Penile Skin Graft Research Articles

Local Therapy and Reconstruction in Penile Cancer: A Review.

Local therapy for penile cancer provides robust survival and can preserve the penis functionally and cosmetically. Interventions must target the appropriate clinical stage. We reviewed studies regarding the primary therapy in penile cancer, from topical therapy to radical penectomy, and reconstructive techniques. Topical therapy (5-FU or Imiquimod) provides a robust oncologic response in patients with Ta or Tis disease. Multiple laser therapies are available for localized patients and those with low-grade T1 disease. There is a non-trivial risk of progression and nodal metastases in poorly selected patients. Wide local excision provides an oncologically sound option in patient with up to T1 disease; less evidence exists for Mohs microsurgery in the setting of penile cancer. Increasingly aggressive approaches include glansectomy and partial/radical penectomy, which provide 5- and 10-year cancer-specific survival rates of over 80%. Meticulous reconstruction is necessary for the durable function of the remaining penis. Preservation of voiding and sexual function occurs via penile skin grafting, glans resurfacing, creation of a functional penile stump, and phalloplasty with a penile implant. Perineal urethrostomy provides an alternative in pathology demanding extensive partial or radical penectomy, and a durable option for seated voiding. Clinical suspicion and timely diagnosis are paramount in terms of management as less-invasive options for earlier-stage disease develop.

Chirurgie génitale d’affirmation de genre pour les femmes trans : revue des vulvo-vaginoplasties

A trans woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth, and who has a female gender identity. The majority are requesting a gender affirming genital surgery by vulvo-vaginoplasty. The objective is to review this surgery based on its history, then by presenting the different surgical techniques and their success and complication rates. A narrative review was performed, based on a bibliography search with keywords from 2000 to 2022 on Pubmed. Vulvo-vaginoplasty for trans women began in 1931, and the first case series date from 1969. The procedure includes excision of scrotal skin, orchiectomy, clitoroplasty, urethroplasty, labioplasty, recto-vesico-prostatic dissection and creation of a vaginal cavity (performed by penile skin inversion and graft, intestine, or peritoneum). Vulvo-vaginoplasty by penile skin inversion (VPPI) is today the reference surgical technique. It represents the vast majority of surgeries performed with the longest follow-up. The majority of trans women are satisfied with the procedure aesthetically (90%) and functionally (80%), with an active sexuality. Major complications are rare (<5%), they correspond to fistulas or vaginal stenosis. VPPI is the gold standard technique with satisfactory overall results, but long-term follow-up is requested.

Surgical outcomes and prediction of complications following high complexity buried penis reconstruction.

With uniform modern approaches to adult acquired buried penis reconstruction, this study provides updated results on surgical outcomes for complex cases while evaluating the relative influence of medical, surgical, and socioeconomic factors on these results. Retrospective review was conducted of all patients undergoing initial buried penis reconstruction including escutcheonectomy and penile skin grafting at one tertiary center from 2015 through 2022. Summary scores for frailty and socioeconomic status were calculated with the modified frailty index (mFI-5) and area deprivation index (ADI), respectively. The cohort included 103 patients. Median age was 51 years (IQR 44-65), and median body mass index was 43 (IQR 38-49). Frail patients (>/= 2 mFI-5 risk factors) accounted for 27% of the population while socioeconomic disadvantage (>/= 85th percentile on ADI) affected 33% of patients. 28% of repairs included a panniculectomy. Rate of revision for a poor outcome was 3.9% with median follow up of 11 months. Complications were frequent (50%) with most being Clavien I or II (41%) and related to wound dehiscence (31%) or infection (30%). Frail patients had a higher rate of complication (71 v. 41%, p = 0.01) and were six times more likely to experience a complication on multivariable logistic regression (OR 6.41, 95% CI: 1.77-23.22, p = 0.005). The modern approach to complex buried penis reconstruction results in a low revision rate, however, low-grade complications are frequent. Patient frailty identifies those at highest risk for complication offering an opportunity for counseling and pre-operative preparation.

