Shape Of Penis Research Articles

(540) Aesthetic Penile Augmentation Procedures: A Comprehensive and Current Perspective

Abstract Introduction Society has perpetuated the misconception that penis shape and size are a marker of masculinity and sexual ability. Unfortunately, many men experience small penis anxiety syndrome (SPS), a body dysmorphic disorder in which a patient believes their penis to be small even when it is clinically average in length and girth. In these situations, patients who have received proper psychological evaluation may choose to pursue clinical procedures to augment their penis. There is a lack of consensus on current approaches for aesthetic penile augmentation in patients with small penis anxiety. As cosmetic surgery becomes more widely accepted, management of SPS may present a challenge for urologists. Objective We aim to provide a updated review of aesthetic penile augmentation procedures that are available for physicians to discuss with this unique patient population. Our review focuses on procedures and techniques that have been of interest in the scientific literature over the last five years. Methods A PubMed literature review was performed to identify articles published between 2015-2021 on penile aesthetic augmentation procedures. Relevant prospective studies, retrospective studies, and systematic reviews were included, while abstracts and opinion papers were excluded. Search terms included “penis”, “penile,” “augmentation,” “enhancement,” “aesthetic,” “girth,” and “length.” Results After thorough psychological counseling, patients with small penis syndrome may choose to undergo penile augmentation. Augmentation procedures range from invasive to non-invasive. Surgical solutions include grafts and flaps, suspensory ligament release, and suprapubic lipectomy. Minimally invasive solutions include injections of fillers (hyaluronic acid, polylactic acid, and polymethyl methacrylate). Noninvasive solutions include external devices such as vacuum pumps and traction devices. Conclusions In the current climate, aesthetic penile augmentation is becoming a desirable option for many patients but remains clinically controversial. While there are a multitude of treatment options with varying degrees of invasiveness, there is no standardized recommendation for patients who are pursuing penile enhancement. Our review of the literature summarizes recent and relevant studies and demonstrates the need for further research and consensus on penile augmentation procedures. Disclosure No

New species of the dancing semislug Cryptosemelus Collinge, 1902 (Eupulmonata, Ariophantidae) from Loei Province, northeastern Thailand with a key to genera of mainland Southeast Asian semislugs and a key to species of the genus.

In this study, we describe a new dancing semislug from a limestone hill area in northeastern Thailand. Cryptosemelusnigersp. nov. differs from the three recognized congener species from western and southern Thailand, due to differences in their body and shell lobes coloration, appearance of penial caecum, shape and surface texture of penis and epiphallus, and radula formula and morphology.

The unexpected discovery of the Afrotropical genus Tricorythus Eaton, 1868 (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae) from the Oriental region with description of a new species

Tricorythus meenakshi sp. n., is described based on all the stages from Tamil Nadu, Southern India. This new Indian species is most closely related to the Afrotropical species T. discolor Burmeister and T. tener Kluge. The new species can be separated from others in the genus by: In male imago, i) body dorsally with a colorless median stripe from head to abdomen; ii) femur and base of the tibia of all legs dark, rest mostly colorless; and iii) penis shape; and in the larva, i) body slender with a light median stripe as in adult; ii) protoptera dark in both sexes; iii) mouthparts details; iv) tarsal claws denticulation; and v) shape of denticles on hind margins of abdominal terga. Previously, the genus Tricorythus Eaton was known only from the Afrotropical realm; this is the first record of this genus from the Oriental realm.

Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration?

Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings.

On the morphological variability of Limotettix (Limotettix) striola (Fallén, 1806) (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Limotettigini) with notes on the taxonomic status and distribution of L. striola ferganensis Dubovskiy, 1966

Investigation of the male calling signals of Limotettix (Limotettix) striola (Fallén, 1806) in populations from central and southern European Russia, Northern Caucasus, and West Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan demonstrated that they belong to the same species. Males of L. striola from West Tien Shan have a somewhat different penis shape and belong to a separate subspecies, L. striola ferganensis Dubovskiy, 1966. L. striola ferganensis from West Tien Shan differs from L. ferganensis sensu Hamilton (1983, 1994) from the Nearctic in the shape of penis in dorsal view. Apparently, L. ferganensis sensu Hamilton (1983, 1994) is a separate, possibly, undescribed Nearctic taxon.

