Penetration Process Research Articles

Penetration test and numerical simulation of scaled earth penetrator for coral aggregate seawater concrete cylindrical target

In order to study the mechanical properties of coral aggregate seawater concrete (CASC) subjected to the penetration of scaled earth penetrator, firstly, the penetration depth and damage of CASC and ordinary sand-gravel concrete under the same conditions were compared by experimental research, and the influence of concrete strength and projectile velocity on penetration performance was analyzed. Then, the three-dimensional mesoscopic model is used to simulate the test conditions, and the failure process and failure mechanism are analyzed. The results show that under the same penetration conditions, as the strength of CASC increases, the crater diameter becomes larger, which is consistent with the conclusion of ordinary concrete (OPC). During the penetration process, the CASC and the mortar are destroyed as a whole. At the same time, as the penetration speed of the projectile increases, the width of the crack on the surface of the target increases. When the projectile velocity is low, the anti-penetration performance of CASC with the same strength is not as good as that of OPC with the same strength. For the target with a thickness of 25 cm, the penetration depth of the concrete target with the same strength will increase with the increase of the velocity of the projectile. When the velocity of the projectile is constant, the penetration depth of CASC will decrease with the increase of the strength. The numerical simulation results obtained by using the K & C mesoscopic model are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the model and its model parameters have high reliability in the analysis of CASC penetration mechanical properties.

Transient dynamics simulation of helicopter tail transmission shaft damage

Abstract Using the LS-DYNA explicit dynamic analysis software, a finite element model of projectile damage in helicopter tail transmission shaft was established with the Johnson-Cook intensity model. The dynamic response of the tail transmission shaft during bullet penetration was simulated dynamically, revealing that projectile damage is the primary mode of failure. Three typical angles were selected to simulate the penetration process, and results indicate that compared to vertical and 45°bullet penetrations, tail transmission shaft damage is more severe.

Characterizing Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Spatio-Temporal Variability in North Andean Patagonian Lakes Using Remote Sensing Information and Environmental Analysis

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is crucial in aquatic ecosystems, influencing light penetration and biogeochemical processes. This study investigates the CDOM variability in seven oligotrophic lakes of North Andean Patagonia using Landsat 8 imagery. An empirical band ratio model was calibrated and validated for the estimation of CDOM concentrations in surface lake water as the absorption coefficient at 440 nm (acdom440, m−1). Of the five atmospheric corrections evaluated, the QUAC (Quick Atmospheric Correction) method demonstrated the highest accuracy for the remote estimation of CDOM. The application of separate models for deep and shallow lakes yielded superior results compared to a combined model, with R2 values of 0.76 and 0.82 and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 14% and 22% for deep and shallow lakes, respectively. The spatio-temporal variability of CDOM was characterized over a five-year period using satellite-derived acdom440 values. CDOM concentrations varied widely, with very low values in deep lakes and moderate values in shallow lakes. Additionally, significant seasonal fluctuations were evident. Lower CDOM concentrations were observed during the summer to early autumn period, while higher concentrations were observed in the winter to spring period. A gradient boosting regression tree analysis revealed that inter-lake differences were primarily influenced by the lake perimeter to lake area ratio, mean lake depth, and watershed area to lake volume ratio. However, seasonal CDOM variation was largely influenced by Lake Nahuel Huapi water storage (a proxy for water level variability at a regional scale), followed by precipitation, air temperature, and wind. This research presents a robust method for estimating low to moderate CDOM concentrations, improving environmental monitoring of North Andean Patagonian Lake ecosystems. The results deepen the understanding of CDOM dynamics in low-impact lakes and its main environmental drivers, enhance the ability to estimate lacustrine carbon stocks on a regional scale, and help to predict the effects of climate change on this important variable.

Modeling and Evaluation of Penetration Process Based on 3D Mechanical Simulation.