(283) Managing Patient Pain Expectations in Buried Penis Repair: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement

Abstract Introduction Buried penis repairs are complex cases often requiring collaboration between urology and plastic surgery. These surgeries are often extensive, can require split thickness skin grafting (STSG) of the penile shaft, negative pressure wound vac, and have high incidence of wound complications. There are no studies that evaluate perioperative pain in patients undergoing buried penis repair. Objective In the ongoing opioid epidemic, we aim to evaluate patient risk factors and peri-operative elements that can minimize opioid use in buried penis repair. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent buried penis repair from 7/2012 to 7/2021 was performed. Patient demographics, comorbidities and perioperative data were collected, including history of chronic pain, indications, intraoperative findings, perioperative pain control, and 30-day post-operative encounters. The state’s prescription monitoring program was used to verify use of prescription pain medications prior to surgery, at discharge, and refills, collected as Morphine Equivalent Dose (MED). Results A total of 63 patients were included in analysis. Mean age was 55.9 ± 14.4 with a mean pre-op BMI of 41.99 ± 9.17. 75% required a STSG on the penile shaft. The median discharge MED (dMED) was 150, ranging from 0 to 450 MED. 36.5% required opioid refills within 30 days of surgery. This cohort was further separated into two groups: patients who were discharged with &amp;lt; 150 MED (A) vs ≥ 150 MED (B), based on the median dMED. Three patients were excluded: two were on home opioids, one discharged on benzodiazepines. There were no differences in age, pre-op BMI, medical comorbidities (CAD, PVD, HTN, DM, psychiatric history) or history of chronic pain between the cohorts. Surgery for improvement of hygiene was more likely to have higher dMED, 40.7% (A) vs 69.7% (B), p=0.017. Other surgical indications (sexual health, voiding) showed no difference. Prior surgeries (urethral procedures, circumcision) were statistically more likely to require higher dMED, 48.1% (A) vs 72.7% (B), p=0.033. If a penile skin graft was required, there was no difference in graft size and dMED. Twenty-six patients had a hospital managed wound vac, while 19 patients had home wound vacs, but there was no difference in dMED. Although there was no standardized hospital pain regimen, patients on scheduled acetaminophen were more likely to have a lower dMED, 70.3%(A) vs 42.4% (B), p=0.021. 40.7% (A) vs 36.4% (B) of patients required opioid refills within 30 days of surgery, showing no statistical significance. Conclusions For patients who are embarking on buried penis repair, providers can pre-operatively set pain control expectations, especially for those who require repair for hygiene purposes or have had prior urologic reconstructive surgery. In the perioperative setting, this data supports the use of non-opioids, specifically scheduled acetaminophen, to minimize opioid prescribing at discharge. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Boston Scientific

Male to female gender reassignment surgery; Developing personalised outcomes to minimise complications

ABSTRACT Introduction &amp; Objectives The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has defined gender dysphoria as incongruence between gender identity and birth-assigned gender. Whilst the definition has been evolving in recent times, the first practice of Gender Reassignment surgery hates back to the mid-late 16th century. Over time, more sophisticated techniques have developed to customise techniques to the individual to minimise post operative complications and ensure patient satisfaction. Methods A review of the literature was performed on pubmed with key word searches; Gender Dysphoria, Gender Reassignment Surgery and history. Results Gender affirming surgery was first described in the mid 16th century, however precise documention of techniques was not seen until 1931 when the first gender affirming vaginoplasty was performed. Split skin grafts from the back, thigh or buttock were used for vaginoplasty, and less frequently, from intestines. It was Paul Fogh-Anderson in 1953 that widely publicised transformation on George Jorgensen in Denmark and popularised the penile skin graft neovagina. This technique of penile skin inversion was first used in Casablanca, Morocco in 1956. The intestinal vaginoplasty technique was described in the 1900s but not utilised in transgender vaginoplasty until 1974. Throughout the 80s, non genital skin flaps from the medial thigh were used. These multitude of techniques have meant that current practice goals are to construct a neopvagina individualised to patients needs. For patients wanting a functional rather than an asthetic, the neovagina should ideally be self-lubricating and with compliance allowing penetration. Currently, the recognised practices for creation of neovagina are penile inversion, skin grafts, local flaps and bowel vaginoplasty. As long term surgical outcome data for GRS is minimal, institutions should be encourage to gather long term data to aid in personalising the surgical approach to the individual patient. Conclusions When counselling patients for Gender affirming surgery, it is important to understand the patients’ needs to help minimise potential complications. Different surgical techniques of male to female GRS have been described and evolved over the 20th century to the point of current best practice. Long term data will enable more personalisation and risk minimisation measures to ensure patient satisfaction. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

