Myanmar People Research Articles

Investigating Conflict-Sensitive Journalism: Aljazeera News Report on the 2017 Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar

The Rohingya Crisis in 2017 has called for widespread condemnation of Myanmar. However, reports on this event have only escalated tensions. This paper explores the practice of peace/war journalism by an international media, Aljazeera, in reporting such a crisis. To do so, this research utilizes Lynch’s peace journalism framework as a standard of conflict-sensitive media. This paper argues that evidence of peace journalism does exist, but other factors imply that war journalism is still strong. Such practice of war journalism has (1) disregarded the crisis' global ramifications; (2) put a narrow context that ignores Myanmar's democratic struggle; (3) portrays conflicting parties' religious relationships as victim-perpetrators; (4) dehumanized Buddhists, monks, and the Myanmar people in general; (5) lacked accounts from grassroots peacemakers; and (6) created an excessive emphasis on elite-level negotiation, particularly in light of pressure from world leaders.

Ethnobotanical surveys reveal the crucial role of medicinal plants in the primary healthcare system of the Shan people in Myanmar

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Shan people of Myanmar live under conditions of longtime social instability and public medical resources inadequate, which tend to strengthen the reliance on local traditional primary healthcare system. The documentation of this kind of resource, however, was rarely and inadequate to support any kind of dynamic trend evaluation. Being an ethnobotanical study, we conducted field survey in the Southern Shan State of Myanmar and aimed to 1) document the local plant species that adopted for primary healthcare purpose, 2) clarify how these species collectively address the broad range of primary medication needs for local people, and 3) lay foundation for dynamic trend evaluation of the role of local medicinal plants under this kind of social and cultural context. Material and methodsField surveys were conducted with 124 informants in eight villages. We collected 1259 use reports and documented all the plant species used for treating all the mentioned ailment types. The ailments were translated into their emic meaning and then classified into common disease categories. The top ranked and newly recorded plants or ailment types were analyzed based on historical records from the region. ResultsTotally 156 plant species were used for treating 91 ailments belonging to 16 disease categories, with skin problems and digestive tract were the top cited diseases, and with Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the top cited plant families. A total of 19 newly recorded plant species were suggested as new member of Myanmar medicinal plant list. Besides, we filled the gaps (for 24 species) and enriched the types (for 83 species) of applicable ailments for known Myanmar medicinal plants. ConclusionOur study revealed that the Shan people in Southern Shan State used rich plant species for various therapeutic purposes. Our findings indicate the crucial role of local plant resources for local people's primary healthcare needs and support further study about cultural or regional comparation or historical dynamic trend of the medicinal plants uses in areas facing longtime official or public medical resource inadequate.

Bad adopters or bad proponents of technology? Facebook and the violence against Muslims in Myanmar

The violence towards the Rohingya people in Myanmar has been well documented, with Facebook serving as a key site for the proliferation of anti-Muslim hate speech in the country. There are differing explanations as to the extent and significance of its role in contributing to this conflict. Some analyses have cited Myanmar’s internal deficiencies, framing the country as a bad adopter of technologies. These depictions rarely consider the broader conditions of technological adoption that extend beyond Myanmar’s borders. In this paper, we connect science, technology, and innovation (STI) work and decolonial analysis to highlight how Facebook’s activities in Myanmar are better understood as inextricably linked to the utopian and ‘techno-solutionist’ narratives mobilised by companies, particularly when deploying their technology in lower-income countries. The case study of Facebook’s role in Myanmar exemplifies how developing states can become understood as scapegoats when the promises behind new technologies are not realised. These practices obscure the role that Big Tech proponents of technology can play in generating internal crises in the Global South. They illustrate how certain ways of thinking about and promoting technology can play a role in reinscribing hegemonic colonial dynamics, something that is not unique to Myanmar and can produce broader material harm.

Sharing Collective Memories on Campus While Sharing History Gets Tricky

During the past century, protest has become a shared experience around the world, as citizens across the continents have taken to the streets to demand political, social, and economic changes. In Asia—from China to India, Thailand to Myanmar—people have organized mass demonstrations to express their dissatisfaction with colonial and state governments and their policies. Often, people shared news and supported protests in neighboring countries, using it as an opportunity to mobilize and coordinate their efforts for protest and leading to a growing sense of regional solidarity. Solidarity is possible despite differences in culture, history, and language because the citizens in the region share universal values.

