Interaction Of People Research Articles

THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF POWER: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON BLACK AMERICAN WOMENAS PORTRAYED IN MAUD MARTHA AND THE HATE U GIVE

This study is an attempt to present a latent racial and gendered issue repeatedly taking place in American society as depicted by two novels produced within 70 years interval of time. Maud Martha was published in 1953 and The Hate U Give in 2017. Using critical discourse analysis and qualitative research methods, this article aims to explicate the causes of the unjust construction of Black women's power relations and how Black women cope with such unfavorable situations in such very different eras. Critical discourse analysis observes people's interactions through language because language is the basic element of life and the way truth and power are produced. In power contestation, discourse plays two opposing roles i.e., maintaining or preserving the system of dominion on one side and in another side fighting against the system of dominion. Seizing discourse means seizing power. The ongoing unjust construction of racial power relations is the major discourse that Maud Martha and Starr Carter have to live in. They exercise power producing discourses of their own as their resistance against the ongoing unfavorable major discourse. The contestation of power leads to hard mass demonstrations in The Hate U Give and a solemn understanding of living a peaceful life in Maud Martha.

The credibility assessment of Twitter/X users based organization objectives by heterogeneous resources in big data life cycle

Social network data, such as Twitter/X, is of Big Social Data type. Big social data describes people's social behaviors and interactions. They have high business value for decision-making in organizations. However, because of the anonymous nature of social network users, their credibility is ambiguous. Credibility expresses the accuracy and value of big social data. Despite extensive research on the credibility of big social data, most methods have not paid sufficient attention to the important dimensions of their assessment, including user expertise based on topic, selecting social network features, and labeling them. Furthermore, these methods cannot manage the time, high volume, and speed of big social data. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel model for assessing the credibility of Twitter/X users by integrating Twitter/X with Google Scholar. The model automatically defines users' credibility labels using Google Scholar. Machine learning feature selection methods also select features that affect the credibility of Twitter/X users based on the topic. This study uses Google Scholar and the BerTopic algorithm for effective topic modeling on Twitter/X. The model considers unrelated data management, dynamic user credibility, and organizing activities based on the Big Data lifecycle. Finally, using Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, K-Nearest Neighbor, Random Forest, Classification and Regression Trees algorithms, the model predicts the credibility of Twitter/X users and proves that it performed better than similar models through Classification and Regression Trees. In addition, the model is generalizable for all organizational purposes due to the integration of heterogeneous resources and feature selection methods.

Qualitative and mixedmethods: informing and enhancing exposure science.

Addressing complex environmental health challenges necessitates the integration of multiple research methodologies to fully understand the social, economic, and health impacts of exposure to environmental hazards. Qualitative and mixed methods (QMM) are vital in uncovering the sociocultural dynamics that influence people's interactions with their environment and subsequent health-related outcomes. QMM has the potential to reveal insights that quantitative methods might overlook. However, QMM approaches have been underutilized in exposure science, with less than 1% of the studies published in the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (JESEE) from 2003 to 2023 employing these methods. JESEE studies that utilized QMM have enhanced exposure assessment, explored risk perceptions, and evaluated the impact of interventions, particularly among historically marginalized populations. QMM approaches have addressed gaps in traditional exposure assessment by allowing researchers to capture nuanced perspectives often missed by quantitative analyses, especially in understanding the lived experiences of affected communities. Exposure scientists are encouraged to adopt QMM to advance more comprehensive and inclusive approaches to studying and mitigating environmental risks. Fostering interdisciplinary collaborations that integrate the social sciences can enhance the development of robust, context-sensitive solutions to environmental health challenges.

