PEO Films Research Articles

Localize surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles and their effect on the polyethylene oxide nanocomposite films

Colloidal Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with sodium citrate coating were successfully synthesized using a chemical reduction method with an average spherical size of about 20 nm dispersed in the water with high stability. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak was studied by experimental measurement and Mie theory. The absorbance spectrum of AuNPs exhibits a fingerprint peak in the 500–600 nm range, corresponding to the LSPR of AuNPs. Moreover, PEO/AuNPs nanocomposite films with different concentrations of AuNPs were also prepared to evaluate the effect of LSPR of AuNPs on the electrical conductivity and photoconductivity of nanocomposite films. The degree of crystallinity (Xcrys) and melting enthalpy (ΔHm) increase as the AuNPs content in the polymer matrix increases up to 0.5 wt% due to the enhanced nucleation points. The electrical conductivity of pure PEO film is 1.93×10−6 S.cm−1. Increasing the AuNPs concentration to 0.5 wt% in the PEO matrix leads to an increase in the electrical conductivity to 2.28×10−3 S.cm−1 as AuNPs.

Optical and electrical analysis of polyethylene oxide/disodium hexachloroplatinate complex composite films

AbstractThe present study reports the synthesis of composite films comprising PEO/Na2PtCl6 complex and their deposition onto fused silica substrates via the dip‐coating method. Chemical, crystallographic, and thermal characterizations are carried out to confirm the incorporation of Na2PtCl6 and PEO matrix into the films. The transmittance of the PEO film is initially high and decreases subsquently with an increase in Na2PtCl6 content. The optical band‐gap energy of the composite films decreases exponentially from 4.62 to 3.79 eV with the increase in Na2PtCl6 content. Furthermore, in the normal dispersion region, the refractive index of the PEO film decreases from 2.00 to 1.670 as the wavelength increases from 400 to 700 nm. The refractive index values increase with an increase in the concentration of Na2PtCl6 in the PEO film up to 8 wt.%. The incorporation of Na2PtCl6 into the PEO matrix increases the electrical conductivity because of the combined enhancement of the PEO conductivity and increase i Na2PtCl6. These findings suggest that PEO/Na2PtCl6 complex composite films have potential applications in UV‐shielding and optoelectronic devices.

Role of anodic precursor layer thickness on PEO coatings: Energy consumption and long-term corrosion performance

PEO coatings with different thickness of anodic precursor films (5, 10, 20 and 40 μm) were successfully developed on AA2024 with the aim of determining how the thickness of anodic films affects the development of PEO film, structural growth, surface morphology, phase composition, and associated long term corrosion resistance properties. Compared to direct PEO treatment, reductions in the energy consumption (kW.h.m2.μm−1) of 71 %, 41 %, and 17 % are obtained at similar PEO processing conditions for the pre-anodized specimens of 40 μm, 20 μm, and 10 μm film thickness, respectively, while the time to current drop for above specimens reduced to 86.2 %, 63.3 % and 33.3 %, associated to the early formation of the “soft sparking” regime. The results suggest the effectiveness of pre-anodization on the PEO coatings for minimum energy consumption, developed explicitly on 20 and 40 μm anodic film, whereas overall PEO on anodic precursors exhibited a thicker oxide layer, homogenous pore size distribution, and long-term corrosion protection comparable to the original PEO layer. Based on the energy consumption and corrosion resistance of PEO on anodic precursor, a model of PEO coating growth is proposed, which can be considered a thorough insight towards highly developing energy-efficient PEO for practical applications.