Vulnerability to health and well-being of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Myanmar post-military coup and COVID-19

Across the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated particular challenges for internally displaced people (IDPs). Over 1.9 million people in Myanmar have been displaced due to the escalation of armed conflict after the military coup in 2021. The vulnerability faced by IDPs in Myanmar, coupled with the impact of the recent military coup and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has received little global attention. This study examined how military coup exacerbated the health and well-being of IDPs in Myanmar post the military coup. The study employed purposive sampling and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) referrals to find participants. Qualitative in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with a total of 17 IDPs. A thematic analysis of the findings indicates that IDPs experience anxiety and fear daily, adversely affecting their mental health due to the increased escalation of armed conflict and attacks on civilian places, including IDPs shelters. Some IDPs contract COVID-19 and suffer from malaria and dengue fever owing to their precarious living conditions. Moreover, the military’s restrictions on humanitarian aid distribution, including healthcare, medicine, and food, have severely impacted the health and well-being of IDPs in Myanmar, exacerbating food shortages and limiting healthcare access.

Can social support mediate stigma and perceived stress in people live with human immunodeficiency virus?

ABSTRACT Stigma has heavily impacted People Living with HIV (PLWH). Limited studies report on how social support affects HIV-related stigma and perceived stress, especially in Myanmar. During first seven months of 2020, a random sample of 248 eligible PLWH were contacted from a private, closed Facebook group with more than 18,000 Myanmar people, where 90% of the members were PLWH. Variables collected included demographics data, perceived stress, social support, and HIV stigma. After controlling for the effects of demographic variables, the path from HIV stigma to perceived stress (direct effect β = 0.40) and though the mediation of social support was significant (indirect effect β = 0.014). However, the mediating effect of social support was non-significant between HIV stigma and perceived stress. This exploratory study shows that social support did not have the expected effect of decreasing perceived stress in PLWH in Myanmar. Interventions to reduce HIV stigma to decrease perceived stress should consider other strategies, e.g., spirituality-based practice, to reduce perceived stress in Myanmar PLWH.

The Folk Belief and Cultural Heritage in the Syncretic Theravada Buddhism : The Cases of Human-Spirits Relationship in Indonesia, Cambodia and Myanmar

This sociological study of religion attempts to explain the relationship between humans and spirits in the syncretism of Theravada Buddhism tradition with case studies in Indonesia, Cambodia, and Myanmar. In these countries, before the influence of the Indian Dharmic Religion, people practiced Theravada Buddhism side by side with folk beliefs. This study uses the theory of correlational theology from Paul Tillich as the search for common ground in reflection of the syncretic folk belief of worshipping Danghyang among Javanese people in Indonesia, Neak Ta among Khmer people in Cambodia, and Nat among Burmese people in Myanmar. The method used literature research and field observations in three countries in 2020. The results of this study are in the exploration of doctrinal concepts from religious texts and the acculturation practices on cultural heritage between the folk belief with the view of wholeness theology in Theravada Buddhism cosmology. Humans live in harmony with other creatures in this world according to the law of attachment and reciprocity, or Paticcasamuppada, consisting of 31 realms of existence. In the context of the three countries, these spirits articulate three relations: the relationship between guardian spirits and the people, the relationship between the deceased spirits and the living, and the relationship between spirits and the social environment, as in line with spiritual ecology (215 words)

Flood and Fire

The intensifying warming of the planet over the past several decades is a manifestation of centuries of uneven and inequitable extractive economies. This warming is well known to be the main force driving shifts in climatological conditions and extreme weather events leading to increasingly severe impacts on planetary systems. Every year, more locations on earth are experiencing heat waves, intense droughts, longer and larger fire seasons, increased tropical storm intensity, and sea level rise at rates that would have been unthinkable a generation ago while near daily news reports document the increasing toll that this changing climate plays in exacerbating social and ecological vulnerabilities. Just this year, at the start of the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2023, a massive tropical cyclone has killed over 145 people in Bangladesh and Myanmar, western Canada has already seen as much forest burned in a few days as it does in an entire summer, drastically diminishing air quality over half a continent, the Po River Valley in Italy has been ravaged by floods after experiencing two years of extreme drought, and California has experienced deadly and pervasive atmospheric rivers after years of record-setting fire seasons and water shortages. In this special issue, rather than prioritizing benign and depoliticized notions of adaptive capacity and resilience, as is far too common within mainstream discussions of climate change, we highlight the theme of flood and fire to examine these events as compounding contemporary crises and responses to phenomena that are devastating, transforming, and reformulating communities, ecologies, and governing processes around the planet.