MP20-20 HIGH 30-DAY COMPLICATIONS AFTER BURIED PENIS REPAIR SUGGEST ROLE FOR PREOPERATIVE OPTIMIZATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP20-20 HIGH 30-DAY COMPLICATIONS AFTER BURIED PENIS REPAIR SUGGEST ROLE FOR PREOPERATIVE OPTIMIZATION Ethan Matz, Rahul Dutta, Nicholas Deebel, Justin Refugia, Kim Thai, and Ryan Terlecki Ethan MatzEthan Matz More articles by this author , Rahul DuttaRahul Dutta More articles by this author , Nicholas DeebelNicholas Deebel More articles by this author , Justin RefugiaJustin Refugia More articles by this author , Kim ThaiKim Thai More articles by this author , and Ryan TerleckiRyan Terlecki More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002553.20AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Buried penis repair (BPR) is typically performed for morbidly obese men with associated comorbidities. Case complexity is variable and often involves penile split thickness skin grafting (STSG) and use of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC). At our institution, BPR is performed with a multidisciplinary team involving urology and plastic surgery. Collectively, we sought to determine the rate of 30-day complications to determine areas for team-based quality improvement and information relevant to preoperative patient counseling and prehabilitation. METHODS: With IRB approval, all cases of BPR from 2012 to 2021 were reviewed. Data was collected for patient demographics, operative case characteristics, and 30-day complications using the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: Overall, 63 men underwent BPR for the studied interval. Mean age was 55.9±14.4 years and mean BMI was 41.99±9.17 kg/m2. The rate of overall complications was 33% (21/63). Major complications were seen in 8% of patients, classified as Grade IV (4) and Grade III (1). BMI was an independent predictor of complications (p=0.0257). Additionally, patients noted to have preoperative UTI, even when treated, had significantly higher rates of readmission (p=0.006) and unplanned emergency room (ER) visits (p=0.0006). Baseline hypertension (HTN) was independently associated with ER visits (p=0.0148), but not with overall complications. Presence of home assistance, age, history of CAD or PVD, and preoperative A1c values were not associated with overall complication rate. There was no difference in complications with hospital or home negative pressure wound VAC systems. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term complications following BPR were noted in a third of patients, despite multidisciplinary management. Despite all patients having obesity, BMI was a significant predictor of complications. Patients with a history of preoperative urinary tract infection or HTN also appear to be at increased risk. Quality improvement initiatives targeting monitored preoperative weight loss, urinary assessments with test-of-cure and/or prophylaxis, and more aggressive blood-pressure management will be studied prospectively. Patient counseling will also involve setting expectations on the frequency of complicated recovery. Source of Funding: N/A © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e325 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ethan Matz More articles by this author Rahul Dutta More articles by this author Nicholas Deebel More articles by this author Justin Refugia More articles by this author Kim Thai More articles by this author Ryan Terlecki More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

'Pee'BuSt Trial: A single-centre prospective randomized study comparing functional and anatomic outcomes after augmentation urethroplasty with penile skin graft versus buccal mucosa graft for anterior urethral stricture disease.

PurposeTo assess the surgical outcomes of augmentation urethroplasty (AU) using penile skin graft (PSG) compared to buccal mucosa graft (BMG) in anterior urethral stricture disease.MethodBetween January 2018 and January 2019, 100 patients with anterior urethral stricture planned for AU were randomized into PSG or BMG arms (CTRI/2018/07/015028). Anatomic and functional variables were compared pre-operatively and post-operatively. Primary outcome was success rate at 18 months and it was defined if any of the three criteria were met, i.e. either maximum urinary flow (Qmax) > 15 ml/s or urethral calibration of 16 French or ability to traverse the repair with 17 French cystoscope. Secondary outcomes were functional parameters such as International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Score, Male Sexual Health Questionnaire for Ejaculatory Dysfunction (MSHQ-EJD), and Urethral Stricture Surgery-Patient Related Outcome Measure (USS-PROM).ResultsPre-operative variables were comparable between both the arms. Median duration of follow-up was 22 months (18–24 months). At 18 months, the success rates of AU with PSG and BMG were comparable (89% v/s 91%; p = 0.70, 95% CI-0.33 to 5.21). The improvements in Qmax (p = 0.06), IPSS (p = 0.43) and USS-PROM (p = 0.49) were comparable between the two arms. There was no statistically significant difference in the IIEF-Erectile domain (p = 0.07), IIEF-Orgasmic domain (p = 0.11) and MSHQ-EJD (p = 0.20) following AU at 18 months. Clavien–Dindo grade I complications were 12.7% in PSG and 16.7% in BMG.ConclusionThis study provides level 1 evidence of no statistical significant difference in outcomes of AU using BMG or PSG.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00345-021-03843-x.