Thermal-dependent morphological evolution effect on ion transportation in polyethylene oxide films

PEO films were prepared on glass substrates from dissolved PEO powder in methanol using the solution casting technique. The investigation of these PEO films involved the utilization of Atomic Force Microscopy, Dielectric Relaxation, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques to explore alterations in the morphology of the polyethylene oxide polymer films as a response to consecutive thermal cycling at various heating and cooling rates. The dielectric loss curve dependency on frequency for each temperature point within the thermal cycles was fitted with a Havriliak–Negami function with an electrical conductivity contribution. The relaxation times associated with the α- and β-relaxation processes were determined by applying the Arrhenius temperature law, enabling the calculation of the respective activation energies. The study reveals the influence of heating rates on the reversibility of dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength, which remains consistent at 2 K/min but not at 0.35 K/min. It also emphasizes the impact of crystallinity on the electrical conductivity of PEO films, highlighting the significance of the amorphous state. The investigation of activation energies for β-relaxation and α-relaxation reveals values of 0.40 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, in line with similar materials. 1H NMR spectra were studied to differentiate between the crystalline and amorphous phases. The peaks corresponding to the crystalline phase exhibit broad NMR signals with overlapping characteristics attributed to the diverse crystalline structural environments that are present.

Melt-induced transition in thickness and interfacial molecular orientation of poly(ethylene oxide) thin films

Melting behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in thin films was examined by observing the variations of thickness (Δd) and interfacial molecular orientation using ellipsometry and sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, respectively. The thinner PEO films exhibited a smaller ratio of Δd to the film thickness on melting, indicating a lower degree of crystallinity (χ). For the as-cast films, this thinning effect was more evident on hydrophilic substrates than on hydrophobic substrates. For the annealed films, the thinning effect was less dependent on the substrates. These results imply that the decrease in the χ of PEO with decreasing thickness originates from two factors: reduced chain dynamics at the substrate interface and crystallization confined to a limited space, which are dominant for the as-cast and annealed films, respectively. The SFG measurements detected characteristic signals originating from crystallized PEO at the air/PEO and PEO/substrate interfaces.

Mechanically Strong and Electrically Conductive Polyethylene Oxide/Few-Layer Graphene/Cellulose Nanofibrils Nanocomposite Films

In this work, a cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)/few-layer graphene (FLG) hybrid is mechanically stripped from bamboo pulp and expanded graphene (EG) using a grinder. This strategy is scalable and environmentally friendly for high-efficiency exfoliation and dispersion of graphene in an aqueous medium. The in situ-generated CNFs play a key role in this process, acting as a "green" dispersant. Next, the obtained CNFs-FLG is used as a functional filler in a polyoxyethylene (PEO) matrix. When the composition of CNFs-FLG is 50 wt.%, the resultant PEO/CNFs-FLG nanocomposite film exhibits a Young's modulus of 1.8 GPa and a tensile strength of 25.7 MPa, showing 480% and 260% enhancement as compared to those of the pure PEO film, respectively. Remarkably, the incorporation of CNFs-FLG also provides the nanocomposite films with a stunning electrical conductivity (72.6 S/m). These attractive features make PEO/CNFs-FLG nanocomposite films a promising candidate for future electronic devices.

Optical, electrical and chemical properties of PEO:I2 complex composite films

Synthesized PEO:I2 complex composite films with different I2 concentrations were deposited onto fused silica substrates using a dip-coating method. Incorporation of PEO films with I2 increases the electrical conductivity of the composite, reaching a maximum of 46 mS/cm for 7 wt% I2. The optical and optoelectronic properties of the complex composite films were studied using the transmittance and reflectance spectra in the UV-Vis region. The transmittance of PEO decreases with increasing I2 content. From this study, the optical bandgap energy decreases from 4.42 to 3.28 eV as I2 content increases from 0 to 7 wt%. In addition, the refractive index for PEO films are in the range of 1.66 and 2.00.1H NMR spectra of pure PEO film shows two major peaks at 3.224 ppm and 1.038 ppm, with different widths assigned to the mobile polymer chains in the amorphous phase, whereas the broad component is assigned to the more rigid molecules in the crystalline phase, respectively. By adding I2 to the PEO, both peaks (amorphous and crystal) are shifted to lower NMR frequencies indicating that I2 is acting as a Lewis acid, and PEO is acting as Lewis base. Hence, molecular iodine reacts favorably with PEO molecules through a charge transfer mechanism, and the formation of triiodide ({mathrm{I}}_{3}^{-}), the iodite ({mathrm{IO}}_{2}^{-}) anion, {mathrm{I}}_{2} cdot cdot cdot mathrm{ PEO} and {mathrm{I}}_{2}^{+} cdot cdot cdot mathrm{ PEO} complexes. PEO:I2 complex composite films are expected to be suitable for optical, electrical, and optoelectronic applications.

