People Fear Research Articles

The social ledger: qualitatively decoding interaction-driven investment decisions among Indian investors and fund managers

Purpose This study aims to investigate the antecedents of social interaction among Indian retail investors and fund managers to understand how these factors influence investment decisions. By identifying and examining these antecedents, the study aims to shed light on the social dynamics that shape investment behavior in the Indian financial market. Design/methodology/approach The researchers have mainly adopted an interpretive strategy for the present study. Qualitative data elicited through semistructured interviews with six retail investors and two fund managers were subjected to qualitative thematic analysis. Findings Our research found several factors that make Indian retail investors and fund managers connect and make financial decisions. Peers can improve a person’s investing performance through social facilitation, and discussing investment suggestions and lessons learned can affect a group’s investment behavior. Social norms also influenced investors’ financial decisions, demonstrating compliance. Investor closeness increased information sharing. Finally, the fear of missing out (FOMO), a psychological phenomenon where people fear missing out on rewarding experiences, encouraged social engagement as investors sought appealing prospects. Research limitations/implications The researchers interviewed eight carefully selected interviewees across the divide between retail investors and fund managers. Adopting other grouping criteria, conducting a focus group discussion with more respondents or adopting a mixed-methods approach may increase our understanding of the investment decision behaviors of Indian retail investors and fund managers. Practical implications The findings have far-reaching consequences, from deepening our knowledge of investors’ motivations and actions to directing individual savers, informing the development of financial literacy initiatives, influencing fund management practices and inspiring additional research in this study area. Originality/value This research, including retail investors and fund managers, significantly contributes to the literature on investment decisions and behavioral finance, particularly in the context of Indian investors and managers. This study’s unique perspective and comprehensive approach make it a valuable addition to the field, sparking interest and further exploration among academics, practitioners and investors alike.

The role of gender in shaping Black and Latina women’s experiences in anticipated interracial interactions

People's fear of being negatively stereotyped or devalued based on one or more of their social identities — social identity threat — contributes to negative anticipated experiences in interracial interactions. Prior research, however, has largely failed to consider the role of gender in shaping people's experiences in interracial interactions. To address this gap, the present research examined the implications of anticipated cross-gender interracial interactions among Black and Latina women who experience social identity threat based on their multiple marginalized identities. Across three studies, Black and Latina women imagined (Study 1) or anticipated (Studies 2 and 3) an interaction with a White man or a White woman. In the third study, Black and Latina women anticipated a cross-gender (vs. gender-matched) interaction with a same race/ethnicity partner or White partner. Compared to women who expected to interact with a White female partner, Black and Latina women who imagined or anticipated an interaction with a White male partner reported more perceived partner prejudice. Greater perceived partner prejudice, in turn, increased their levels of social identity threat, which predicted more anticipated negative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., anticipated trust and belonging, friendship interest) in the interaction. These results suggest that for Black and Latina women, the negative effects of interracial interactions may be most pronounced in cross-gender interracial interactions.

Epidémia cholery a starostlivosť o zdravie Slovákov v Báčke podľa kanonických vizitácií z roku 1835 a matrík zosnulých v 19. storočí

A cholera epidemic broke out in India in the 1820s. and was spreading in Southeast Asia. It came to southern Russia in 1829, while in Hungary, it ap-peared in 1831. In Vojvodina, it appeared and threatened the population in 1831 and again to a lesser extent in 1836, 1849 and 1873. Historiography has so far paid almost no attention to the course of this epidemic in the Slovak settlements of Vojvodina. This work is based on the research of the author’s chronicle of the Evangelical priest Ján Stehla of Petrovac from the period of 1818-1862 and the ecclesiastical visitations of Slovak evangelical congregations in Bačka from 1835. The examined chronicle proved to be a rich narrative historiographical source for this topic. It records the beginning and spread of the epidemic, the number of infected and dead, the fear of people in the moments of the threat of terrifying death, as well as the depth of pain and suffering of the survivors. The epidemic in the affected villages caused the death of a significant number of the population and significantly changed their daily lives. Data from the examined church sources were analyzed, critically considered and compared with data in registers and existing literature.

