People In Cameroon Research Articles

Modern aspects of rabies in Cameroon

The article presents the results of an epidemiological study of the incidence of rabies in the population of the Republic of Cameroon in the period from 2014 to 2022. The system of epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of rabies in Cameroon is presented. According to WHO, human and animal rabies is recognized as endemic to Central Africa as a whole, and in Cameroon, in particular, this infectious goiter is classified as the first priority zoonosis within the framework of the National Program for the Prevention and Control of Recurrent and Re-emerging Zoonosis (PNPLZER). The average annual incidence of rabies recorded between 2014 and 2022 was 405.7% (95% CI: 401.9% – 409.5%). Based on the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis, the dynamics of rabies cases among people in Cameroon is presented in accordance with data recorded at the Operational Center for Public Health Emergencies (CCOUSP). The highest rates were recorded in the period from 2018 (547.4%) to 2019 (276.8%), and the lowest in 2021 (10.7%) to 2022 (3.1%). To identify socio-demographic risk factors, a survey of rabies foci was conducted using specially designed questionnaires (epidemiological information collection cards). Mapping of registered cases of rabies in humans was carried out for 10 administrative regions of the country using the LTR QGIS (quantum GIS) program, which allowed us to show the distribution of cases across the country and dynamics over time. It has been established that the distribution of cases of the disease across the territory does not always depend on the population density in administrative districts, but is associated with specific socio-demographic risk factors such as profession, gender, age, type of animal reservoir of the virus, which affect the activity of the pathogen circulation among natural hosts.

Press Insecurity during Anglophone War Coverage in Cameroon: Ways to Protect Marginalized Journalists

As the global media community prepares for World Press Freedom Day 2025 culminating and the Academic Conference on Safety of Journalists, attacks on journalists and the profession are diversified as never before. Military regimes and democratic governments prevent journalists from accessing and reporting news correctly. That scenario exists in the Republic of Cameroon (aka LRC), where some eight million predominantly English-speaking people in Cameroon and abroad struggle for recognition as a separate nation from the Republic of Cameroon. The struggle has been disfigured by misinformation on social media platforms, unreliable reporting of the crises, and journalists having limited access to news and information sources. LRC’s military and pro-independence fighters often prevent journalists from reaching affected groups, particularly refugee inhabitants facing inhumane treatment by the military, thus possibly fearing backlashes from government officials, human rights advocates, the United Nations Human Rights Council, pro-independence groups, and Free Press Unlimited.Using straw polls, email surveys, and telephonic surveys carried out periodically between January 2022 and March 2024 on news reporters and journalists serving four independent newspapers in the Anglophone region, this presentation shall highlight newsgathering and reporting practices during the war. This paper offers possible solutions for the gridlock inter-alia: (i) ways of re-establishing integrity in journalism as a credible news bank and (ii) how journalists in nations excluded from mainstream social, economic, educational, and cultural life should be protected against punitive activities facilitated by international partners, particularly donors.

Juvenile Delinquency: The Rise of Moral Decadence in Cameroon Schools

In this paper, we point out the fundamental causes of moral decadence in Cameroon schools by juveniles and seek the extent to which such moral decadence has on the future of Cameroon. As human rights and technology continues to reshape the society, this article states that the application of laws following children rights and western cultures without considering the culture of the people of Cameroon as far as education is concerned is inherent to human condemnation. The implementations of such laws and cultures affected our students and they portray immoral acts such as fighting, smoking, sex party and beating of teachers in secondary schools. In Cameroon, the school is a center of formation and a child learns with a cane. So, taken away the canes from the teachers destroy the teaching culture of Cameroon which is a succinct way to discipline a child. The teacher who is the actor of formation has a formative tune through the cane to fight against acts of moral decadence particularly that of drugs and sex party. The formative punishment is required in our schools via the use of canes by teachers. This human condemnation has future consequences that will emerge probably. In this article, we advanced some methods that can be used to return a peaceful citadel of learning in our schools and the society. The study emphasizes the significance of moral values in school.