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of PEO-LDHs-SDS superhydrophobic composite film on magnesium alloy

The MgAl-LDHs film was in situ grown on the PEO film of magnesium alloy by hydrothermal growth method, and the PEO-LDHs-SDS composite film modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was further prepared. The results show that compared with the single-layer PEO film, the PEO-LDHs-SDS composite film exhibits excellent short-term and long-term protection performance, which can be attributed to the blocking effect of the superhydrophobic surface of the composite film, the sealing effect of LDHs on the micropores of the PEO film, and the readsorption and corrosion inhibition of SDS anions.

HR MAS NMR, dielectric impedance and XRD characterization of polyethylene oxide films for structural phase transitions

The amorphous/crystalline phase transition behavior of PEO films prepared by spin casting method was studied. According to X-ray diffraction (DELTA) analysis, PEO film has a semicrystalline nature at room temperature. The amorphous to crystalline nature of PEO increases with temperature until reaching an amorphous state at 333 K. 1H NMR spectra of PEO in the temperatures between 298 K and 323 K exhibit two main peaks at around 1.132 ppm and 3.174 ppm with very different widths, where the narrow component can be assigned to the mobile polymer chains in the amorphous phase, whereas the broad component is assigned to the more rigid molecules in the crystalline phase. The calculated activation energies from the Arrhenius fit of the Γ1 data of the crystalline and amorphous phases are comparable and found to be 0.252 eV and 0.221 eV, respectively. Form fitting dielectric loss (ε″) and the electrical modulus (M″) data with the Havriliak-Negami model with addition of the electrical conductivity term in the case of ε″, it was deduced that the inverse relaxation time (τ−1), dielectric strength (Δε) and electrical conductivity (σ) follow an Arrhenius-like behavior plot versus reciprocal temperature.

Structural, optical and electrical properties of anhydrous GdCl3 doped PEO polymer electrolyte films

GdCl3 doped PEO polymer electrolyte films were prepared using solution casting technique. XRD patterns, FTIR spectra and optical absorption studies confirm an amorphous nature and the formation of the polymer electrolyte films. The ionic conductivity increases with the GdCl3 content and the maximum value at room temperature is about 1.8310-2 S/cm for 20 mol% GdCl3doped PEO film. This value is more than two orders of magnitude larger than the ionic conductivity of NASICON type Gd-doped solid electrolytes and other polymer electrolytes. The results suggest that the Gd3+ doped PEO polymer electrolyte films are good candidates for future electrochemical devices.

One-Pot Green Synthesis of a PEO/TCPP/LiClO4 Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Improvement of Ion Transport

All-solid-state Li-ion batteries (ASSBs) composed of safe and reliable solid electrolyte materials have become increasingly important in energy storage systems. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes have been rapidly developed for ASSBs over recent years due to their nonflammability, shape flexibility, good interface contact with electrodes, and better electrochemical stability. Nevertheless, their low ionic conductivity remains a serious issue to be addressed urgently. Herein, we report a solid composite polymer electrolyte film with homogeneous network structures, which is composed of a LiClO4-added PEO-based polymer matrix plasticized with an additive meso-tetra (carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP), a kind of porphyrin covalent organic framework (COF) material, and obtained by a green and easy-to-scale solution-casting technique to improve the ionic conductivity and simplify the synthesis process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on introducing TCPP into the PEO electrolyte. It demonstrates that the blending of PEO with TCPP can effectively suppress the PEO crystallinity and enhance the ion conductivity of the solid polymer electrolytes. As the content of TCPP reaches 8 wt %, it exhibits maximum ionic conductivities of 2.34 × 10–5 and 2.21 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 25 and 65 °C, respectively, which is about five times higher than that of the polymer reference electrolyte. It additionally brings an improved tLi+ value of 0.23 at room temperature with an electrochemical stability window of up to 5 V vs Li+/Li. In addition, when compared to the pure PEO film, a significant improvement in thermal stability is observed. This work may provide a new concept for building a new type of homogeneous COF-PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte film (CPE) that can be utilized as a desirable material in solid electrolytes for lithium-ion battery applications.