Evaluation of the efficacy of perineal urethrostomy for patients with anterior urethral stricture: insights from surgical and patient-reported outcomes.

To examine the efficacy of perineal urethrostomy (PU) in patients with anterior urethral stricture. Patients who underwent PU for anterior urethral stricture between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 56). Surgical success was defined as no need for additional intervention. Uroflowmetry and measurement of residual urine volume (PVR) were examined postoperatively, and the patients were asked to fill out sexual health inventory for men (SHIM) and the validated Urethral Stricture Surgery Patient-reported Outcome Measure questionnaires before and after PU. The overall patient satisfaction was also assessed. PU was successful in 92.9% of patients (n = 52), with a median follow-up of 34months. Two of four were salvaged by re-do PU, and one was salvaged by forming a composite stoma using a penile skin graft. Thirty-nine patients (69.6%) filled out the questionnaires 6months after surgery. The mean maximum flow rate, PVR, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)-total score, LUTS-specific quality of life, and EuroQol-visual analog scale scores improved significantly from 3.8mL/s, 77.6mL, 12.9, 2.6, and 53.6 at baseline to 17.6mL/s, 21.3mL, 4.1, 0.9, and 74.9 postoperatively (p = 0.003, p = 0.004, p = 0.005, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). The SHIM score did not change significantly (from 2.6 at baseline to 2.3 postoperatively; p = 0.59). As for patient satisfaction, 84.6% of patients (33/39) were "satisfied" (46.1%) or "very satisfied" (38.5%) with the outcome. PU had a high surgical success rate, and significantly improved patients' subjective symptoms and achieved a high level of satisfaction.

Long term outcomes of one-stage augmentation anterior urethroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective is to summarize and characterize the long-term success of anterior augmentation urethroplasty (AU) in published series. The current literature on AU consists largely of retrospective series reporting intermediate follow-up and incompletely characterize the long term outcomes of AU.Materials and Methods:A systematic literature review was performed consistent with PRISMA guidelines to characterize long-term outcomes of AU with a minimum upper limit follow-up of 100 months. Penile/preputial skin flaps and graft and oral mucosal graft urethroplasties were included. The primary outcome was stricture-free survival for one-stage AU. Secondary analysis evaluated differences in outcomes based on two failure definitions: the need for intervention versus presence of recurrent stricture on cystoscopy or urethrography. Hazard rates were induced from the reported failure rates of one-stage AU and fixed and random effect models were fitted to the data. Additional subset analysis, removing potential confounders (lichen sclerosus, hypospadias and penile skin graft), was performed.Results:Ten studies met inclusion criteria, and two studies reported separate outcomes for grafts and flaps, and thus were included separately in the analysis. The mean hazard rate across all studies was 0.0044, the corresponding survival rates at 1 year 0.948, 5 years 0.766, 10 years 0.587, and 15 years 0.45. Subset analysis of the 4 select and homogeneous studies noted 1, 5, 10, and 15 years survival rates of 0.97, 0.96, 0.74, and 0.63, respectively.Conclusions:The long-term success rates of augmentation urethroplasty are appear to be worse than previously appreciated and patients should be counseled accordingly.

Dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft or penile skin graft substitution urethroplasty in bulbar urethral stricture: compare the outcome and review