Profile of non-tuberculous mycobacteria amongst tuberculosis presumptive people in Cameroon

BackgroundCameroon is a tuberculosis (TB) burden country with a 12% positivity among TB presumptive cases. Of the presumptive cases with a negative TB test, some are infected with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). However, the diagnosis of NTM infections remains difficult due to the lack of tools in many laboratories, particularly in resource limited laboratories and remote setting. The present study was undertaken to determine NTM profile and associated comorbidities among TB presumptive people.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 in the Tuberculosis-National Reference Laboratory (TB-NRL) for Bacteriological analysis of samples and Jamot Hospital of Yaounde (JHY) for clinical evaluation of confirmed NTM patients.We included in this study data of 5267 TB presumptive people previously diagnosed using three consecutive samples and having culture and SD Bioline results with or without Microscopy and reverse hybridization-based Line Probe Assay(LPA) results. The data on co-morbidities or history of people infected with NTM were then collected from the three participants with available clinical data.ResultsWe collected data of 5267 presumptive TB people. Among them, 3436 (65.24%), have a positive culture with 3200 (60.75%) isolates belong to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MBTC) and 236 (4.48%) to NTM. Our results showed that, 123 (52.11%) NTM were isolated from people with negative microscopy and 113 (47.88%) from people with positive microscopy. Among the 236 NTM, 108 (45.8%) isolates were identified using LPA. M. fortuitum was the most represented species (32.41%) followed by M. intracellulare (19.44%). Sputum had the highest proportion of NTM (56%), followed by bronchial aspirations (31%). The extra-pulmonary samples presented lower proportions of isolates compared to pulmonary samples. Some patients affected with NTM presented comorbidities as HIV infection, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Type 2 diabetes, Chronic bronchitis and Alveolar pneumonia.ConclusionsOur study showed the presence of NTM strains among presumptive TB people with a predominance of M. fortuitum and M. intracellulare. It is important to implement a surveillance system of NTM in TB burden country and also to develop a point-of-care test for NTM identification in limited-resource settings.

CAMEROON: LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION DURING THE ANGLOPHONE CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH WEST REGION. INITIATIVES AND CHALLENGES

The paper discusses local communities’ initiatives and challenges in resolving the Anglophone conflict in the South West Region of Cameroon between 2016 and 2023. The con flict that began in September 2016 as the Anglophone teachers and lawyers strike soon vitiated into calls for secession of the Anglophone regions of the country due to marginalization by the Francophone majority. By early 2017, the employability of arms by separatists alongside other tactics like ghost towns, kidnappings, and the maiming of civilians had prompted a gov ernment military response leading to a massive humanitarian crisis. While the conflict is still on, the situation seems to be returning to normalcy in some communities owing, not to the government approach to solving the problem but to various indigenous community initiatives. Informed by primary and secondary data, the study investigates the strategies adopted by local communities in resolving the Anglophone conflict in the southwest region of Cameroon. The paper also concedes the persistence of the crisis despite these initiatives and questions factors that mitigate against indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms that local communities have been propagating. It concludes that the anglophone crises far from serving as a platform for the English-speaking people of Cameroon to express their grievances was an opportunity for local communities to understand the complexities of war and a chance to re-initiate indigenous con flict resolution mechanisms which were rife in the pre-colonial days. Keywords: Anglophone, Cameroon, conflict resolution, local community.

Investigating the Role of Cultural Festivals in Promoting Tourism in Developing Countries: The Case of the Ngondo Traditional Festival of Cameroon

Tourism refers to traveling for business, pleasure, or service. Cultural festivals refer to events held as a means to showcase culture and traditions. The research set out to find the role cultural festivals play in promoting tourism in developing countries, using the Ngondo Traditional Festival of Cameroon as a case study. The study is guided by a review of the literature on the role of cultural festivals in promoting tourism in developing countries, and case studies of successful cultural festivals in other developing countries. It also reviews a brief historical background, what the festival is all about, and its main aim and significance to the people of Cameroon. The research was based on casual interviews and discussions with some randomly selected tour operators, friends, colleagues, and tourists who were all part of the festival. Information was also collected from secondary sources like journals, newspapers, and from other researchers. The results of the study reveal the impact of the Ngondo festival on tourism in Cameroon, the challenges faced in promoting the festival as a tourist attraction site, and the strategies implemented to attract tourists to the festival. The study also provides recommendations that the Government and Stakeholders can use to promote the Ngondo festival. In conclusion, the festival has great potential of becoming a major source of tourism if the challenges it faces are handled properly and the necessary recommendations are implemented.