Influence of poly(ethylene oxide) sample preparation on the results of thermogravimetric analysis

Aim: To investigate whether the sample preparation process of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) affects kinetic analysis of the thermal degradation process. Kinetic analysis was performed to describe the course of a chemical reaction regardless of the reaction conditions and the reaction system complexity. One differential method, the Friedman method, and one integral Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method (KAS), were applied in this work. Methods: The PEO sample was prepared in 4 different ways. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to determine the thermal degradation of prepared samples. Infrared spectroscopic analysis was performed during the preparation of the PEO film obtained by casting from the solution. Results: Dynamic thermal decomposition of PEO, regardless of the method of preparation, takes place through a single decomposition stage, which is manifested by the appearance of one peak on derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curve. During the preparation of the PEO film, the procedure was carried out at a temperature higher than its melting temperature (Tm=65°C). After the cooling, the obtained sample didn’t solidify and it had an intense odor of acetic acid, which was confirmed by infrared spectroscopic analysis. Samples III and IV were re-prepared at a temperature lower than the melting point of PEO, obtaining samples of satisfactory quality. Conclusion: In order to prepare poly(ethylene oxide) films by solution casting technique, drying should be carried out at temperatures below the melting point of PEO. If TG analysis of pure PEO powder is compared with the results of hot pressed samples and solution cast samples, it can be concluded that the preparation of the sample doesn’t affect the thermal stability of the PEO. The dependence of activation energy calculated by the differential Friedman and integral KAS method on conversion is constant for all samples in a broad conversion range, regardless of how the samples were prepared. The hot pressed samples and solution cast samples have lower activation energy than the commercial PEO powder.

Investigation of morphology and transport properties of Na+ ion conducting PMMA:PEO hybrid polymer electrolyte

Abstract The aim of this research work is to examine the modification of structure, morphology and conductivity properties of PMMA: PEO blend hybrid polymer electrolyte system complexed with NaClO4 salt. Solution-cast procedure was adopted in preparation of these films. These films were characterized with XRD, SEM, DSC, and DC conductivity for the evaluation of modified properties. Peaks have disappeared and broadened in the XRD pattern of PMMA for higher concentration of PEO polymer and salt presented films, which indicated that attaining of higher amorphous phase in these polymer electrolyte films. Almost smooth surface morphology with fewer pores was observed in 20 wt. % of PEO and NaClO4 salt present PMMA films of SEM image. This establishes a dominant presence of amorphous content in these NaClO4 complexed PMMA:PEO hybrid electrolyte films when compared to pure PMMA and PEO. Disappearance of melting temperature was observed in all concentrations of NaClO4 salt and PEO polymer added PMMA polymer films, which suggests a decrease of crystalline and an increase of amorphous nature. Enhancing of DC conductivity with temperature was observed in all the films but higher conductivity was exhibited at higher concentration of NaClO4 salt present films.

Influence of Co2+ on the Structure, Conductivity, and Electrochemical Stability of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes: Energy Storage Devices

In the present work, using a simple solution cast technique, a series of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-doped cobalt chloride (CoCl2) solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were successfully prepared. The effect of dopant on the morphology, structure, thermal, and electrochemical stability of the PEO films was systematically studied, and their ionic conductivity was examined. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data provide evidence of the complex nature and existence of various microscopic interactions. The PEO ionic conductivity of 8.6 × 10−8 S cm−1 was found to increase to 3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 upon the inclusion of 5 wt.% of CoCl2 at 303 K. An effort was made to understand the enhanced conductivity. Several studies were utilized to better understand the fundamental interplay of ion content and segmental motion using the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation with typical investigations based on the fit of temperature-dependent conductivity data. The activation energy (Ea) decreased with increasing dopant concentration. The PCL5 transfer number (tion) was determined to be 0.93, evidence of the ionic nature of the doped electrolyte. Further, the purity and electrochemical stability of SPEs were studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. The thermal analysis showed reduced crystallinity and changes in glass transition and melting temperature at lower temperature, indicating enhanced amorphous content, thus confirming faster ion conduction. These SPEs with excellent electrical performance are promising candidates for electrolytes in solid-state batteries and other energy storage devices.