The COVID-19 third wave in Myanmar following the military coup.

Background: COVID-19 seriously hit Myanmar between June and August 2021, a few months after the military coup, though the first and second waves in 2020 were managed effectively by the government. People in Myanmar experienced serious consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated by the disorganized health system under the military junta. This study aimed to analyse the situation of COVID-19 occurrence and death proportions during its third wave in Myanmar. Methods: An online survey was conducted using a Google form. People with the symptoms of COVID-19 and those who died from COVID-19 between June and August 2021 were eligible to participate. The Google form was extracted into an Excel datasheet and analysed using Stata v16.1. Results: Among the 29,171 participants, 76.7% were over 30 years old and 56.4% were female. A majority of participants were from highly populated regions: Yangon (17,220; 59%) (Business capital), Mandalay (3,740; 12.8%) and Sagaing (1,546; 5.3%). Participants sought health care from telegram/other online services (34%), home care by health care providers (22%), private clinics (13%) and public hospitals run under the military junta (5%). Overall, 15% of participants died, of which, 72% occurred at home and 17% at public hospitals. Significantly higher proportions of deaths were seen among participants over 60 years than other age groups and males (p<0.001). Death proportions at different weeks from June to August 2021 ranged from 12.4% to 17.3%, much higher than the military junta's reports. Overall, 25% of participants received oxygen therapy. Conclusions: Death proportions in different weeks were consistently over 12%. The majority of participants received tele/online and home treatment services. Most deaths occurred at home. Findings indicated the high COVID-19 case fatality rates with limited access to public hospital care during the third wave. The data from this study suggest that the outcomes were adversely impacted by the military coup.

Community stressors and coping mechanisms in accessing the health system during a double crisis: a qualitative case study from Yangon Region, Myanmar

BackgroundDue to the COVID-19 pandemic and political crisis, Myanmar’s health system has suspended routine services while struggling to respond to the pandemic. Many people who need continuous care, like pregnant women and people with chronic illnesses, have been facing challenges in seeking and receiving essential health services. This study explored community health seeking practices and coping mechanisms, including their views on health system stressors.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional qualitative study based on 12 in-depth-interviews with pregnant people and persons with pre-existing chronic health conditions in Yangon. Sampling was purposive, convenience-based and snowball sampling was also used. The 3-delays framework was used to understand how persons were interacting with and accessing health care services; community and health system stressors and coping mechanisms in relation to COVID-19 were also identified.ResultsFindings showed that Yangon region was the hardest hit with both the pandemic and political crisis and its health system was greatly affected. People were unable to access essential health services on time. The health facilities were not available to see patients, with serious shortages in human resources, medicines and equipment, resulting in interruption of essential routine services. The prices of medicines and consultation fees, and transportation costs, increased during this period. Limited options for accessing care were available due to travel restrictions and curfews. It became challenging to receive quality care because of unavailable public facilities and private hospitals being costly.Despite these challenges, the Myanmar people and health system have shown resilience. Cohesive and organized family support structures and extended and deep social networks played an important role in accessing health care. At times of emergency, people relied on community-based social organizations for transportation and accessing essential medicines. The health system also showed resilience through establishing new service provision options, such as teleconsultations, mobile clinics, and sharing medical advice through social media.ConclusionsThis is the first study in Myanmar to explore peoples’ perceptions on COVID-19, the health system and their healthcare experiences during political crisis. Although there is no easy way to cope with this dual hardship, the people and the health system, even in a fragile and shock-prone setting like Myanmar, stayed resilient by developing alternative pathways for seeking and providing health services.