Short Physical Performance Battery and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Index in the Exploration of Frailty Among Older People in Cameroon.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index. Methods: We present data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Cameroon. Frailty was defined as an SOF index > 0. The sensitivity and specificity of the SPPB were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the contribution of each subtest of the SPPB to the relationship with the SOF. Results: Among 403 people included (49.6% women), average age of 67.1 (±6.2) years, 35.7% were frail according to the SOF. After determining the best SPPB threshold for diagnosing frailty (threshold = 9, Se = 88.9%, Sp = 74.9%), 47.9% were frail according to the SPPB. The first dimension of PCA explained 55.8% of the variability in the data. Among the subtests of the SPPB, the chair stand test item was the component most associated with the SOF index. Conclusion: Despite the overlap between the SOF and the SPPB, our results suggest that a negative result on the five chair-stands test alone would be sufficient to suspect physical frailty.

The Extent of the Application of English Laws in the Cameroonian Legal System

The decisive events which made the introduction of English laws possible in Cameroon were the arrival of European traders, the activities of European missionaries and the introduction of the English legal system by the British Government. The arrival of these Europeans introduced certain new practices and institutions which the traditional laws of the country, particularly customary law could not cope with. Besides, the Europeans themselves were not prepared to be bound by tribal laws since the type of society to which the law and custom was appropriate was totally different from the type of society in which they (Europeans) had been brought up. After the 1st World War, Cameroon ceased to be a German Protectorate following her defeat and was thus administered by Great Britain and France under the League of Nations Mandate and subsequently under the United Nations Trusteeship Agreement. By Article 9 of the Mandate Agreement, the laws of the administering authorities were to be transplanted into Cameroon. Article 9 thus provided the basis and officially marked the beginning of the duality of Western legal systems which the people of Cameroon have since experienced and to which they remain subject to till this day. The Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890 was also very important and served as the enabling statute that led to the introduction and observance of English law in Southern Cameroons. The English common law, the doctrines of equity and the statutes of general application which were in force in England on the 1st day of January 1900 were then transplanted in Anglophone Cameroon viz s. 11 of the Southern Cameroons High Court Law, 1955. However, neither the statutes in England on the 1st day of January 1900, nor common law and the doctrines of equity apply in Cameroon without limitations. They are subject to local limits and circumstances. In this 21st Century, the laws of a colonial power particularly the statutes of general application should not apply again to an independent nation like Cameroon and thus should be repealed and replaced with local legislation. The Executive and Legislature should thus ensure compliance while the Government is called upon to hasten and complete the harmonization process of the common law and the civil law in a bid to give the country a unified/uniform legal system.

Social Media, Hate Speech and the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: The Case of Some Selected Posts and Comments on Facebook by Cameroonians

Since the outbreak of the Anglophone crisis in 2016, media professionals and ordinary people in Cameroon have been constantly producing hate speech via all forms of media, especially the social media platform called Facebook. This is believed to have far reaching consequences on the targeted individuals, groups and on national unity at large. This paper investigates how hate speech is represented in some posts and comments by Cameroonians on Facebook during Anglophone crisis. Data was gotten from some popular Facebook ‘groups’, ‘pages’ and the ‘personal walls’ of some Cameroonian activists. The paper reveals that hate speech for the most part on Facebook during the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon is based on ethno-political groupings, represented through the use of inclusive/non-inclusive pronouns, and words and expressions that excite hatred such as terrorists, Ambafools/Ambafrogs; Anglofou/Anglofools; Graffi; Cam no go; Bamileke Marquissard; La Republic/LRC; Francofools; and CPDM monsters. These words and expressions are further intensified through the use of deictic expressions and several demeaning adjectives, metaphors and similes. To solve this problem, the paper proposes some alternative words and expressions that can be used by Cameroonians both online and offline to reduce the rate of hate speech in Cameroon. The paper firmly holds that if work is done for the social and cultural transformation of all the people of Cameroon, then the usage of hate speech in Cameroon during and after the Anglophone crisis will be reduced.