The Application of Graphology in Assessing Deaf People's Communication and Social Interaction Abilities

Graphology, the study of handwriting, has been used to interpret an individual's character and personality. This study examined the application of graphology in assessing the communication and social interaction abilities of deaf people. Deaf individuals face challenges in building social relationships and communicating with others because of their hearing impairment and reliance on nonverbal communication techniques such as sign language. Previous research has explored the potential of graphology in diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental retardation as well as in revealing the psychological aspects of historical figures. However, few studies have investigated the application of graphology in assessing the counseling needs of deaf individuals. This study employed a qualitative approach to analyze the handwriting samples of deaf participants using graphological techniques. The findings revealed that intensifying and reducing signs in the handwriting of deaf individuals influenced their communication and social interaction abilities. This study highlights the potential of graphology as an alternative assessment tool for understanding the characteristics and conditions of deaf individuals, without relying on oral communication. These results contribute to the field of counseling by providing insights for assessors, such as psychologists and counselors, to develop appropriate interventions and approaches tailored to the unique needs of deaf individuals. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of graphology-based interventions in enhancing communication and social interaction skills of deaf individuals.

The Future of Speech Therapy for Autism: Bridging Technology and Personalized Care

Researchers have been working on autism since the 1980s [1]. Autism spectrum disorder (AUD) is a complex neurodevelopment condition that affects people's interaction with others, behavior, communication, and social interaction. Although autism may be a lifelong condition, appropriate support, services, and treatments can improve a person's symptoms and daily functioning. Individuals with autism often face challenges with speech and language development are prominent. Speech therapy (ST) plays a role in gaining control over verbal communication. An effective speech therapy can enhance the quality of life by addressing communication difficulties. Traditionally, the treatment of autism has a multidisciplinary approach that aims to address the diverse needs of individuals on the spectrum. Advancements in technology are revolutionizing the field by offering various possibilities for personalized care and improved outcomes. Healthcare professionals diagnose autism by assessing a person's development patterns and behaviors. Currently, speech therapy is delivered through face-to-face interactions with a trained therapist. Because parents of autistic children consistently identify language and social communication skills as a top priority. This approach has limitations, like scheduling conflicts, limited access to geographical constraints, and specialized care [2]. Telepractice platforms and virtual reality systems (VR), offer novel opportunities for accessible, personalized, and engaging therapy experiences. Telepractice is an online therapy service via technology-based platforms that allows long-distance interventions, breaking geographical barriers and expanding access to specialized care. Specifically, telepractice capitalized on communication practices such as video conferencing, and data tracking tools to facilitate effective communications and reduce barriers like distance. It is a very effective and low-cost method for conducting and completing online sessions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder [3]. The use of mobile technology in various countries become a necessity in the lives of people and also makes it a potential medium of intervention for people diagnosed with autism. It also enhances social skills, language development, and communication abilities. Virtual reality is an essential tool for healthcare intervention, offering realistic scenarios for practicing communication strategies and social interaction. Virtual reality interventions can lead to more stable and faster communication skills over time [4]. Advancements in artificial intelligence has enabled therapists to analyze data and identify patterns to meet the unique needs of each individual with autism. Technology is poised to facilitate collaboration and communication among individuals, and promote consistency across various settings. Researchers are involved in creating and training robots to interact with autistic children. We can empower individuals with autism to reach their full communication potential with the help of these latest technologies.

Research on the Role Type of Artificial Intelligence and Consumers' Adoption Intention

With the rapid development of AI, People's interaction with artificial intelligence is increasing gradually, and AI has been able to further understand human feelings and dialogue. This article discusses that the different AI role type can cause people's different degree of belonging, and people have a strong sense of belonging to the friend AI. If consumers have a higher risk perception of AI, people will have more feelings of rejection of AI, and consumers will prefer their own subjective decision-making, so it is difficult to AI robot have more sense of belonging. With more and more interactions between humans and AI, studying the impact of AI role types on consumers' willingness to recommend adoption could help in the application of AI in enterprises.

Fundamental of Design Thinking and its Phases

Abstract: The practice of solving issues by putting the requirements of the customer first is known as "design thinking." Its foundation lies in the compassionate observation of people's interactions with their surroundings and the use of an experiential, iterative process to generate creative solutions. The "human-centered" nature of design thinking refers to the utilization of data showing how customers interact with a good or service, as opposed to how a company or other party anticipates such interactions. A product or service must be continuously improved by designers seeing how users interact with it in order to be really human-centered. In design thinking, this is the "iterative" phase. In place of incessant study or ruminating, it encourages moving fast to test prototypes. Unlike traditional problem solving, which is a linear process of identifying a problem and then finding solutions, design thinking only works if it is iterative. It's less of a way to arrive at a single solution, and more of a way to continually evolve your way of thinking and respond to consumer needs.