Incorporation of Fluorescent Dyes in Electrospun Chitosan/Poly(ethylene oxide)

Polymeric films have been increasingly investigated due to the ease of miniaturization and integration in several sensor devices. Films obtained from the electrospinning technique have a controlled diameter and homogeneity, and substances can be incorporated into the polymeric network. Electrospinning fiber of chitosan (Ch) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was obtained from solutions prepared at different concentrations in acetic acid, and varying the distance and the voltage applied. The obtained films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible specular reflectance spectra (UV-SRS). The best conditions for electrospinning were obtained for a 2% m/v (Ch + PEO) solution in the ratio 90:10% m/m (Ch:PEO), applied voltage of 18 kV, and 18 cm distance between the capillary tube and collector. Acridine orange, sodium fluorescein, and erythrosine fluorescence dyes were successfully incorporated into Ch:PEO films. The spectrofluorometric spectra of the films showed excitation and emission processes and the acridine orange film showed evidence of excimer formation by the presence of an excitation peak at 569 nm. Ch-PEO films with the incorporation of fluorescent dyes may well be used as flexible probes or sensors in colorimetric devices in biochemical applications.

Effect of Pre-Treatment of AZ91 Mg Alloy on PEO Film Formation

This study investigated electrochemical behavior and morphological changes of AZ91 Mg alloy during pre-treatment in hydrofluoric acid solution and its effect on the PEO film formation behavior. The pre-treatment was conducted up to 20 min in 1 M HF solution at 25 ± 1 ℃ and the pre-treated AZ91 Mg alloy was anodically oxidized for the formation of PEO films at 100 mA/cm2 of 300 Hz AC in 0.1 M NaOH + 0.4 M Na2SiO3 solution. The electrochemical behavior of AZ91 Mg alloy during the pre-treatment was studied with immersion time using open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and in-situ observation of gas bubble formation on the specimen. Surface morphologies of AZ91 Mg alloy after pre-treatment for various durations were examined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compositional analyses were performed using Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). PEO film morphologies and properties were analyzed by SEM, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and film thickness measurement. Vigorous generation of hydrogen bubbles were observed upon immersion and its generation rate decreased with immersion time, suggesting the formation of a protective thin film of MgF2 on AZ91 Mg alloy surface. It was also found that β-phase in AZ91 Mg alloy was dissolved during pre-treatment in 1 M HF solution, its dissolution rate significantly decreased after 3 min of immersion time. Growth rate of PEO films on AZ91 Mg alloy largely increased with increasing pre-treatment time and the number and size of defects in the PEO films were reduced by the pre-treatment, representing that more uniform PEO films can be formed on AZ91 Mg alloy by employing the HF pre-treatment process.

The effect of molecular weight and deposition temperature on the formation of poly(ethylene oxide) films using the femtosecond pulsed laser deposition

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a water-soluble, linear polymer with a high quantity of available molecular weights and is in many ways used in daily life. Coatings and films are an important issue for these applications. In this study, PEO films with average molecular weights of 1500, 2000, 4000, 20,000, and 200,000 g/mol were deposited by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on substrates held at 25 and −190°C. At room temperature, crystalline PEO films are formed with properties that coincide well with the precursor materials including the films of PEO-200,000, which contains chain lengths of around 1 μm. The deposition of PEO polymers at −190°C hinders the ordering in the films up to X-ray amorphous films for both PEO-20,000 and PEO-200,000. Upon warming to room temperature, the films crystallizes in the expected configuration. Furthermore, the analysis of the ejected molecules during the ablation process demonstrates the favorable light matter interaction of the ultrashort laser pulses. The results reveal the high potential of the femtosecond PLD as an easy and clean pathway for the preparation of intact polymer films.