Self-reported visual impairment and sarcopenia among older people in Cameroon

Aging has been clearly associated with decline in visual and physical performance. Alteration of visual function is associated with negative health outcomes including physical frailty. We assessed the relationship between Visual Impairment (VI) and sarcopenia in older persons in Cameroon. In a cross-sectional survey conducted in Douala in 2019, sarcopenia was assessed using the SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) test scored from 0 to 12. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on SPPB test score < 9 while VI was self-reported. Of the 403 participants (50.4% male) with a mean age of 67.1 (± 6.2) years, 356 (88.3%) reported a VI while the prevalence of sarcopenia was 47.9% [95% CI 43.0–52.7]. After adjusting for several factors, VI was significantly associated with sarcopenia (OR 2.66 [95% CI 1.29–5.48]). Of the SPPB subtests, only chair stand test was negatively associated with VI (β = − 0.45 [95% CI − 0.82 to 0.07]). Our study supports an association between VI and sarcopenia. If confirmed by further cohort studies, this result would suggest that VI could be considered as an early indicator of sarcopenia among older people in sub-Saharan Africa.

Clinical presentation of COVID-19 at the time of testing and factors associated with pre-symptomatic cases in Cameroon

ObjectivesTo describe the clinical features at time of testing and explore factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pre-symptomatic cases in Cameroon. MethodsData was collected on people in Cameroon who participated in COVID-19 testing by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction between 1 March and 5 October 2020. After descriptive analysis, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pre-symptomatic cases. ResultsOf 85 206 test participants, 14 863 (17.4%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The median age for cases was 38.4 years (interquartile range 29.6−49.4); 6.1% were aged <19 years, and 6.3% were ≥65 years. Of these cases, 46.5% had at least one symptom/sign with a median time from illness onset to testing of 6 days (interquartile range 3−9). Cough (64.2%), headache (46.5%), fatigue/malaise (46.0%), shortness of breath (30.6%) and myalgia/arthralgia (25.6%) were the most commonly observed symptoms/signs. Pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with age <50 years, being male and absence of comorbidities. ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive summary of the early clinical profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of COVID-19 in Cameroon, which was dominated by pre-symptomatic illness. These findings would be helpful for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and control at a regional level.

Archiving ethnography? The impossibility and the necessity

I review the conflicting injunctions to archive and not to archive anthropological field materials (data). There are ethical contradictions: some ethics codes tell us to destroy data after a period of time, others to save for the long term. I discuss the responsibilities researchers have to different groups of people and how these may conflict. I illustrate beneficial long-term uses of field data from my own work with Mambila people in Cameroon and Nigeria, partly using archival material in ways never originally intended (so never considered for consent). To adhere strictly to some data management protocols would result in inhumane and I suggest unethical action. We must accept that life is contradictory and find ways of managing this: long term embargoes might provide a solution that is workable, although difficult to implement with digital archives.

1502The elderly in Cameroon: between daily misery and hope

Abstract Background The world population is growing older. The WHO has declared the ongoing decade (2020- 2030) as one of healthy ageing. Cameroon counts about 25 million people, among whom 3.5% are aged 60 years and above (elderly). However, the increasing number of aged population faces many difficulties that undermine their health and wellbeing. The survey aimed at exploring the baseline situation of the older people in Cameroon by giving a voice to the elderly, their care-givers and stakeholders. Methods We conducted in December 2019, a mixed method study on the care to the older people in Cameroon. Focus group discussions among the elderly within 5 regions; coupled with in-depth interviews of key informants among stakeholders. Results It emerges that the elderly Cameroonian, whether in rural or urban areas, lives in conditions close to poverty, but continues despite many odds to hope for a better tomorrow in terms of care. Respondents highlighted a need for financial autonomy among many other needs. Their caregivers report lack of means of action singled out for a better implementation of the care strategies. Efforts are currently being done by the authorities, partners to development and civil society to curtail the challenges. Conclusions The elderly in Cameroon are not yet at the centre of public health policies. Nevertheless more should be implemented as older people are unsatisfied with their present living conditions. Key messages The elderly have numerous unmet health, financial and social needs with those residing in rural communities posing with even higher demands.