Background: Authors describe their experience with dorsal onlay urethroplasty using Buccal mucosal graft or penile skin graft through dorsal sagittal urethrotomy for bulbar urethral stricture.Methods: From 2014 to 2017, 29 male patients with bulbar urethral stricture have been treated by one stage dorsal onlay substitution urethroplasty using buccal mucosal graft and penile skin graft. Patients with balanitis xerotica obliterans, unhealthy penile skin, oral mucosa pathology or those who had undergone more than one urethral dilation/internal urethrotomy or urethroplasty were excluded from study. Results were analyzed at 6th and 12th month follow up with clinical history and uroflowmetry. Clinical outcome was considered a failure when any postoperative instrumentation was needed, including dilation or optical internal urethrotomy.Results: A total of 16 men age between 21 to 56 years for buccal mucosa graft (BMG) urethroplasty and 13 men age between 18 to 59 years underwent dorsal onlay substitution urethroplasty using BMG and penile skin graft (PSG). Mean stricture length was 4.2 cm (3.8-6) for BMG urethroplasty and 4.1 cm (3.2-5) for PSG urethroplasty. Mean length and width of graft were 4.2 cm and 2.6 cm respectively in BMG urethroplasty while 4.6 cm and 2.5 cm in PSAG urethroplasty. Average follow up months were 13.4 months with overall success rate 87.5% in BMG urethroplasty while average follow up months were 14.6 months with overall success rate 82.3% in PSG urethroplasty.Conclusions: On short term follow up substitution urethroplasty using both penile skin and buccal mucosa graft have comparable results.

Characteristics of the urethroplasty and our approach-Experience in patients with urethral stricture.

Urethral stricture is a common pathology with different etiologic factors in different age groups and societies. In our research, patients who underwent urethroplasty because of urethral stricture were evaluated in terms of etiology, localization, surgical technique and demographic characteristics. One hundred and sixty-three patients with a mean age of 53.43±16.5 years, operated between January 2008 and May 2016 because of urethral stricture were retrospectively included in the study. Diagnosis of the urethral stricture was established based on the complaints of the patient, results of urinalysis, urine culture, uroflowmetry, retrograde urethrography and/or voiding urethrography, and urethroscopy in case of need. Postoperative success for the patients was determined based on urinary flow rate and maximum flow rate of over 15 mL/sec were evaluated as success. Etiologic factors for urethral stricture included trauma in 40 (24.5%), urethral catheterization in 45 (27.6%), endoscopic procedure in 59 (36.2%), infection in 10 (6.2%), idiopathic etiologies in 9 (5.5%) out of 163 patients. Mean length of the stricture was 3.6±1.7 cm. While the indicated number of patients had buccal mucosa graft (n=73, 44.7%), penile skin flap (n=21, 12.8%), Heineke-Mikulicz repair (n=5, 3.0%), and end-to-end anastomosis (n=64, 39.1%). Mean follow-up period was 43.2±33.7 months. Buccal mucosa graft was applied as ventral (n=32, 43.8%), dorsal (n=22, 30.2%), and dorsolateral (n=14, 19.2%) onlay, and transventrally dorsal inlay (n=5, 6.8%) grafts. Average success rates were 83.5% (n=61/73) in buccal mucosa, 76.2% (n=16/21) in penile skin grafts; 85.9% (n=55/64) in end-to-end anastomosis and 80.0% (n=4/5) in Heineke-Mikulicz repair. Our assumption is that urethroplasty procedures have satisfactory long-term results, regardless of the location and size of the stenosis. According to our clinical experience, deciding on the most appropriate surgical technique by assessing each patient individually in experienced centers will increase success rates.

Acquired Buried Penis in Adults: A Review of Surgical Management.

Acquired buried penis (ABP) is a urologic condition that has significant morbidity and negative effect on quality of life, including but not limited to sexual function, hygiene, micturition, and self-image. This disease process is characterized by a wide degree of variability and severity that requires a patient-specific approach and significant flexibility on the surgeon's behalf. To review and present the current evaluation and surgical management of this rare and complex patient population. A structured review of the English language literature from 1970 to June 2018 was performed using the PubMed and MEDLINE medical databases. Queried terms included "buried penis," "concealed penis," "hidden penis," "adult buried penis," "cicatricial penis," "trapped penis," "inconspicuous penis," "scrotoplasty and obesity," "penile release," "penile skin graft," "penile reconstruction," and "pubic lift." Papers were individually reviewed for their utility and applicability to the management of adult ABP. Manuscripts focusing on pediatric patients were excluded. Current surgical management options for adult ABP are heterogenous but focus on preserving shaft length while improving cosmesis and voiding function. Surgical versatility remains critical for successful outcomes. However, recent advances in surgical techniques for correction of adult ABP focus on the use of skin grafting to cover the shaft, along with lipectomy and/or scrotoplasty to further aid penile exposure. Collaboration with multiple surgical services is often required to achieve optimal outcomes. ABP is a complex urologic condition with equally complex surgical treatment options. Care must be taken when planning a surgical intervention, and support from plastic or general surgery may be required. However, with careful selection, surgical correction frequently leads to significant improvement in function and quality of life. Smith-Harrison LI, Piotrowski J, Machen GL, etal. Acquired Buried Penis in Adults: A Review of Surgical Management. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:150-157.