Digital marketing of commercial infant formula in Argentina: a digital ethnographic study

Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people's interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.

Gender Biases in Error Mitigation by Voice Assistants

Commercial voice assistants are largely feminized and associated with stereotypically feminine traits such as warmth and submissiveness. As these assistants continue to be adopted for everyday uses, it is imperative to understand how the portrayed gender shapes the voice assistant's ability to mitigate errors, which are still common in voice interactions. We report a study (N=40) that examined the effects of voice gender (feminine, ambiguous, masculine), error mitigation strategies (apology, compensation) and participant's gender on people's interaction behavior and perceptions of the assistant. Our results show that AI assistants that apologized appeared warmer than those offered compensation. Moreover, male participants preferred apologetic feminine assistants over apologetic masculine ones. Furthermore, male participants interrupted AI assistants regardless of perceived gender more frequently than female participants when errors occurred. Our results suggest that the perceived gender of a voice assistant biases user behavior, especially for male users, and that an ambiguous voice has the potential to reduce biases associated with gender-specific traits.

Perceiving humanness across ages: neural correlates and behavioral patterns.

Humanness perception, which attributes fundamental and unique human characteristics to other objects or people, has significant consequences for people's interactions. Notably, the failure to perceive humanness in older adults can lead to prejudice. This study investigates the effect of a target's age on humanness perception in terms of two dimensions: agency (the ability to act and do) and experience (the ability to feel and sense). We also examined brain activity using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in order to understand the underlying neural mechanisms. Healthy university students viewed the facial images of older and younger individuals and judged the humanness of each individual in terms of agency and experience while inside the MRI scanner. The results indicated that older adults were rated higher on experience, and no difference was found in ratings for agency between younger and older face images. Analysis of brain imaging data indicated that positive functional connectivity between the ventral and dorsal regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was greater when judging the humanness of younger faces than older faces. We also found that the negative functional connectivity between the left inferior frontal gyrus and postcentral gyrus was greater when judging the humanness of older faces as compared to that of younger faces. Although the current study did not show distinct brain activities related to humanness perception, it suggests the possibility that different brain connectivities are related to humanness perception regarding targets belonging to different age groups.

Short-term passive greenspace exposures have little effect on nasal microbiomes: A cross-over exposure study of a Māori cohort

Indigenous health interventions have emerged in New Zealand aimed at increasing people's interactions with and exposure to macro and microbial diversity. Urban greenspaces provide opportunities for people to gain such exposures. However, the dynamics and pathways of microbial transfer from natural environments onto a person remain poorly understood. Here, we analysed bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons in air samples (n = 7) and pre- and post-exposure nasal samples (n = 238) from 35 participants who had 30-min exposures in an outdoor park. The participants were organised into two groups: over eight days each group had two outdoor park exposures and two indoor office exposures, with a cross-over study design and washout days between exposure days. We investigated the effects of participant group, location (outdoor park vs. indoor office), and exposures (pre vs. post) on the nasal bacterial community composition and three key suspected health-associated bacterial indicators (alpha diversity, generic diversity of Gammaproteobacteria, and read abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria). The participants had distinct nasal bacterial communities, but these communities did not display notable shifts in composition following exposures. The community composition and key health bacterial indicators were stable throughout the trial period, with no clear or consistent effects of group, location, or exposure. We conclude that 30-min exposure periods to urban greenspaces are unlikely to create notable changes in the nasal microbiome of visitors, which contrasts with previous research. Our results suggest that longer exposures or activities that involves closer interaction with microbial rich ecological components (e.g., soil) are required for greenspace exposures to result in noteworthy changes in the nasal microbiome.

The Prevalence of Nomophobia in Medical Undergraduate Students of Central India.