Juarke

The Mboum people in Cameroon have practiced circumcision for centuries. Until recently, this practice was highly regarded as a period of initiation leading to a man's status. Every year, children were sent to the bush and during their seclusion, cultural codes and knowledges of the society are taught to them. Nowadays, this tradition is dying out leading to conflict of generation between olders and youngters, specially those who are born and raised outside of their community. Through a discussion between Hamidou the old a his grand child and by following a group of five children during their period of initiation, the film shows how circumcision is performed and explains its meaning among the Mboum people. It also shows that, despite social changes and external pressures (urbanisation, modernisation and health issues etc.) efforts are made to keep the social order resulting from this practice.

SAME-SEX RELATIONS AND LEGAL TRADITIONS IN CAMEROON AND SOUTH AFRICA

AbstractThis essay revisits the debates and legal contests that grew in Cameroon at the turn of the millennium but failed to bring justice for members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. Several members of sexual minorities were tried in Cameroon courts and sentenced to serve jail time. In order to reflect on the state of legal limbo for LGBTQ people in Cameroon, I also revisit the South African caseMinister of Home Affairs and the Director General of Home Affairs versus Marie Adrianna Fourie and Cecelia Johanna Bonthuys, which led to legalization of same-sex relationships and marriage in South Africa. In the first and longer part of the essay, I discuss the situation in Cameroon and South Africa. In the second part, I briefly discuss the different legal outcomes in the two countries. I conclude with a brief discussion of signs of hope in the critical dialogue on justice in the debate on same-sex relations in Africa. My goal in this essay is not to offer expert opinion on the legal entanglements on the question of same-sex relations, but to demonstrate that legal and constitutional protections offer the best chance for gaining the rights of LGBTQ people in Africa.

Domestic Investment, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of Industrial Investment in Cameroon

This study empirically examines the impact of Domestic Investment (DI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the economic development of Cameroon from 1990 to 2018. The four factors investigated include financial development, institution, infrastructure, and social capital. Both the dynamic panel estimate and standing panel lapse methods were used to evaluate the connection between DI and FDI concerning the economic development based on the factors enumerated. The results show that DI has a positive influence on and correlates with the growth of the economy. In addition, it indicated that there is an improvement in the financial progress when FDI is on the increase. Moreover, this study indicates that the increase in the institutions, human capital, and the monetary system improves the economic development of the country. It can be inferred from the results that Cameroon had a significant increase in her infrastructures and school enrolment from 2001 to date because of the increase in DI and FDI. The results show that FDI negatively affects some social capital of the Cameroon people such as the displacement of schools and markets, which is consistent with previous studies and results from the literature reviewed.

Use of Trained Non-Medical Staff to Improve Access to HIV Testing Services in Africa: Implementation of the World Health Organization Opt-out Approach in Cameroon.

Background:The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 2019 estimated that 450,000 to 50,000 people in Cameroon were living with HIV, yet only 79% knew their HIV status which is far from the 90% target for 2020. To address this situation, Cameroon adopted the “Opt-out” strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) and use of trained non-medical cadre (psychosocial agents) to reach out to more people with HIV testing services (HTS). This describes the implementation and outcomes of this strategy by reviewing the activity of a typical day in the Yaoundé Central Hospital (YCH) in Cameroon.Methods:HTS were offered to hospitalized and ambulatory patients (including their companions) in different departments of the YCH. Following screening for recent HIV testing, those with unknown HIV status that gave consent or did not explicitly refuse testing (as per the “Opt-out Strategy”), were counseled and tested for HIV. Testing followed the “National HIV Rapid Testing Algorithm” using rapid diagnostic test kits. Results were either positive, negative or indeterminate. Patients with positive HIV results were linked to the Care and Treatment Center for treatment initiation.Results:Of the 350 patients screened and offered HTS using non-medical cadre (psychosocial agents), 193 (55.1%) were hospitalized and 157 (44.9%) came for outpatient visits. The age of participants ranged from 14 to 92 years and the yield of HIV testing in the sample population was 5.1% (6.2% for hospitalized patients and 3.8% for outpatient clinics). Statistics revealed that five HIV-positive patients had never been offered HTS before the study. The study revealed that HTS acceptance rate among hospitalized patients was 69.6% and that all new positive patients started antiretroviral treatment on the same day.Conclusion and Global Health Implications:It is feasible to use trained non-medical staff for HIV testing services (HTS). Task-shifting by using trained psychosocial agents can help in case identification and linkage to HIV treatment services.