The impact of perceived experience with ChatGPT on online consumers' information searching behavior: an empirical study of Iranian college students

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the impact of perceived experience with ChatGPT on online consumers' information searching behavior. The study also examines the moderating effects of those relationships.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected through an online survey. In total, 370 eligible responses were received. This study applied partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) for data analysis.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that both perceived personalization and perceived relevance have a direct impact on online consumers' information searching behaviors. Additionally, the results also indicate that perceived accuracy and perceived convenience lead to positive online consumers' information searching behavior. Moreover, age and gender and education level play moderating mechanisms in this relationship.Practical implicationsOverall, the conclusions of this study provide valuable insights into the potential of ChatGPT to improve online consumers behavior. However, there are still many unanswered questions about the impact of ChatGPT on consumers' experience. Future research is needed to explore these questions and to further our understanding of the potential of ChatGPT to revolutionize online information searching and digital marketing.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first of its kind to highlight the impact of perceived experience with ChatGPT on online consumers' information searching behavior of its extensive use in scientific research and academic work. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it presents the behaviors concerns and future fears of people in academia as they cope with and deal with the inevitable reality of artificial intelligence (AI) language models such as ChatGPT.

Investigating the Level of Mathematics Anxiety among Junior High School Pupils

Mathematics is a fascinating and perplexing subject that is constantly evolving in a variety of scientific fields. Naturally, it is amazing and beautiful to use mathematics to solve a real-life problem and comprehend it. However, most people fear mathematics. The goal of this research was to explore Ghanaian Junior High School pupils' level of anxiety in mathematics at two different schools.. A Likert-Scale type of questionnaire on mathematics anxiety was given to 120 pupils who were randomly selected from the population to answer voluntarily. Descriptive and inferential analysis were both used to analysis the responses from the pupils. It was revealed that mathematics anxiety was reported to be high among junior high school pupils. It was also found that female pupils had greater levels of mathematics anxiety than male pupils. Practical recommendations are provided based on the findings of the study.

Research on Impact of Investor Sentiment on Chinese Stock Market: Review and Prospect

Over time, investor behavior has become more complicated due to the unpredictability of the Chinese stock market. Major research has found that investor sentiment swings have a huge impact on the market. Therefore, investors need to observe and understand how investor sentiment affects the market in the right way. Much of the past literature has used textual data mining and event analysis to measure the impact of investor sentiment and its impact on stock market returns, pricing, and volatility. Several articles have concluded that investor sentiment is highly responsive to the Chinese stock market. Another phenomenon that has emerged on various forums and social media is that people's fear of the stock market is spreading. The results of event analysis can prove that the impact of events such as the lifting of the ban on restricted shares and the listing of companies will be very obvious and have an impact on investor sentiment. An important implication of this study is that in addition to the dominant role of Granger causality in the causality that produces negative returns, negative investor sentiment is the main factor determining the overall behavior of the stock market. When bad news breaks, investors release their pent-up emotions for a short period, resulting in a violent reaction. In addition, market sentiment can also affect trading volumes and stock prices. This has put pressure on the market. In the end, this paper expands the future research direction from the two aspects of communication mechanism and quantitative analysis.

Society-related Fears and Personal Mental Health

This paper explores the relationship between society-related fears and personal mental health. Respondents of an online survey representing the German population (18 + years) answered how much they are worried about eight societal developments (armed conflicts, social inequality, rise of right-wing extremism, crime and terror, immigration, climate change, artificial intelligence, pandemics). The analysis demonstrate that the sum score of society-related fears is significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Particularly concerns about poverty, digitalization and pandemics are associated with higher anxiety and depression scores. Further explorations show that specific fears are intermingled with political ideologies, i.e. people fear different societal developments according to their ideological standpoints. Politically left-leaning individuals regard climate change and rising right-wing extremism as more threatening, while politically right-leaning individuals’ fears relate more strongly to migrants, terror and crime. The fears with the largest negative effect on mental health are poverty and armed conflicts for individuals who identify as left and digitalization for individuals who identify as right. Overall, findings lend support to the general notion that the world’s current ‘polycrisis’ is highly relevant and generally detrimental for mental health and human wellbeing.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Fear of Dependency Scale Into European Portuguese.