Nanocomposite poly (ethylene oxide) films functionalized with silver nanoparticles synthesized with Acca sellowiana extracts

The development of nanoparticles synthesized using phenolic compounds and incorporated into biodegradable polymeric matrix brings as a new perspective to the production of nanocomposite films for application as food packaging. In this work, poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanocomposite films containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced using Acca sellowiana aqueous extract, and the physicochemical, morphological, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The synthesis of AgNPs was determined by the appearance of brownish color in the extract, accompanied by the UV–vis spectroscopy with a band around 400 nm. AgNPs presented a good colloidal stability by zeta potential, with low polidispersity index and particle size lower than 80 nm. PEO nanocomposite films presented antioxidant activity and the films containing AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The incorporation of Acca sellowiana extract and AgNPs in PEO films was responsible to modify the mechanical properties, with decrease in tensile strength and increase in elongation at break. Beyond, was also observed an increase of the color parameter and decrease transmission of UV light thought the film, which are important parameters for food conservation. In the surface free energy properties, was observed an increase in the contact angle, due to the decrease in the films polarity. Based on the aforementioned, PEO nanocomposite films produced with Acca sellowiana extract and AgNPs is an active, antimicrobial and biodegradable material, and may be considered as an innovative packaging to promote the food conservation.

Degradable Poly(ethylene oxide)-Like Plasma Polymer Films Used for the Controlled Release of Nisin.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-like thin films were successfully prepared by plasma-assisted vapor thermal deposition (PAVTD). PEO powders with a molar weight (Mw) between 1500 g/mol and 600,000 g/mol were used as bulk precursors. The effect of Mw on the structural and surface properties was analyzed for PEO films prepared at a lower plasma power. Fourier transform (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy showed that the molecular structure was well preserved regardless of the Mw of the precursors. The stronger impact of the process conditions (the presence/absence of plasma) was proved. Molecular weight polydispersity, as well as wettability, increased in the samples prepared at 5 W. The influence of deposition plasma power (0–30 W) on solubility and permeation properties was evaluated for a bulk precursor of Mw 1500 g/mol. The rate of thickness loss after immersion in water was found to be tunable in this way, with the films prepared at the highest plasma power showing higher stability. The effect of plasma power deposition conditions was also shown during the permeability study. Prepared PEO films were used as a cover, and permeation layers for biologically active nisin molecule and a controlled release of this bacteriocin into water was achieved.

Plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in electrolytes containing bone formation ions

In this study, plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in electrolytes containing bone formation ions was examined using various instruments. Here, a Ti-6Al-4V ELI disk is used for PEO treatment. A pulsed DC power of 280 V was applied to all specimens for 3 min. The electrolytes used for PEO were prepared by mixing of calcium, prosperous, silicon, strontium, zinc, magnesium, and manganese ions. Additionally, MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts were cultured on the specimens for the cell proliferation assay. The morphology of the attached cells was observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The surface characterization of the PEO-treated surface was performed by FE-SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface area of the pores was measured using an image analyzer. Furthermore, the phase of the specimen was analyzed with a thin film X-ray diffractometer (XRD).The PEO films, except the specimen containing manganese element, exhibit a uniform porous surface. The porous structure displays a very rough surface, and Mn easily precipitates around pores in the process of original and new pore formation. A high amount of Mn was detected in the precipitate inside the pores, whereas high amounts of calcium, phosphorus, strontium, titanium, and oxygen were detected around the pores. The XRD peak of HA on PEO-treated surface in the electrolyte containing the ions of five elements is lower, broader and shifted toward the left side. The pores were covered with MC3T3-E1 cells and extended well. Cells exhibit a spinning form of filopodia in lamellipodia and grow in association with the cells on PEO-treated surface in an electrolyte containing five ions. The cell differentiation and bone formation ability of ions of five elements doped surface were significantly increased compared to bulk surface.