The National Ruling Party and Candidate Selection in Primaries: A Case Study of the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM) in Mezam Constituency in Bamenda, North West Cameroon

The National Ruling Party and Candidate Selection in Primaries: A Case Study of the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM) in Mezam Constituency in Bamenda, North West Cameroon

What human resources for memory tourism? The profile of agents providing services during the funerals of the Bamileke people of Cameroon

L’emergence recente du tourisme de memoire et son developpement s’accompagne de nombreuses interrogations dont celle relative aux ressources humaines de qualite. Dans la coproduction tripartite qui implique, outre le touriste et le prestataire, l’intervention des gardiens de la tradition, comme c’est le cas dans le service autour des funerailles bamilekes, vient complexifier la tâche de l’agent prestataire. Il semble que, pour l’instant, les etablissements de formation en tourisme ne produisent pas encore de professionnels qualifies pour cette forme assez singuliere, etroitement liee aux us et coutumes locales non transgressables. D’ou l’interet et la necessite de dresser le profil de l’agent prestataire, dans une perspective de renforcement des parcours de formation visant a la mise sur le marche du travail de professionnels qualifies du tourisme de memoire. Tel est le dessein du present article.

Modelled and observed mean and seasonal relationships between climate, population density and malaria indicators in Cameroon

BackgroundA major health burden in Cameroon is malaria, a disease that is sensitive to climate, environment and socio-economic conditions, but whose precise relationship with these drivers is still uncertain. An improved understanding of the relationship between the disease and its drivers, and the ability to represent these relationships in dynamic disease models, would allow such models to contribute to health mitigation and adaptation planning. This work collects surveys of malaria parasite ratio and entomological inoculation rate and examines their relationship with temperature, rainfall, population density in Cameroon and uses this analysis to evaluate a climate sensitive mathematical model of malaria transmission.MethodsCo-located, climate and population data is compared to the results of 103 surveys of parasite ratio (PR) covering 18,011 people in Cameroon. A limited set of campaigns which collected year-long field-surveys of the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) are examined to determine the seasonality of disease transmission, three of the study locations are close to the Sanaga and Mefou rivers while others are not close to any permanent water feature. Climate-driven simulations of the VECTRI malaria model are evaluated with this analysis.ResultsThe analysis of the model results shows the PR peaking at temperatures of approximately 22 °C to 26 °C, in line with recent work that has suggested a cooler peak temperature relative to the established literature, and at precipitation rates at 7 mm day−1, somewhat higher than earlier estimates. The malaria model is able to reproduce this broad behaviour, although the peak occurs at slightly higher temperatures than observed, while the PR peaks at a much lower rainfall rate of 2 mm day−1. Transmission tends to be high in rural and peri-urban relative to urban centres in both model and observations, although the model is oversensitive to population which could be due to the neglect of population movements, and differences in hydrological conditions, housing quality and access to healthcare. The EIR follows the seasonal rainfall with a lag of 1 to 2 months, and is well reproduced by the model, while in three locations near permanent rivers the annual cycle of malaria transmission is out of phase with rainfall and the model fails.ConclusionMalaria prevalence is maximum at temperatures of 24 to 26 °C in Cameroon and rainfall rates of approximately 4 to 6 mm day−1. The broad relationships are reproduced in a malaria model although prevalence is highest at a lower rainfall maximum of 2 mm day−1. In locations far from water bodies malaria transmission seasonality closely follows that of rainfall with a lag of 1 to 2 months, also reproduced by the model, but in locations close to a seasonal river the seasonality of malaria transmission is reversed due to pooling in the transmission to the dry season, which the model fails to capture.