A revision of Epeorus (Proepeorus) in China, with descriptions of two new species (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae)

ABSTRACT The genus Epeorus Eaton, 1881 is diverse in China but has never been specifically studied before. In this revision, eight species in Epeorus (Proepeorus) from China are recognised, including two new species, Epeorus (Proepeorus) gibbus sp. nov., Epeorus (Proepeorus) falcatus sp. nov. and additional five new records for this country. Both new species have unique shape of imaginal penis and tubercles on nymphal terga. The variation of Epeorus (Proepeorus) in China shows this subgenus may not be a monophyletic taxon. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5A151309-603F-4196-8FCC-A2DA90D7F58F

Clinical efficacy of transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty for single-stage correction of proximal hypospadias: a single-centre experience in Chinese patients

BackgroundThis study was designed to summarize the clinical outcomes of transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty for single-stage correction of proximal hypospadias in our hospital.MethodThis study retrospectively analysed the clinical data, including the preoperative general information, intraoperative and postoperative data, and follow-up data, of 155 children with proximal hypospadias who were admitted to our hospital from January 2009 to January 2019.ResultsDuring follow-up, a total of 92 postoperative complications occurred, and 41 patients underwent reoperation. There were 49 patients with urinary fistula, 26 patients with urethral stricture, 9 patients with urethral diverticulum and 8 patients with urinary tract infection. Regarding the family members’ satisfaction with the cosmetic appearance of the penis, the satisfaction rate with the urinary meatus was 85.2%, the satisfaction rate with the glans appearance was 87.7%, the satisfaction rate with the the appearance of the foreskin of the penis was 92.3%, and the satisfaction rate with the overall penis shape was 89.0%.ConclusionProximal hypospadias is a serious condition that is often combined with severe chordee, and transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty for single-stage correction is an effective surgical procedure for treating this condition.

Penis morphology facilitates identification of cryptic African bat species

AbstractAfrica hosts a high number of bat species, many of which have been poorly studied. Among African vesper bats (Vespertilionidae), some species are morphologically similar to each other, hampering identification in the field. Consequently, basic information on these species’ population dynamics, distributions, or behaviors is vague and/or incorrectly documented. Among some Vespertilionidae, variation in flaccid penis shape enables species identification. This variation in morphology is thought to have resulted from sexual selection operating on the erect penis. Furthermore, in the context of strong postcopulatory competition, divergence in sperm traits may have evolved among closely related species. These male reproductive characters have hitherto not been investigated in southern African vespertilionid bats. In this study, we present the morphology of flaccid penis, erect penis, and sperm, of six small vesper species, based on the prediction that these characters have evolved sufficiently toward different optima to allow species discrimination. Species identification based solely on the morphological characters of the penis entirely matched species identification based on traditional (craniodental) characters. We illustrate penis morphology of these species to assist with field identifications for future ecological, conservation, or behavioral studies. Sperm morphology was sufficient to discriminate between the different genera, but could not reliably separate Neoromicia nana, Ne. zuluensis, and Ne. capensis. Hence, we demonstrate that these difficult to identify species can be readily distinguished based on traits directly observable in the field and on living animals, which will lead to more focused field studies on these otherwise morphologically cryptic species. Finally, our comparisons of penis morphology support the suggestion that Hypsugo anchietae is better placed within the genus Neoromicia.