Dependency is defined as a person's inability to meet basic human needs. In the context of aging, biopsychosocial changes compromise functionality, predisposing older adults to rely on others to perform daily activities. Fear of dependency describes the fear people have of appearing and/or being weak and/or reliant on others. The Fear of Dependency Scale (FDS), developed by Adams-Price and Ralston in 2016, aims to assess the fear of dependency by measuring an individual's attitudes toward being helped. This study presents a European Portuguese version of the FDS and examines its psychometric properties (internal consistency reliability and content validity). The translation and both cultural and linguistic adaptation of the FDS were performed by a panel of experts. A cross-sectional study was then performed to evaluate the psychometric properties (in terms of its reliability and validity) of the translated version of the FDS among a sample of 100 community-dwelling older adults. The European Portuguese version of the FDS exhibited good psychometric properties. The scale's internal consistency was 0.84. The European Portuguese version of the FDS is a reliable, valid, and practical instrument for assessing the fear of dependency in older adults in the Portuguese population. It can be used in the context of health care provision and research.

Virtual Reality and Higher Education Sporting Events: Social Anxiety Perception as an Outcome of VR Simulation.

This study investigates the relationship between Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) and social anxiety in sport environments. Social anxiety is a mental health condition that manifests people's intense fear of being watched and judged by others and worrying about humiliation It is important to research potential tools like VRET that could help to mitigate the impact of social anxiety as people with social anxiety often avoid attending live events due to the venue's sensory stimuli and the social encounters they anticipate. VR simulation could allow socially anxious individuals to fully experience a sporting event simulation minus the anxiety induced by potential social encounters. VR's therapeutic effects on social anxiety should be explored when considering several findings of VR intervention to mental health. The study aims to assess the impact of exposing socially anxious people to a virtual sporting game by measuring their levels of social anxiety, team identification, and intentions to attend a live sporting event before and after the VR exposure. Due to VR's positive experience, social anxiety is expected to decrease. However, team identification and intentions to attend live sporting events are expected to increase because of VR's ability to develop sport fanship. Fourteen students with symptoms of social anxiety participated in the study. To create the VR simulation stimuli, the researchers used six 360° cameras to record an NCAA Division-I women's volleyball game. Participants experienced the sporting event via VR simulation. Data were analyzed via one-group pre- and post-comparison. Significant results were found for behavioral intentions of participants after experiencing the simulation. Social anxiety's difference was negative 0.22, t(13) = 3.47, p < 0.01. After watching the game in VR, the respondents' social anxiety decreased significantly. Team identification's difference was 0.53, t(13) = -3.56, p < 0.01. Lastly, event visit intentions' difference was 0.24, t(13) = -2.35, p < 0.05. Team identification and intentions to visit a sporting event rose significantly after viewing the game in VR.

General deterrent effects of environmental law enforcement: Evidence from a survey experiment on recycling

Law enforcement is intended to deter illicit behaviors by instilling fear in people. However, limited empirical evidence exists regarding the effect of law enforcement on people's perceived risk of being sanctioned for violating rules and regulations. Here, we explore the general deterrent effects of recycling law enforcement using a survey experiment with 744 residents of Shanghai, China. Information on recycling law enforcement increases respondents' perceived intensity of monitoring and perceived risk of punishment for violations of recycling laws. The effects still hold when excluding the confounding effects from the enactment of recycling laws. We also investigated heterogeneity of the effects across populations. Our results underscore the existence of general deterrent effects associated with recycling law enforcement. We conclude that the public disclosure of cases of punishment for recycling law violations could serve as an effective means to enforce recycling practices.

A most aggressive bear: Safari videos document sloth bear defense against tiger predation.