Socioeconomic aspects of utilizing non-timber forest products in Myanmar: A review

Approximately 70 % of Myanmar’s population resides in rural areas, and most rural households rely on forest resources for their livelihood. Characterizing patterns of forest resource utilization by forest-dependent people is critically important for developing strategies to mitigate forest degradation and deforestation as well as for forest conservation in Myanmar. We reviewed the socioeconomic aspects of non-timber forest product (NTFP) utilization in Myanmar to evaluate the current status of our knowledge of NTFPs and their contributions to the livelihoods of rural people in Myanmar to clarify paths for commercializing NTFPs. Our findings confirmed that the rural population heavily depends on NTFPs. In light of the important role that NTFPs play in enhancing the livelihoods of rural communities in Myanmar, more studies of NTFP commercialization and forest and biodiversity conservation practices, especially regional field studies, are needed.

Between COVID-19, Coup, and Conflict: Multi-dimensional Threats to Human Security in Myanmar

Conflict and civil wars are ongoing in Myanmar. Internal displaced persons of Rohingya are now more than one million people, according to United Nations. Even during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Myanmar government continue using military approaches against its people, especially after the coup. This article will elaborates on the condition of Myanmar during the COVID-19 pandemic amid conflicts and military coups. It is essential to see how these three phenomena represent a multi-dimensional threat to the security of the people in Myanmar. This article uses a qualitative method with literature review as a data collection technique. Perspective of human security is used to analyse the issues regarding conflict, COVID-19, and coup in Myanmar with several dimensions of approach. The findings of this article show that the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the human security for the people of Myanmar during conditions of conflict and continuous repression from the junta regime.&#x0D; Keywords: COVID-19, conflict, coup, military regime, human security

Beyond Non-Interference: The Improved ASEAN Humanitarian-assistance Mechanism to Respond to the Myanmar Crisis

Since the occurrence of the Myanmar military coup in February 2021, the non-interference principle of the ASEAN Way shows the institutional limitations in dealing with the Myanmar crisis effectively. Simultaneously, some ASEAN scholars suggest that ASEAN may need to improve the regional human-rights mechanism to resolve the crisis by practicing Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Nevertheless, the Myanmar crisis is being trapped in an anarchic political environment, different attitudes of ASEAN and Myanmar toward the crisis not only expanded the conflicts between non-interference and R2P, and resulted in the lack of a synergistic mechanism to cope with this crisis. To solve practical problems, meet the needs of the Myanmar people for humanitarian assistance and alleviate the ripple effects originating from the Myanmar crisis in neighboring countries, this article adopts constructivism of international relations (IR) and the theory of functional synergism to analyze the different attitudes to non-interference and R2P among the region, as well as proposes a strategy of constructing a new synergistic humanitarian-assistance mechanism that beyond the limitations of non-interference to dealing with the Myanmar crisis.

Addressing Crisis in Myanmar: The Role of NGOs in Promoting International Human Rights Standards

The Rohingya people have been victims of alleged severe human rights violations committed by the Myanmar government. In response to this situation, the United Nations (UN) has adopted some measures, including a United Nations General Assembly Resolution (UNGAR) A/RES/74/246 of 2019 that, inter alia, determines Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as one of the key players in implementing its mandate. In practice, the NGOs' lack of international legal standing resulted in challenges in their operation. This paper examines the legal standing of NGOs' operations under international law. Specifically, it investigates NGOs' contributions to implementing UNGAR 74/246 in dealing with human rights violations in Myanmar. This article is based on legal research that combines library study and field research. The result indicated that Article 71 of the UN Charter needs to clarify the legal standing of NGOs’ operation in the international sphere, mainly to implement international human rights norms. In the context of the crisis in Myanmar, the NGOs have played a role as mandated by the UNGAR, including investigating gross human rights violations, providing gender-based protection and assistance, and assisting Myanmar in providing humanitarian assistance to all internally displaced persons within Rakhine. This paper recommends that all stakeholders cooperate to support the effectiveness of NGOs' contributions and peace-building efforts in Rakhine to achieve justice for all people in Myanmar.

Infrastructure collapsed, health care access disrupted, Myanmar people with chronic diseases are in danger.