Introduction Nomophobia is an emerging phobia resulting from people's excessive interaction with mobile phones. This phobia is rapidly increasing due to significant technological innovations and widespread acceptance and usage of mobile phones worldwide. Nomophobia is often associated with complications such as panic attacks, irritability, and anxiety. Smartphone usage is particularly high among the younger population, raising concerns as it generates distress and leads to various problems.This study aims to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among undergraduates. Method The study utilized the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) with a minimum sample size of 136. A total of 300 Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California) were circulated, out of which 172 responses were received. A Google Form comprising 20 questions related to smartphone use and nomophobia was designed and distributed to all undergraduate students, who were requested to complete the form. The data based on their responses were subsequently analyzed. Results In this study, approximately 31.40% of students disagreed with experiencing panic when running out of credits or hitting monthly data limits. Additionally, 24.42% of students agreed that not having smartphones made them worried, as their family and friends could not contact them. About 16.86% of students strongly disagreed with feeling uneasy because they could not stay updated without their phones. Furthermore, 16.28% strongly agreed that they felt anxious due to the inability to contact their family and friends when not having smartphones. Conclusion It can be concluded from this study that nomophobia is present among undergraduate students. The overall usage of smartphones has increased in this population, highlighting the emergence of a serious disorder that warrants attention. Consequently, the usage of smartphones should be reduced through structured training programs, as this proves to be an effective method for enhancing undergraduates' understanding of the prevention and treatment of nomophobia.

Characterizing personalized ecologies

AbstractPeople have unique sets of direct sensory interactions with wild species, which change through their days, weeks, seasons, and lifetimes. Despite having important influences on their health and well‐being and their attitudes towards nature, these personalized ecologies remain surprisingly little studied and are poorly understood. However, much can be inferred about personalized ecologies by considering them from first principles (largely macroecological), alongside insights from research into the design and effectiveness of biodiversity monitoring programmes, knowledge of how animals respond to people, and studies of human biology and demography. Here I first review how three major sets of drivers, opportunity, capability and motivation, shape people's personalized ecologies. Second, I then explore the implications of these mechanisms for how more passively and more actively practical improvements can be made in people's personalized ecologies. Particularly in light of the declines in the richness of these ecologies that are being experienced in much of the world (the so‐called ‘extinction of experience’), and the significant consequences, marked improvement in many people's interactions and experiences with nature may be key to the future of biodiversity.

Young Children & Implicit Racial Biases

Abstract Children are not born harboring racial biases, but they are born learning. Young children, even infants, learn from the “mere observation” of other people's behavior. Nonverbal signals of racial biases are abundant in children's everyday social environments. Studies show that preschool children acquire social group biases when they observe other people's social interactions and nonverbal behaviors. These new findings have implications for child development and educational equity. Even before kindergarten, racial biases are caught even when not explicitly taught, suggesting the need for practical actions for parents, teachers, and others concerned about the transmission of racial bias across generations.

Understanding and supporting the diversity of the autistic spectrum

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects people's communication, social interaction and behavior. This article aims to explore autism in detail, addressing its characteristics, causes, diagnosis and impact on people's lives. In developing the article, a comprehensive review of available literature was carried out, including scientific studies, reports from health organizations and personal experiences of autistic individuals and their families. The introduction presented an overview of autism, emphasizing the importance of understanding the complexity of the autism spectrum, which encompasses a wide variety of individual profiles and characteristics. The need to promote the inclusion and acceptance of people on the autism spectrum in society was also highlighted. In developing the article, the main characteristics of autism were discussed, including difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, challenges in social interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, sensory sensitivities and variations in cognitive development. The importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary assessment to identify autism and initiate appropriate interventions was addressed. The possible causes of autism were also explored, such as genetic, environmental and neurobiological factors, highlighting the complexity and multifactorial nature of the disorder. Another point discussed in the development of the article were the approaches and interventions used to support people on the autism spectrum. Behavioral strategies, specialized therapies, educational support, environmental adaptations and social inclusion programs were mentioned as important components to promote the development and quality of life of autistic people. The importance of the teacher's role in the classroom was highlighted, emphasizing the need for an inclusive and individualized approach. Strategies such as adapting the environment, clear communication, individualized instruction and promoting social interaction were discussed as ways to support autistic students in the school environment. The conclusion reinforced the importance of promoting an inclusive society aware of the needs of autistic people. The need for greater awareness, acceptance and support to overcome the challenges and barriers faced by autistic people in society was highlighted. It was also highlighted that when provided with appropriate support and an inclusive environment, autistic people have the potential to flourish, contribute and achieve a full and meaningful life. Finally, bibliographic references were provided to support and validate the information presented in the article.