Sloth bears are non-carnivorous yet they attack more people than any other bear. They often stand up and charge explosively if a person mistakenly gets too close. Here, we argue that their aggression toward humans is an extension of their behavior toward tigers, which are their only natural predator. Interactions between sloth bears and tigers have not previously been studied because scientists have rarely observed such events. We collected and examined 43 videos or photo documentations of sloth bear-tiger interactions posted on the internet or social media from 2011 to 2023, mainly by tourists visiting tiger parks in India. We observed that sloth bears were most likely to stand up and charge if they first became aware of the tiger at close range (<3 m away). This aggressive-defensive strategy, intended to dissuade the tiger from attacking, appeared to be successful, in that 86% of interactions ended with no contact, whereas four (9%) culminated in the bear's death. We propose that a myrmecophagous diet led to this species' aggressive behavior: (1) their long, blunt front claws, well adapted for digging termites and ants, hamper their ability to climb trees for escape, and (2) they walk with their head down focused on scents underground, and make considerable noise digging and blowing soil, enabling tigers to approach quite closely without being detected. Sloth bears have coexisted with tigers or other (now extinct) large felid predators for their entire evolutionary history. Whereas their aggressive behavior has served them well for millions of years, more recently, people's fear of and retaliation against sloth bears represents a major threat to their survival. Understanding how sloth bears react to tigers provides guidance for reducing attacks on humans, thereby contributing to sloth bear conservation. Our investigation was made possible by passive citizen scientists, who unknowingly collected valuable data.

Memahami Interaksi Sosial Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi: Studi Kasus di Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara

This research aims to investigate students' social interactions in higher education and the factors that influence these interactions. The research results show that some students experience difficulties in interacting due to the large number of assignments and academic competition. Apart from that, cultural differences and fear of other people's judgment also become obstacles for some students in interacting. This research also found that participation in student organizations can increase students' social interactions, as well as influence a person's social interaction behavior. The conclusion of this research is that students' social interactions in higher education are influenced by several factors, including assignments, academic competition, cultural differences, and fear of other people's judgment.

Rejection in romantic relationships: Does rejection sensitivity modulate emotional responses to perceptions of negative interactions?

BackgroundRejection is a highly stressful experience and individuals tend to avoid it whenever possible. In intimate relationships, experiences of rejection can shape the interaction dynamics between partners. Highly rejection sensitive people fear that their romantic partner will reject them and they overreact to any ambiguous cues that might indicate rejection. Furthermore, because they focus on the threat of rejection, they may have difficulty disengaging from rejection-related emotions, persevere in a rejection-focused state and have a reduced capacity to regulate their emotions. The prolonged experience of strong negative emotions, together with maladaptive attempts to respond to rejection, may undermine key relationship maintenance processes that contribute to relationship functioning and lead to negative reciprocity in interactions. The goal of the present study was to shed light on how individuals experience rejection-related emotions and determine whether, following perceptions of negative interactions, rejection sensitivity was associated with stronger negative responses and less efficient downregulation of negative emotions. In addition, we examined whether dyadic patterns of rejection sensitivity were associated with negative emotion dynamics following perceptions of negative interactions.MethodsThe participants (N = 298) were couples experiencing the transition to parenthood. A multilevel modelling approach was used to assess the associations between rejection sensitivity, perceptions of negative interactions and emotional states. The analyses included repeated daily reports for both rejection and emotions.ResultsThe results suggest that rejection sensitive individuals do not report higher negative emotions when they perceive negative interactions. Moreover, rejection sensitive men and women did not remain longer in a negative emotional state after they perceived negative interactions with their partner. Finally, when both men and women partners reported higher levels of rejection sensitivity, neither reported having higher negative emotions after experiencing negative interaction perceptions.ConclusionsOur findings provide further insights into emotional dynamics and rejection sensitivity in romantic relationships. Our results do not provide evidence for a link between rejection sensitivity and higher negative emotions or slower recovery after reports of negative interactions. If individuals suppress their emotions, they may not benefit from regulation with their partner and instead may protect themselves over their relationships. However, in this context, rejection sensitivity might also not constitute a strong predictor of daily emotion fluctuations, but other variables– such as relationship satisfaction – might. Future research may investigate emotional responses in a sample with higher levels of rejection sensitivity and use more diverse measures of perceptions of negative interactions.

Novel Deep Learning Neural Networks for Breast Cancer Malignancy Estimation

Medicine has become one of the huge fields which has its own growth each and every day. Few diseases are still a threat to medical field. Because of its destructive nature, cancer is a disease that causes fear in many people throughout the world. However, most cancers are curable if detected early and treated with the right medical care and computer-assisted diagnosis. These days, diagnosis is more popular because it works well as a primary screening test for many diseases, particularly cancer. Deep learning is a method of artificial intelligence where the computer is given intelligence that attempts to emulate the way a human brain thinks. This research focuses on creating a deep neural network that can accurately predict the malignancy of breast cancer up to 98%, allowing medical personnel to diagnose patients more quickly and administer therapy more effectively.