In biological micromanipulation, cell penetration is a typical procedure that precedes cell injection or oocyte enucleation. During this procedure, cells usually undergo significant deformation, which leads to cell damage. In this paper, we focus on modeling and evaluating the cell penetration process to reduce cell deformation and stress, thereby reducing cell damage. Initially, a finite element model (FEM) is established to simulate the cell penetration process. The effectiveness of the model is then verified through visual detection and comparison of cell deformation with experimental data. Next, various mechanical responses are analyzed, considering the influence of parameters, such as the radius and shape of the injection micropipettes, material properties, and size of the cells. Finally, the relationship between the intracellular stress and the cell penetration depth of biological cells is obtained. The evaluation results will be applied to develop optimized operation plans, enhancing the efficiency and safety of the cell penetration process.

Shape-dependent aerosol dynamics in indoor environments: Penetration, deposition, and dispersion

Particle shape exerts a significant influence on their dynamic behavior, and it is imperative to elucidate these effects given the potential for severe environmental toxicity associated with shaped particles. Despite extensive research on the dynamical processes of spherical particles, the behaviors of non-spherical particles have been insufficiently investigated. In this study, we have developed a suite of computation-based models that account for particle shape and have reported on the typical dynamical behaviors of non-spherical particles within indoor environments. We have explored three typical scenarios, i.e., particle penetration into indoor spaces through building cracks, indoor particle deposition, and indoor particle dispersion. The shape-induced deviations are associated with dynamical processes, showing a decrease trend among penetration, deposition, and dispersion of the non-spherical particles. The maximum discrepancy due to particle shape during the penetration process exceeds 1000 %, observed with particles of approximately 0.02 μm in diameter interacting with straight cracks 4.5 cm in length and 0.25 mm in height. Moreover, there is a discrepancy of more than 70 % in the deposition of particles with a diameter of approximately 10 μm on side walls when using side air supply ventilation. Similarly, a discrepancy of nearly 11 % is noted for particles around 0.02 μm in diameter during dispersion under displacement ventilation within indoor settings. The interaction between shape-related particle dynamics, particularly their diffusion characteristics, and the properties of the flow field leads to these shape-dependent dynamical discrepancies. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of how the shape of particles affects their indoor dynamic behavior, thereby supporting the control of hazardous particles in indoor environments.

The Investigation of Overflow Water-Powered Projectile-Assisted Injection Molded Short-Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene

Water-powered projectile-assisted injection molding (W-PAIM) is a novel injection molding technology that has been recently developed based on the ripe water-assisted injection molding (WAIM). Fiber orientation pattern and residual wall thickness (RWT) are two crucial factors determining the quality of W-PAIM parts composed of short fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (SFRTCs). However, limited work has been conducted on W-PAIM of SFRTC parts, which restricts its application process. In this work, an intensive investigation of W-PAIM parts composed of short fiber-reinforced polypropylene was conducted via a newly lab-developed W-PAIM platform. The results indicated that fibers were quite well oriented in the region extending from the core zone to the water channel, especially in the water channel zone, but randomly aligned in a small region near the mold wall. Nevertheless, fibers in the water channel zone of W-PAIM part were highly oriented, presenting an opposite alignment trend in fiber orientation compared to that in the water channel zone of the WAIM part as reported earlier. These disparities in fiber orientation between W-PAIM and WAIM parts were primarily attributed to the strong flow fields generated by projectile penetration. Additionally, the influence of three main processing parameters that significantly affected the projectile penetration on these two crucial factors was also investigated using the single-factor method. It was discovered that water injection delay time constituted the primary factor affecting the projectile penetration process, and reducing this time could greatly increase the relative thickness of the ordered area and the uniformity of RWT. More importantly, within the value range of the tested processing parameters, increased water pressure, elevated melt temperatures, and shorter water injection delay time could simultaneously improve fiber orientation and the uniformity of RWT in W-PAIM parts, which may improve the properties of W-PAIM parts and enlarge their application scope. This work provides a comprehensive guide for the fabrication of W-PAIM parts of SFRTCs.