The Use of Full Thickness Skin Graft Phalloplasty During Adult Acquired Buried Penis Repair

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of full thickness penile skin grafting (FTSG) for phalloplasty during acquired buried penis repair. Materials and methodsA retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing complex genital reconstruction for buried penis between January 2013 and April 2018 was performed. Patients undergoing FTSG were identified. All patients underwent escutcheonectomy, scrotoplasty, and penile skin grafting by a single Urologist (MM) and Plastic surgeon (JS). Escutcheon tissue was used for the FTSG. The primary outcome was graft take and the secondary outcome was recurrence requiring surgical revision. ResultsThirteen patients were identified for inclusion in the study with average age of 43.4 and average BMI of 42. Median (range) follow-up for the cohort was 8 (3-44) months. Surgical indication was lymphedema in 6 (46.2%), morbid obesity in 6 (46.2%), and hidradenitis suppurativa in one (7.7%). Seven required concurrent urethromeatoplasty for meatal stenosis and fossa navicularis strictures. All grafts were successful. Two patients developed postoperative wound infections requiring antibiotics. One patient redeveloped lymphedema of the scrotum and required complete revision surgery although the FTSG remained intact. No patients had reburying of the penis. Minor outpatient surgical revision was performed for 2 patients for scarring and edema of the glans. ConclusionFull thickness skin grafts provide a useful option for penile reconstruction during surgical management of buried penis. Patients had excellent graft acceptance and minimal wound complications. Further research and comparative cohorts are warranted to fully determine the role of FTSG in genital reconstruction.

Anatomy of genital reaffirmation surgery (male-to-female): Vaginoplasty using penile skin graft with scrotal flaps.

Gender reaffirmation surgery is the final step in an individual's transition to their preferred gender. A clear understanding of the anatomy pertinent to this procedure is essential by the surgeon and patient. In male-to-female transgenders, female genitalia is constructed using the individual's penile skin to form the neovaginal canal and their scrotal skin folds post orchiectomy to create the labia majora. The surgical precursors of the remaining anatomical structures of the female genitalia are as follows: the clitoris is crafted from the glans penis and hence retains its innervation, the labia minora is formed using excess penile skin tissue, and the long male urethra is shortened to that of its feminine counterpart. The main goal of these reconstructive methods is to create a functionally and aesthetically acceptable vagina and vulva, as well as normal voiding function and satisfactory sexual function. Surgical text descriptions were enhanced by the creation of new anatomic illustrations. Review of the relevant literature regarding the anatomy, procedure development, and outcomes is presented. Vaginoplasty utilizing penile skin grafts with scrotal flaps provides an aesthetically acceptable and psychologically satisfying results with normal voiding and sexual function. An advantage includes preserved erogenous sensation. Complications can arise, including chronic inflammation and fistula formation. The anatomy of vaginoplasty using penile skin grafts with scrotal flaps supports patients seeking male-to-female gender reaffirmation surgery. Clin. Anat. 31:140-144, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Surgical Management of Adult Acquired Buried Penis: Escutcheonectomy, Scrotectomy, and Penile Split-thickness Skin Graft

To demonstrate the surgical management of adult acquired buried penis (AABP). Affected patients have poor sexual function, urinary dribbling with subsequent skin breakdown, mood disturbance, lichen sclerosus with subsequent urethral stricture, and poor quality of life. Previous efforts have described limited repairs including an isolated resection of the escutcheon, which unfortunately often leads to reburying. We present a more extensive surgical repair including escutcheonectomy, scrotoplasty, and penile split-thickness skin graft (STSG) to provide a durable definitive repair. A retrospective review was conducted of patients managed in 2015-2016. Twelve patients who underwent escutcheonectomy, scrotoplasty, and penile STSG were identified. All patients had morbid obesity as a sole etiology or a significant contributing factor. Outcomes evaluated were surgical complications, reburying of the penis, and graft take rates. Twelve patients underwent repair of AABP. All patients had durable unburying at the intermediate-term follow-up (mean of 8 months). The mean patient body mass index was 45.4 ± 13.8. The operative times, the length of stay, and the estimated blood loss were 312 ± 59 minutes, 5.3 ± 1.1 days, and 304 ± 133 cc, respectively. The STSG take rate was 80%-100% (mean of 91.7%). AABP is a challenging condition to treat. Limited surgical repairs can lead to a reburying of the penis and a progression of urethral disease. Escutcheonectomy, scrotoplasty, and STSG have encouraging intermediate-term outcomes with durable unburying of the penis and good STSG take rates. Further follow-up in larger series is needed, but results are thus far encouraging.