Müller Glial Cell-Dependent Regeneration of the Retina in Zebrafish and Mice.

Sight is one of our most precious senses. People fear losing their sight more than any other disability. Thus, restoring sight to the blind is an important goal of vision scientists. Proregenerative species, such as zebrafish, provide a system for studying endogenous mechanisms underlying retina regeneration. Nonregenerative species, such as mice, provide a system for testing strategies for stimulating retina regeneration. Key to retina regeneration in zebrafish and mice is the Müller glial cell, a malleable cell type that is amenable to a variety of regenerative strategies. Here, we review cellular and molecular mechanisms used by zebrafish to regenerate a retina, as well as the application of these mechanisms, and other strategies to stimulate retina regeneration in mice. Although our focus is on Müller glia (MG), niche components and their impact on MG reprogramming are also discussed.

Impairment in acquisition of conditioned fear in people with depressive symptoms.

Depression is one of the primary global public health issues, and there has been a dramatic increase in depression levels among young people over the past decade. The neuroplasticity theory of depression postulates that a malfunction in neural plasticity, which is responsible for learning, memory, and adaptive behavior, is the primary source of the disorder's clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, the impact of depression symptoms on associative learning remains underexplored. We used the differential fear conditioning paradigm to investigate the effects of depressive symptoms on fear acquisition and extinction learning. Skin conductance response (SCR) is an objective evaluation indicator, and ratings of nervousness, likeability, and unconditioned stimuli (US) expectancy are subjective evaluation indicators. In addition, we used associability generated by a computational reinforcement learning model to characterize the skin conductance response. The findings indicate that individuals with depressive symptoms exhibited significant impairment in fear acquisition learning compared to those without depressive symptoms based on the results of the skin conductance response. Moreover, in the discrimination fear learning task, the skin conductance response was positively correlated with associability, as estimated by the hybrid model in the group without depressive symptoms. Additionally, the likeability rating scores improved post-extinction learning in the group without depressive symptoms, and no such increase was observed in the group with depressive symptoms. The study highlights that individuals with pronounced depressive symptoms exhibit impaired fear acquisition and extinction learning, suggesting a possible deficit in associative learning. Employing the hybrid model to analyze the learning process offers a deeper insight into the associative learning processes of humans, thus allowing for improved comprehension and treatment of these mental health problems.

Influence of Funeral Ceremony on Increased Death Awareness and Reduction in The Fear of Death Among Tiv Youths

This study investigates the influence of funeral ceremony on increased death awareness and reduction in the fear of death among Tiv youths. A total of 499 Tiv students and staff of the University of Mkar, Mkar and College of Education Katsina-Ala in Benue State were participants. Results: shows that funeral ceremony significantly correlate with increased death awareness (r (497) = 0.177, p&lt;0.01). Two, funeral ceremony influences increased death awareness and reduction in the fear of death (r (497) = 0.349, p&lt;0.01). Three, there is no statistically significant difference between Tiv males and females on increased death awareness (t (497) = 1.88, p = 0.060). Four, increased death awareness and reduction in the fear of death jointly predicted violent tendencies and behaviours among the Tiv youths (F (2,496) = 8.810, p&lt;0.01). Independently, death awareness significantly predicted exhibition of violent tendencies and behaviours among Tiv youths. (β=0197, t=4.188, p&lt;0.01. But reduction in fear of death has a negative relationship with exhibition of violent tendencies and behaviours among the Tiv youths (β=-0.056, t = -1.199, p=0.231). Humanly, Tiv people are aware that death is inevitable, though it was perceived as mysterious and an existential threat for human annihilation. But nowadays, there is a shift in the perception and attitudes to death; even funerals are now occasions everybody attends, and intoxicating substances are used excessively at these occasions till interment. Modern-day funeral ceremony in Tiv has influence on increased death awareness, and reduction in the people fear of death. But the negative multiplier effect is, it has also promoted manifestation of violent tendencies and behaviours among Tiv youths largely as alcohol is involved for the entertainment at funerals. Thus, the State government should enact laws for strict regulation of people use of alcohol and psychoactive drugs in the State.