Addressing the challenge of wildlife conservation in urban landscapes by increasing human tolerance for wildlife

Abstract Urbanization is a key driver of global environmental change and is adversely impacting wildlife populations. Human tolerance for wildlife is critical to wildlife conservation in urban areas. Using metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, United States, as a case study, we investigated human tolerance for a range of different wildlife species. Almost half of the human–wildlife interactions that are reported to the state wildlife agency originate from metropolitan Atlanta, which is one of the fastest growing metropolises in the United States. We surveyed a representative sample of 1006 residents of metropolitan Atlanta in 2022. We found heterogeneity in respondents' tolerance for various species, although most respondents were intolerant of bobcats, coyotes, opossums and snakes. Respondents' tolerance for different species largely depended on their attitudes and emotions towards species, and their basic beliefs pertaining to wildlife and the relationships between humans and wildlife. We found some evidence that tolerance also depended on people's prior interactions with wildlife, their beliefs that they can mitigate conflicts with wildlife and their demographic characteristics. Our results suggest that communication that improves urban residents' attitudes towards wildlife and/or reinforces positive emotions towards wildlife may increase wildlife tolerance in urban areas. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

COVID-19 pandemic and Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): Reflection on the challenges and opportunities in South Africa.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has changed people's interactions dramatically, be it with the government, the outside world, or one another. It has compelled society to change the standards for decision-making in areas such as health and education, and how people live, work, play, and do business. As a result of the new behavioral patterns imposed by governments around the world, including the South African government, there has been technological advancement through the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). In South Africa, key economic sectors such as healthcare, education, and finance have served as digital change engines. Without a doubt, technology has been able to halt the spread of the virus. The main objective of this paper is to raise awareness of 4IR and to identify opportunities presented by 4IR for South Africa and the challenges presented by 4IR in resolving COVID-19 issues. It examines the relationship between evolving technological advances brought about by 4IR and COVID-19. Following a review of the relevant literature, the study's findings revealed that prior to the pandemic, several sectors were wary of, and slow to accept, 4IR. Despite the benefits of 4IR, many African countries face difficulties across various sectors. Almost all African countries are unprepared for 4IR, with the exception of South Africa, which is considered partially ready and ranks 22nd on the automation readiness index. African countries that have embraced digital transformation have cited South Africa as a case study due to its adoption of 4IR. Despite the benefits, several barriers to the adoption and use of 4IR technologies have been identified in developing countries, including South Africa, which has the opportunity to adopt consistent 4IR.

Understanding older people's voice interactions with smart voice assistants: a new modified rule-based natural language processing model with human input.

The COVID-19 pandemic has expedited the integration of Smart Voice Assistants (SVA) among older people. The qualitative data derived from user commands on SVA is pivotal for elucidating the engagement patterns of older individuals with such systems. However, the sheer volume of user-generated voice interaction data presents a formidable challenge for manual coding. Compounding this issue, age-related cognitive decline and alterations in speech patterns further complicate the interpretation of older users' SVA voice interactions. Conventional dictionary-based textual analysis tools, which count word frequencies, are inadequate in capturing the evolving and communicative essence of these interactions that unfold over a series of dialogues and modify with time. To address these challenges, our study introduces a novel, modified rule-based Natural Language Processing (MR-NLP) model augmented with human input. This reproducible approach capitalizes on human-derived insights to establish a lexicon of critical keywords and to formulate rules for the iterative refinement of the NLP model. English speakers, aged 50 or older and residing alone, were enlisted to engage with Amazon Alexa™ via predefined daily routines for a minimum of 30 min daily spanning three months (N = 35, mean age = 77). We amassed time-stamped, textual data comprising participants' user commands and responses from Alexa™. Initially, a subset constituting 20% of the data (1,020 instances) underwent manual coding by human coder, predicated on keywords and commands. Separately, a rule-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) methodology was employed to code the identical subset. Discrepancies arising between human coder and the NLP model programmer were deliberated upon and reconciled to refine the rule-based NLP coding framework for the entire dataset. The modified rule-based NLP approach demonstrated notable enhancements in efficiency and scalability and reduced susceptibility to inadvertent errors in comparison to manual coding. Furthermore, human input was instrumental in augmenting the NLP model, yielding insights germane to the aging adult demographic, such as recurring speech patterns or ambiguities. By disseminating this innovative software solution to the scientific community, we endeavor to advance research and innovation in NLP model formulation, subsequently contributing to the understanding of older people's interactions with SVA and other AI-powered systems.