The process of superdeep penetration of high-speed metallic particles in solid body

An explanation of the effects arising at the collision of a stream of metal particles with a size of 10–100 microns, moving at a speed of 1–3 km/s, with a solid target is proposed. It is assumed that at the moment of impact on the target, the particle loses some electrons and for some time, due to the presence of an oxide shell, retains a positive charge. The flow of electrons passing through the target at the moment of impact generates an electromagnetic field pulse. A particle with a charge of about 10–9 C, having penetrated into a solid target, presses on the channel wall with a force of about 500 MPa and moves in it under the action of forces caused by the polarization of the target substance. The combination of high pressure and displacement leads to a significant reduction in the particle-wall friction force. The proposed hypothesis, if confirmed, can help find ways to protect electronic devices of spacecraft from impacts from streams of fast dust particles.

Finite element analysis of large deformation for progressive failure of soil based on Cosserat continuum theory

The large deformation accompanied by strain softening and strain localization of the material is usually encountered in geotechnical engineering. Integrating the RITSS method and the Cosserat continuum theory, a large deformation Cosserat-RITSS finite element method is developed to tackle this issue. Based on the second development interfaces of UEL and SDVINI offered by the finite element software ABAQUS, the Cosserat-RITSS method adopting the MUEM interpolation and mapping method is realized automatically and used to simulate the problem of progressive failure and large deformation characterized by strain localization. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by the comparison of the small deformation and the large deformation analysis of the penetration process of a rigid strip foundation. Further, the Cosserat-RITSS method is used to analyze the large deformation of a retaining wall resisting on the soil with non-associated plastic flow and strain-softening properties. Compared with the classical RITSS method, it is demonstrated that the proposed method has better performancy of simulating large deformation and overcoming the pathological mesh-dependent problem usually suffered in the classical FEA of large deformation accompanied by strain localization.

Effects of lateral critical current nonuniformity on stresses in dry-wound high-field REBCO coils

Abstract The distribution of critical current density (jc) in REBCO coated conductors affects the magnetization behaviors and subsequently screening-current-induced stresses, particularly for solenoid magnets in high fields. This paper studies numerically the correlation between lateral jc profile across conductor width and stress distribution in pancake coils. The modeling framework considers bending, winding, thermal contraction, and magnetic forces including coupled electromagnetic-mechanical behaviors, i.e., the deviation of the perpendicular field away from axial direction due to tilting deformation. The lateral nonuniformity is introduced using trapezoidal functions, emulating typical jc profiles originated in pristine tapes and those caused by slitting. First, parametric studies are carried out on the small test coils previously reported in the 'Little Big Coils' (LBC) paper. It is shown that while slitting edge defects have a moderate impact on peak strains, imperfections in the pristine tape with a larger shoulder width can accelerate the penetration process, shifting peak force to the structurally resilient middle section. Similar behaviors are found in the LBC3 case study, suggesting that lateral jc nonuniformity may have contributed to the observed degradation states in pancakes with different slit-edge orientations. Furthermore, the manipulation of lateral jc profile is proposed as a strategy to manage stresses in high field solenoids. This is demonstrated in the design study of a hypothetical REBCO insert. By adjusting the lateral jc distribution and the overall scaling factor, magnet designs with a reasonable current margin and moderate peak strain can be found. The multi-width concept is then applied to allow for a higher operating current and a larger margin for the end pancakes. Albeit being a generic case, this study highlights the sensitivity of peak stresses in high-field magnets to jc distribution. This feature may be taken into account to fine-tune magnet designs and adjust coil assemblies for better overall performance. It also emphasizes the need for careful characterization and effective control of lateral jc distributions in REBCO coated conductors.