The situation in Myanmar is getting worse. As civil war and military strikes erupt in many locations inside Myanmar, cities in nearby countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh, and India, report more wounded and internally displaced people (IDP) from Myanmar in their local clinics and hospitals [1]. Many IDP came both from nearby regions of Myanmar […]

Asean Comprehensive Security in Managing Covid-19 Pandemic In Myanmar

The COVID-19 pandemic has globally affected all people’s life aspects in every country in the world, including the Southeast Asian region. Not all countries can have stable domestic capabilities and conditions to face COVID-19 as happened in Myanmar. Their domestic situation has been negatively impacted by conflicts between the community and the government. The people of Myanmar are exacerbated by the coup by the Myanmar military against the legitimate government. This has caused the political and security situation in Myanmar to become chaotic because Myanmar people who oppose the military junta stage demonstrations that triggered the military junta to be repressive by arresting the protesters including health workers, teachers, and others. This results in less optimal handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and causes the spread of COVID-19 is getting worse and out of control. Therefore, ASEAN which is a regional organization in South East Asia has decided to take strategic steps to make the spread of the virus remain under control in the region, especially Myanmar. This article describes ASEAN's approach to Myanmar in tackling COVID-19 and providing humanitarian assistance to the Myanmar people who are struggling during an unstable situation. This research uses a comprehensive security concept framework with a qualitative approach. The data are collected using literature studies consisting of books, journal articles, official ASEAN and government websites, and online news sites. The results show that ASEAN has taken an approach with its typical characteristics to cope with COVID-19 amid pressure and criticism from state and non-state actors toward Myanmar.

Function of Aizuchi in The Podcast as One of Digital Communication Media

unintentionally. Because communication is essential, the use of language becomes the main thing for social life. In line with this, the use of language in each nation also has its characteristics. One is in Japan, which has a unique way of communicating, Aizuchi. Aizuchi is a form of response so that the speaker feels heard and understood by the listener. In this era of globalization, when technology is increasingly sophisticated, it is also easier for humans to communicate through podcast media as one of the audiovisual media that can be listened to anywhere and anytime because the platform for listening or watching it is straightforward to access. This study's data source was taken from the Yuyu no Sekai Podcast in the episode "[Gesuto: Chō-san] Vol. 01 - Myanmā tte don'na kuni?". This study aims to find out the differences in the use of aizuchi in Japanese and Myanmar people fluent in Japanese in the episode "[Gesuto: Chō-san] Vol. 01 - Myanmā tte don'na kuni?". The theory used in this researchis the theory of Mayumi Kutoba. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative type, with the collection method being the listening and Simak Bebas Libat Cakap listening techniques. The data contained in this study amounted to 51 data divided into 10 Kiiteiru to iu shingou functions, 14 Rikaishiteiru to iu shingou functions, 10 Doui no shingou functions, 9 Kanjyou noshingou functions, 6 Ma wo motaseru shingou functions, 1 Hitei no shingou function and 1 Jyouhou wo tsuika, teisei, youkyuu no shingou function.

Diversity of medicinal plants and their therapeutic usages of Kachin people (Jinghpaw) in the central part of Kachin State, Myanmar

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional medical system plays a major role in healthcare in Kachin State, Myanmar, where long-term political instability persists and conventional healthcare facilities are inadequate. A knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants therefore benefits the Kachin people, yet documentation and records of the uses of these plants are rare. In this study, we attempt to answer the questions on what medicinal plants and how they are used by the Kachin people. Aim of the studyWe aimed to document knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants and to identify those most frequently used by the Kachin people. Materials and methodsEighty-two informants from eight villages in three townships were interviewed, and their knowledge of medicinal plants was recorded. The reported ailments were classified to the standard categories of the International Classification of Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2) system. Use reports (UR) were employed to evaluate the knowledge consensus of the informants. ResultsWe recorded a total of 117 species used as medicinal plants, of which 22 are newly recorded medicinal plant species for Myanmar. The plants belonged to 103 genera in 52 families, and were used to treat a total of 72 ailments from 17 ICPC-2 disease categories. Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the most highly represented families of medicinal plants, with eleven and eight species used, respectively. The most cited species based on URs were Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (URs = 39), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (URs = 28), Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (URs = 26), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (URs = 24), and Chloranthus elatior Link. (URs = 22). Digestive system disorder was the most prevalent disease category, and was treated with 47 different medicinal plants (URs = 142). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part; decoction was the dominant method of preparation; and oral consumption was the most frequent method of administration. ConclusionOur study documented a list of 117 medicinal plants and their uses in traditional medicine based on the local knowledge of the Kachin people. The study also identified the five most frequently cited species and found that the plants investigated are used to treat a total of 72 diseases. The 642 therapeutic reports we collected showcase a rich and diverse living knowledge of medicinal plant use by the Kachin people. Moreover, we present 22 new medicinal records, enriching the list of known medicinal plants in Myanmar. This exploratory study has enabled us to assemble the local knowledge of the Kachin people into solid dataset that will allow further scientific validation and will potentially contribute to better integration of medicinal plants into the healthcare provision for Kachin people in Myanmar.