The Impact of the Risk of Losing the Betawi Language on Society

The Betawi language, like many other global languages, faces the threat of extinction caused by various factors, including the evolution of civilization. This threat threatens various aspects of indigenous Betawi culture. Therefore, maintaining and preserving the Betawi language is very important. The challenge is to understand the breadth of the Betawi linguistic and textual context. It is important to develop targeted strategies that highlight the main elements affected by language degradation, especially in the Betawi community. This study identified these elements after conducting intensive field research for more than a year with continuous observations. This research shows that sociological qualitative analysis, especially in evaluating people's social interactions, is the most effective method. Five main areas were identified to analyze the impact of language decline: linguistic aspects, individual identity, intergenerational communication, knowledge transfer, and economic implications

The Body Represented

This research proposes the body as a privileged stage for creating possible worlds and the school as a metaphor for its territory. The guiding question is: How do students represent their bodies and the relationships that stem from them? In this way, the study explores the body in the classroom as a site of interaction with the lifeworld, aiming to uncover the invisible learning experiences of students as objects of communication research.
 The work attempts to understand the body as indivisible between its parts and the environment, as a contemporary axis of the notion of humanity, rooted in the core of social and human sciences. The body is seen as substance and action, the metaphor of all metaphors, cutting across various fields of knowledge.
 Currently, the body seems to be reduced to social capital, an object open to commodification. It's a body dedicated to consumption, improvement, fitness, shaving, and stretching, while time contracts it—an advertising subject, a form of advertisement in itself.
 The study seeks answers regarding young people's conceptions and interactions with their bodies by understanding the questions that arise from and about the body and the variations and processes of self-awareness that many young people undergo. This research is pursued through fieldwork on two continents, aiming to understand how these relationships can vary according to the cultural context.
 Based on this background, a questionnaire is constructed. Its primary purpose is to comprehend how students perceive their relationships with their bodies, associating them with feelings, shapes, emotions, beauty, words, and other elements. Additionally, the study attempts to grasp the order in which the body is conceived: as a whole, composed of parts, or as parts? The questionnaire proposes the idea of the multidimensionality of the body, suggesting that the body is more than just its physical form—it traverses, travels, and transforms across different dimensions.
 The questionnaire was administered to university students majoring in communication-related fields. A group of 200 students participated, with 100 from Universidad Sergio Arboleda in Bogotá, Colombia, and 100 from Universidad Complutense de Madrid in Spain. These universities were chosen to diversify the study's participants, encompassing private and public education, ensuring a broader spectrum of responses.
 Studying the body as an object leads to cognition, communication, and information insights. Within its totality and in each of its parts, there is a complex web of cognitive processes intertwined with practices of self-organization, self-affirmation, reproduction, and complexity.
 I have argued that cognitive science is beginning to realize that perception is not about recovering a pre-established world, but rather it is perceptually guided action in a world inseparable from our sensorimotor abilities, and that higher cognitive structures also arise from recurrent patterns of perceptually guided action. Therefore, cognition is not about representations but embodied action. (Varela, 1996, p. 9)
 This exercise encourages students to reflect on bodily experiences, exploring their imaginations and ways of representing the body using focus group methodology. It aims to consider experiences in the educational setting as performances and recognize their potential to transform students' communication skills.