Neuroprotective effect of Hongjing I granules on erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury

Neurogenic erectile dysfunction (NED) is an inevitable postoperative disease of cavernous nerve injury which will lead to various pathophysiological changes in the corpus cavernosum and dorsal penile nerve caused by radical prostatectomy (RP). Although serval years of clinical application of HJIG I granules (HJIG), an innovative formulation, has demonstrated its reliable clinical efficacy against NED, the mechanism of HJIG remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effect of HJIG, to repair damaged nerves in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) in vivo and their effects on neurites of major pelvic ganglia (MPG) regeneration and Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation in vitro. Rats were divided into five groups randomly: normal control (NC), BCNI-induced ED model (M), M + low-dose HJIG (HL), M + medium-dose HJIG (HM), and M + high-dose HJIG (HH). All groups were treated with normal saline or the relevant drug for 28 consecutive days after a standard NED animal model. Our data revealed that administration of HJIG improved NED that was detected by intracavernous pressure (ICP) in a dose-dependent manner. The haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Immunofluorescence (IF) staining demonstrated that HJIG ameliorate the shape of penis and induced the protein synthesis of GAP43, NF200, S100, and nNOS. NF200 and S100 level were also detected by western blotting. Moreover, HJIG (0.78 mg/mL) markedly increased SCs viability and promoted neurites regeneration of MPG. These findings provide new insights into the NED therapy by HJIG.

A new species of Neapion (Neotropion) Alonso-Zarazaga from Paraguay (Brentidae: Apioninae)

A new species of the genus Neapion Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 subgenus Neotropion Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990 (Brentidae: Apioninae) is described and illustrated. Neapion (Neotropion) cleidecostae sp. nov. (Type locality: Paraguay, Misiones) is the second Apioninae species from South America with dense, thin vestiture and raised areas on the elytra. In addition to these characters, vestiture color pattern and male genitalic characters such as penis shape, length of the tuning fork-shaped sclerite in the internal sac (the largest found in Apioninae), and shape of the tegminal plate are diagnostic of this new species.

Postembryonic Development of Cladocera Males of the Family Podonidae Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, 1968 (Cladocera, Onychopoda)

The postembryonic development of males of marine Cladocera (Crustacea) of the family Podonidae was studied for the first time, based on two common species from the White Sea, Evadne nordmanni Loven 1836 and Pleopis polyphemoides (Leuckart 1859). The development of podonid males includes two juvenile stages which differ in the size of the testes, the shape and size of the penis, and the morphology of the copulatory hook on the distal segment of the endopodite of thoracic limb I. The females of Podonidae are pedogenetic and lack juvenile stages. Males of Podonidae retain the plesiomorphic postembryonal development, suggesting different rates of evolution in both sexes in this family.

Geographical variability of Lepyronia coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) across Russia.

Comparative analysis of body size, coloration, penis shape, and male calling signals of Lepyronia coleoptrata from different localities in European Russia, Northern Kazakhstan, Siberia, and the Russian Far East showed that all populations studied belong to the same species. A clear boundary between European and the Far-Eastern subspecies can only be drawn based on body size and proportions. Light coloration is typical of European populations; on the contrary, in the Far East only dark specimens occur, but in Siberia a mixture of different forms presents. Penis shape and male calling signal pattern do not demonstrate geographical variability. The range of intraspecific variability of these traits is far less than interspecific differences between L. coleoptrata, L. koreana, and L. okadae.

Penis size and sperm quality, are all bats grey in the dark?

Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals. This should impact post-copulatory competition, and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures. Studies of male genitalia have repeatedly reported negative static allometries, which mean that, within species, large males have disproportionally small genitals when compared with smaller individuals. Males of some sperm-storing bat species may stand as an exception to such a pattern by arousing from hibernation to copulate with torpid females. The selection for large penises might take place, if a long organ provides advantages during post-copulatory competition and/or if females have evolved mechanisms allowing the choice of sire, relying on characters other than pre-copulatory traits (e.g., penis size). In this study, we measured dimensions of the erected penis in 4 sperm-storing bat species. Furthermore, we collected sperm and evaluated the link between penis dimensions and sperm velocity. Our results revealed steep allometric slopes of the erected penis length in Barbastella barbastellus and an inverse allometry of penis head width in Myotis nattereri. More detailed studies of copulatory behavior are urgently needed to explain the range of observed scaling relations. Furthermore, penis head width correlates with sperm velocity in Plecotus auritus. For this last species, we propose that penis shape might act as a marker of male fertility.