The COVID-19 third wave in Myanmar following the military coup

Background: COVID-19 seriously hit Myanmar between June and August 2021, a few months after the military coup, though the first and second waves in 2020 were managed effectively by the government. People in Myanmar experienced serious consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated by the disorganized health system under the military junta. This study aimed to analyse the situation of COVID-19 occurrence and death proportions during its third wave in Myanmar. Methods: An online survey was conducted using a Google form. People with the symptoms of COVID-19 and those who died from COVID-19 between June and August 2021 were eligible to participate. The Google form was extracted into an Excel datasheet and analysed using Stata v16.1. Results: Among the 29,171 participants, 76.7% were over 30 years old and 56.4% were female. A majority of participants were from highly populated regions: Yangon (17,220; 59%) (Business capital), Mandalay (3,740; 12.8%) and Sagaing (1,546; 5.3%). Participants sought health care from telegram/other online services (34%), home care by health care providers (22%), private clinics (13%) and public hospitals run under the military junta (5%). Overall, 15% of participants died, of which, 72% occurred at home and 17% at public hospitals. Significantly higher proportions of deaths were seen among participants over 60 years than other age groups and males (p&lt;0.001). Death proportions at different weeks from June to August 2021 ranged from 12.4% to 17.3%, much higher than the military junta’s reports. Overall, 25% of participants received oxygen therapy. Conclusions: Death proportions in different weeks were consistently over 12%. The majority of participants received tele/online and home treatment services. Most deaths occurred at home. Findings indicated the high COVID-19 case fatality rates with limited access to public hospital care during the third wave. The data suggests that the outcomes were adversely impacted by the military coup.

The Massive Influx of Global Refugees from Developing Nations; An existing Gap in the United Nations role in promoting Universal Human Rights.

Purpose: Refugee issues are international emergency significantly disrupting socio-economic structure of the receiving States and governments struggling to manage the impact of a nearby conflict and addressing development challenges. This study is aimed at analyzing the global predicament of refugees, assess the existing legal framework at global, regional and national scale through the existing organizations and their roles like United Nation and African Union. Since every State has a responsibility of protecting the rights of its citizens, they are forced to flee for safety in case of threats prompting the host country to step in ensuring ‘refugees’ basic rights are protected as per international protection of human rights (the 1951 Convention and 1967 protocol). Humanity’s protection is longstanding traditions and shared value in our cross-cultural traditions, beliefs and now part of international law as per the United Nations’ Declaration of Refugees and Migrants 2016 reaffirming the fundamental principle of refugee protection, at a time when the population seeking safety is burgeoning.&#x0D; Methodology: This is a desk research where data was collected from the existing information.&#x0D; Findings: The findings indicate that over 66 million people displaced by conflict, violence and persecution, a third this group has fled across borders as refugees, the magnitude and complexity of forced displacement is linked to prevalence, scale and longevity of today’s conflicts, and the inability of the international community to find the unity of purpose necessary to resolve them. About 80 per cent of people running away from their countries, 60 per cent of them are children in comparison to around one third of the world’s general population.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study adopted an interlink of the ‘Contemporary Migration Theories’ which states that high fragmentation of migration is due to either micro, macro, and political causes and effects on one hand, and between micro-individual and macro-structural approaches on the other. A lot must be done to reduce the daily increasing number refugees around the world. Specifically, the study takes keen interest in discussing the plight of Rohingya people in Myanmar.