Resurfacing the Penis of Complex Hypospadias Repair (“Hypospadias Cripples”)

After the creation of a neourethra in a "hypospadias cripple," resurfacing the penis with healthy skin is a significant challenge because local tissue is often scarred and unusable. We reviewed our experience with various strategies to resurface the penis of hypospadias cripples. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 215 patients referred after multiple unsuccessful hypospadias repairs from 1981 to 2014. In 130 of 215 patients we performed resurfacing using local penile flaps using various techniques, including Byars flaps, Z-plasty or double Z-plasty, or a dorsal relaxing incision. Of the 215 patients 85 did not have adequate healthy local penile skin to resurface the penis after urethroplasty. Scrotal skin was used to resurface the penis in 54 patients, 6 underwent tissue expansion of the dorsal penile skin during a 12 to 16-week period prior to penile resurfacing, 23 underwent full-thickness skin grafting and another 4 received a split-thickness skin graft. Of the 56 patients who underwent fasciomyocutaneous rotational flaps, tissue expansion or a combination of both approaches 54 (96.4%) finally had a successful outcome. All 6 patients who underwent tissue expansion had a successful outcome without complications and were reported on previously. All 23 full-thickness skin grafts took with excellent results. All 4 patients who underwent fenestrated split-thickness skin grafting had 100% graft take but secondary contraction and ulceration were associated with sexual activity. In our experience scrotal skin flaps, tissue expansion of the dorsal penile skin and full-thickness skin grafts serve as reliable approaches in resurfacing the penis in almost any hypospadias cripple lacking healthy local skin.

Case Report: Delayed presentation of penile epidermoid cyst following reconstruction for Peyronie's disease.

Penile masses are a concerning finding for both patient and clinician upon initial presentation. There is a wide differential for penile masses from the benign (fibrous plaques, cysts, ulcerative lesions, benign penile pearly papules, etc.) to more concerning malignant lesions. A proper history and physical is the first step to determining the etiology of the mass and any future clinical interventions. In this paper, we review a case of a 73-year-old male who is found to have an enlarging mass during work-up for possible placement of inflatable penile prosthesis. Fortunately, the mass was determined to be a benign epidermoid cyst presenting thirty years after reconstruction for Peyronie's disease using dermal penile skin graft. With this unique presentation we review the scant literature on penile mass formation following Peyronie's repair.

AB023. Penile augmentation surgery: characteristics of artificial graft material and preoperative preparation