On the taxonomic structure and variability of Macropsidius involutus Dlabola, 1963 (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae)-morphology and calling signal pattern.

Variability of genitalia shape and male calling signal pattern in Macropsidius involutus from 10 localities in South-eastern Europe (the Crimea, the Lower Volga Region), Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan was investigated. Variability of pygofer processes, penis shape, and signal pattern clearly has a geographic component, but none of these traits clearly supports subdividing this species into different subspecies unequivocally. M. involutus was found at altitudes from 0 up to ca. 2000 m a. s. l. in steppes and deserts in the plains and in steppe zones of mountains. Apparently, different environmental conditions in different parts of its range led to divergence of local populations, but the absence of zoogeographical barriers between them makes possible gene exchange and thus prevents emergence of clearly delineated subspecific taxa.

A study of complications and outcome of hypospadias repair at a tertiary care hospital of south Gujarat, India

Background: In clinical practice, many factors influence the choice of surgical technique for hypospadias repair. With this background, we evaluated various methods of surgical repairs of hypospadias with their complications and outcomes. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital of South Gujarat, India including 32 patients of hypospadias. All patents were followed after an interval of one week, one month, three months and six months after discharge and complications were recorded.Results: Out of 32, 20 (62%) of patients were having distal hypospadias while 11 (35%) had proximal hypospadias. Eleven patients were operated with TPIF repair and Snodgrass repair each while 4 patients were operated with stage 1 and stage 2 repair each. In TPIF group, 7(60%) patients developed superficial skin necrosis which in Snodgrass group, 5 (45%) patients developed wound infection & oedema. Delayed complications were seen in only 2 cases of surgical repair. Out of 32, 31(96%) patients had satisfactory shape of penis while 1 (4%) patient had sub-optimal cosmetic result.Conclusions: Most common type of hypospadias was distal type in our study. Approximately one third patients were had their hypospadias repaired by TPIF Repair and same percent by Snodgrass Repair. Skin necrosis and wound infection were the most common early complication of the hypospadias repair. Urethral fistula remains the most worrying complication of surgery. TPIF Repair is one of the method which reduces rate of complications.

Using skin and fascial sheath of preputial sac; A new technique for surgery for congenital buried penis

Congenital buried penis (CBP) is a rare condition characterized by penis with normal length obscured under penopubic and penoscrotal skin and subcutaneous tissue. Though rare, this condition causes great parental anxiety because of abnormal shape and appearance of penis, dribbling of urine and poor hygiene. Abnormal distal attachment of fundiform ligament on penile shaft, large, redundant preputial sac, and severe paucity of nonpigmented penile skin are important anatomical factors responsible for CBP. We here describe a different approach for degloving of penis and achieving penile skin cover using skin and fascial sheath of preputial sac. This method is simple and easy to learn, teach and reproduce.

On the taxonomy and distribution of Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank, 1776) species group (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Aphrodinae) in Eastern Palaearctic

Two species from the Aphrodes bicincta group were revealed in the Eastern Palaearctic based on male calling signal analysis. A. bicincta = A. bicincta ferganensis Dubovsky, 1966 syn. n. was found only in Kazakhstan and Central Asia; in these regions it is sometimes sympatric with A. diminuta = A. centrorossica. A. diminuta occurs in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. Males of both species from the Eastern Palaearctic usually can be easily distinguished by the size, coloration, and penis shape. Also, despite the size differences from European specimens, the key from Bluemel et al. (2014) can be successfully used for their identification.

New species and stages description of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Roraima State, Northern Brazil

A new species of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 is described based on all life stages from Roraima State, Northern Brazil. U. amajari sp. nov. has a forewing coloration and penis shape similar to that of the widespread species U. uruguayensis (Traver) but it differs from the latter by the shape of the penis lobe apex in the male imago and by the lines of pectinate setae on the ventral surface of tibia III, in the nymph. The descriptions of nymph and female imago of U. passorum Gama-Neto & Hamada, 2014 are also presented.

