation to avoid disease showed greater infection management responses, especially toward Republicans; this held even for Republican participants. More importantly, we also found a significant interactive effect of within-person variability and ecological infection risk: Participants who sensitively upregulated their motivation during the rapid spread of COVID-19 perceived greater infection threat by Republicans and felt less disgust toward and desire to avoid Democrats. This finding, too, held for Republican participants. These results provide evidence of functionally flexible within-person psychological disease avoidance-a theoretically important process long presumed and now demonstrated-and suggest another mechanism contributing to U.S. political polarization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).