Penile augmentation surgical procedure includes diverse graft materials such as artificial collagen material as well as dermo-fat graft. Important factors of postoperative satisfaction are natural appearance of genitalia at the flaccid state and minimal resorption of graft volume. Artificial collagen materials and acellular dermal matrix are available for surgical procedure with variable size. History of penile augmentation surgery: Pediatric penile surgical procedure for lengthening and reconstructive surgery was developed as penile plastic surgical procedure combined with dermo-fat graft. In 1971, Kelly, Eraklis et al. reported preservation of dorsal neurovascular bundle and division of corporal crus from ischiopubic ramus for penile lengthening procedure. In 1974, Johnson reported the surgical cases in epispadias patient as division of crus from ischiopubic ramus and penile skin graft. The procedures include division of suspensory ligament and blunt dissection of fundiform ligament. In 1970’s Horton reported suprapubic fat resection and Z-plasty with anchoring on Scarpa’s fascia for lengthening procedure. In 1980’s several fat injection procedures in Darto’s fascia have been reported for girth enhancement but they were lack of reproducibility. (1year Resorption 50%) Later reports the result of cystic nodule, lump formation and fat migration. In 1990’s V-Y plasty for lengthening was reported. Historically illegal liquid injection materials with non-medical hands were reported as correction or reconstructive procedures for removal and treatment of deformed genitalia. In 1992 Horton reported flank abdominal free dermo-fat graft to Darto’s fascia. This procedure showed fair graft survival rate and developed to buttock skin crease dermo-fat graft. Medical grade silicone; long-term implantable; Gortex plate, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); Acelluar dermal graft/(Alloderm, Surederm); Acellular xenogeniccollagen structure/(Lyoplant, Terudermis); Autologous tissue culture procedure with PLGA scaffold; Complex synthetic collagen with elastin (Matriderm); SIS (small intestine submucosa, porcine SIS). 48-72 h; Tissue fluid diffusion, 4 days; circulation and beginning of collagen accumulation. Initial graft survival depends on tissue condition and vascular supply of recipient bed. For stable vascular permeability graft should be anchored to recipient bed tissue. The prerequisites for wound healing; no infection, no hematoma, no seroma. Skin suture with no tension. Dermo-fat thickness less than 1 cm. Minimal incision on Darto’s fascia (external pudendal system). Graft anchoring between internal pudendal system and Buck’s fascia. Successful penile augmentation procedure means not only excellent surgical procedure and good wound healing process, but also patient subjective satisfaction. Preoperative interview with the patient is important for understanding the anatomy, procedure and goal of augmentation surgery. Also the proper selection of graft material is also important factor of successful girth enhancement with graft survival.

Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical Management for Nonmalignant Perineal Disease

A number of nonmalignant perineal diseases (focal and systemic) require surgery. The long-term outcome of various types of wound coverage for these diseases is not well described. We report the outcomes of perineal reconstruction for these diseases. We identified 32 patients who underwent surgery from July 1995 to December 2012 for a nonmalignant conditions, including local disease (perineal gangrene and focal granulomatous/idiopathic lymphangitis) and regional/systemic disease (post-radiation lymphedema, lymphedema praecox and hidradenitis suppurativa), who had greater than 1-year followup. Wound closure was achieved by split-thickness skin graft, primary closure, musculocutaneous flap or healing by secondary intention. Long-term cosmetic/functional outcomes were measured semiquantitatively. Median patient age was 57 years (range 41 to 86) and median followup was 60 months (range 12 to 99). Of the patients 23 (72%) received a split-thickness skin graft, 2 (6%) underwent primary closure, 2 (6%) received a pedicled flap and 5 (16%) healed by secondary intention. Patients with perineal gangrene (21), focal granulomatous lymphangitis (4) and focal idiopathic lymphangitis (1) had favorable cosmetic/functional results regardless of closure type. All 4 patients with perineal gangrene who received a penile split-thickness skin graft and had erectile function before illness regained function after closure. Grafting for systemic lymphatic disease, such as post-radiation lymphedema in 3 cases, lymphedema praecox in 2 and hidradenitis suppurativa in 1, had mostly unfavorable cosmetic/functional long-term results. Wound closure, including grafts/flaps, for local cutaneous and lymphatic diseases affecting the perineum have excellent cosmetic and functional results. In contrast, grafts for regional/systemic diseases have suboptimal results and may assume the characteristics of the original disease.

Urethral Reconstruction Using Buccal Mucosa or Penile Skin Grafts: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Different types of grafts have been described in urethral reconstruction (UR), with penile skin graft (PSG) and buccal mucosa graft (BMG) as the most frequently used ones. It still remains unclear whether one graft is superior in terms of success when compared to the other. Material and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed searching the MEDLINE database with the following search strategy: ‘urethroplasty’ AND ‘penile skin’/ ‘urethroplasty’ AND ‘buccal mucosa’. 266 and 144 records were retrieved for urethroplasty with PSG and BMG, respectively. These records were reviewed to identify papers where PSG and BMG were used in UR and where individualized data on success were available within the same series. Results: 18 papers were found eligible for further analysis. In total, 428 and 483 patients were respectively treated with PSG or BMG. If available, follow-up duration was 64.1 versus 42.1 months (p < 0.0001) and stricture length 6.2 versus 4.6 cm (p < 0.0001) for PSG and BMG, respectively. Success of UR with PSG was 81.8 versus 85.9% with BMG (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Success of UR using BMG is significantly better compared to PSG. Results might be seriously biased by a longer follow-up duration and stricture length for PSG compared to BMG.