A vanishing hotspot—the impact of molecular insights on the diversity of Central European Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea)

The current study investigates the Central European groundwater snails of the genus Bythiospeum which are currently regarded as highly diverse with a hotspot in south-western Germany coupled with high rates of endemism. This systematic concept combined with the fragility of their habitat results in a high rate of threatened species (76–96 %). The analyses of the mitochondrial COI fragment of nearly 200 specimens from 35 localities in Germany, Switzerland and marginally Austria and France including type localities of 14 taxa revealed five well-distinguished clades with genetic distances from 3.6 to 16.4 % while variability within clades and populations is very low. Morphological investigations focused on parts of the reproductive systems showed rather great uniformity with only minor differences in penis shape, size and localisation. Previous species concepts based on conchology and morphology do not correspond to the current results, and shell shape is suspected as poor indicator for species delineation. Our data indicate a significantly lower diversity in Central Europe, e.g. only three species occurring in Germany instead of 25. Taxonomic implications of our hypothesis are given and discussed. Accordingly, most of the German populations belong to Bythiospeum acicula (Held, 1838) while B. husmanni (C. R. Boettger, 1963) is a very restricted relict. In comparison with other groundwater organisms, two of the more northerly distributed species show a large range stretching over at least 410 or 490 km respectively. Post-glacial re-colonisation from refugia is discussed as most likely explanation of the recent distribution pattern.

Impact of the surgical correction of Peyronie's disease: a patient's perspective

Peyronie's disease (PD) is an acquired benign connective tissue disorder of the tunica albuginea of the penis that leads to the formation of fibrous inelastic plaques. As a result of pain, worsening quality of erections, penile shortening and deformity, the quality of life of both the patient and their partner may be significantly affected, and this may lead to depression, low self-esteem and relationship difficulties 1. At present, surgery represents the ‘gold standard’ treatment when PD is stable, and should be offered to guarantee a penis straight and rigid enough to allow penetrative intercourse. The flow chart in the 2010 guidelines on PD indicates the type of surgery that should be offered according to the preoperative quality of the erection, degree of deformity and penile length, but patient perception of preoperative penile shortening is not taken into consideration 2. Penile shortening does play an important part, however, with regard to postoperative patient satisfaction, as confirmed by Akin-Olugbade et al. 3, whose series of patients with PD reported the lowest satisfaction rates after penile prosthesis implantation. According to the present series by Kueronya et al. 4, in which patient-perceived pre- and postoperative penile length loss in patients with PD was evaluated, 79.1% of patients perceived a degree of length loss attributable to PD, and a subjective loss of length of >2.5 cm translated into reduced ability with regard to sexual intercourse. In particular, patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation reported more significant perceived shortening. This is not surprising, as patients with larger plaques, more severe forms of PD and fibrosis are more likely to have erectile dysfunction and ultimately to require a penile prosthesis implantation. Among patients who did not undergo penile prosthesis implantation, those requiring Nesbit plication reported less preoperative shortening than those requiring plaque incision and grafting, as the latter group presented with more severe deformities. Further penile length loss caused by the surgical correction leads to bother to the patients, irrespective of the magnitude of the loss. The message from the present series by Kueronya et al. is that, to achieve higher postoperative satisfaction rates in this unfortunate cohort of patients, the choice of the type of surgery should take into consideration patient's perceived preoperative penile shortening and not be based solely on the 2010 PD guidelines algorithm, because ultimately patients wish to obtain full restoration of the shape and size of penis they had before the onset of PD 2. As patient's perceived penile length plays such an important role in a patient's postoperative satisfaction and because patients undergoing penile prosthesis implantation are those who have lost more length, length restoration should be offered simultaneously with penile prosthesis implantation 5, 6. Kueronya et al. should be congratulated for their work, which is the first series evaluating patient's perceived penile shortening and may represent a significant step towards the restoration of an adequate sex life in patients with PD. None declared.