Citizens’ Perception on Effects of Kidnapping on Security in Edo South Senatorial District

The cases of kidnapping in Nigeria and in Edo State in particular are rising, and taking dangerous dimensions. What exists in the literature is an ample of research reports on the causes and socioeconomic implications of kidnapping. The general objective of this study is to explore citizens’ perception of the effects of the rising incidence of kidnapping on the security situations in Edo South Senatorial District of Edo State. The exploratory research design operated with the cross sectional research design was adopted for this study. The calculated sample size for this study was placed at approximately 816. For the collection of qualitative data, the purposive sampling techniques were used to select two interviewees from each of the local government areas. Hence, there were 14 interviewees for the collection of qualitative data that complemented the quantitative data. The majority of respondents (54.7%) believe that the death of victims during kidnappings is avoidable or preventable. There was statistically significant difference in the perception of the level of panic due to kidnapping in Edo South according to the age groups. There is statistically significant association between educational qualification and the tendency to get the Police involved in cases of kidnapping. There was statistically significant difference in perceived police effectiveness in the fight against kidnapping in Edo South according the respondents’ nature of employment. In conclusion, there is a significant number of people who are concerned about kidnapping in their area, with most of affirming a high level of panic due to kidnapping. Kidnapping has a negative impact on society and is a source of fear and concern for many people. The lack of proper security measures adds to the problem, and people are left to take precautions to avoid being kidnapped. The citizens are adjusting to the panic caused by kidnapping by taking practical measures to ensure their safety and seeking solace through spiritual practices. It is recommended that the police should take proactive measures to prevent kidnappings, have the necessary resources and training to handle kidnapping cases, and work with other security agencies and organizations to provide support and services to victims after their release.

How mothers talk to their children about failure, mistakes and setbacks is related to their children's fear of failure.

Many people fear failure and making mistakes. This fear can be transmitted from parents to children, suggesting that parental communication regarding failures and setbacks may play a critical role in shaping a child's perception of mistakes. In this study, we investigated how everyday parent-child conversations about setbacks influence children's fear of making mistakes. Drawing on the large pre-birth Growing Up in New Zealand cohort, we focused on a sub-sample of 231 mother-child dyads who engaged in a recorded conversations about a "recent disappointment or setback" when the children were 8 years old. Conversations between mothers and children about the recent disappointments were coded to identify whether parents recognised or acknowledge their child's emotional response, if action plans were discussed, and the types of resources that the child could draw on. The children also completed a questionnaire about their global self-worth and their fear of making mistakes. The discussion of clear action plans, in the absence of a discussion about collaborative resources, was found to be associated with an increased fear of making mistakes among children. Conversely, when mothers clearly acknowledged their child's emotions and discussed ways to work collaboratively with their child on future problems, there was a notable decrease in the child's fear of mistakes. However, it is noteworthy that many mothers in our study either minimally acknowledged or dismissed their child's emotions(40%), rarely discussed action plans (55%), or collaborative resources (79%)when discussing the recent setback.

Social Media and COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Self-Reported Effects on Users

Introduction: Social media plays a crucial role in disseminating information, which can be particularly valuable during the COVID-19 pandemic if the information is accurate. However, inaccurate or rumored information can increase the pressure on users. Despite this, there has been no study in Iran on the effects of social media on users during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this analytical study aimed to determine the positive and negative effects of social media on users during the pandemic.Material and Methods: The psychological effects of social media on users have also been investigated from their point of view. The study included 384 social media users who were surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The sample was selected using virtual snowball sampling, and the collected data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods.Results: Based on users' self-reports, the most significant impact of social media was attributed to informing people about the transmission methods of the disease, while the most negative effect was associated with people's fear of getting sick. Additionally, users believed that social media could be a source of anxiety for people in the community.Conclusion: The use of social media has significantly increased since the appearance of COVID-19, and users' views suggest that it has both positive and negative effects. To increase the effectiveness of social media, accurate information rather than rumors should be disseminated.