Quantification of energy consumed in simulated percussive drilling process using dynamic indentation experiment

The high cost of drilling deep wells is the main barrier to the widespread exploitation of deep geothermal energy. Percussive drilling is one of the significant drilling technologies used in energy exploration projects. However, there is no good quantitative understanding of how much energy in percussive drilling is consumed in pulverization, heating, the kinetic energy of particles, acoustic emission, etc. In this study, energy efficiency is quantitatively investigated to understand the percussive drilling process better. The dynamic percussive drilling was evaluated using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system and non-contact measurements. The amount of energy dissipated in different processes and the overall energy efficiency was estimated for Kuru granite, Balmoral granite, and Kivijärvi gabbro. The energy spent on the kinetic energy Ek of fragments was evaluated using a high-speed camera, whereas the energy consumed on heat or the thermal energy Et was obtained by high-speed infrared imaging. The cracking energy Ec was measured by using the surface energy of rock and the total newly created surface areas. The results indicate that the fragment size distribution of these three rocks generally varies with the penetration speed, and the fragmentation level of these rocks increases with the penetration speed. The input energy and the energy consumption grow with the increase of the penetration speed. The proportions of Et, Ek, and Ec in the total energy consumption for these three rocks increase with the penetration speed. The energy efficiency obtained from the dynamic indentation experiments for the three rocks generally increases with the penetration speed and almost approaches a limit value when the penetration speed is high. A model is improved to describe the relationship between energy efficiency and penetration speed quantitatively. Therefore, the penetration process should be optimized to balance the high drilling efficiency and the low energy consumption.

Experimental studies on penetration process of high-speed water-jet into ballistic gelatin

To reveal the penetration mechanism and present the penetration characteristics of high-speed micro-jet with injection volume larger than 0.3mL into soft tissue, the present study conducted experimental research on high-speed water-jet penetration into ballistic gelatin. The free jet dynamics of an air-powered needle-free injector that can emit up to 1.27mL of liquid at once and the penetration dynamics were visualized to reveal the details of the penetration process. In the early unstable stage, the jet is emitted in the form of pulses, and the first jet pulse can rapidly generate an initial slender channel in gelatin in a very short time. In the subsequent stable stage, energy input produces dispersion and further increases the penetration depth slowly. Changing the driving pressure by the power source mainly changes the penetration depth increment by dispersion; while changing the nozzle diameter mainly affects the penetration depth in the initial stage. The central position of the dispersion area in the injection direction was firstly defined in the present work and it was found that an approximate linear relationship between this position and the maximum penetration depth exits for different nozzle diameters and driving pressures when injecting the same liquid dose. These research results can provide a basis for a thorough understanding of the penetration characteristics of high-speed micro-jet with injection volume larger than 0.3mL into soft tissue, as well as the design and operation of the air-powered needle-free injector.

The Process of Superdeep Penetration of High-Speed Metallic Particles into a Solid Body

The Process of Superdeep Penetration of High-Speed Metallic Particles into a Solid Body

Comparison of acidified and conventional low acid thermal processing of white mushroom in glass jars as influenced by reciprocating agitation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality advantage that can be gained by combining acidified low-acid food thermal processing (ALTP) (pH < 4.6) and reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RATP) of mushroom. Mushroom was selected as a low acid food which is conventionally subjected to low-acid food conventional thermal processing (LACP) (pH > 4.6). Glass jars were used as containers. LACP was established to target a commercial sterilization process (Fo value of 5.0 min at 121.1 °C), while ALTP was established to get an equivalent pasteurization process (Fo value of 10.0 min at 90 °C). Heat penetration data was obtained to establish the above targeted processes and to assess the influence of processing conditions on the heating rate index and heating lag factor. Once processed, the associated quality parameters were evaluated and compared. Process variables included three processing temperatures (115, 120, 125 °C for LACP and 90, 95 and 100 °C for ALTP) and three RATP conditions (0, 1.0 and 2.0 Hz agitation). The results revealed higher rates of heat penetration and lower processing times for both LACP and ALTP processes as the reciprocation frequency increased. Quality retention advantages were realized as the process temperature was increased in each case. The best advantage was delivered with ALTP. Although the rate of heat transfer was the highest at 2.0 Hz, the best quality was observed at a moderate agitation frequency (1.0 Hz) as product texture breakdown was avoided. This is the first study that combined ALTP and RATP and compared them with LACP.

Ballistic properties of bioinspired nacre-like ceramic/polyurea staggered composite structures

We proposed a bioinspired ceramic/polyurea composite plate that draws on a “brick-mortar” arrangement of nacre layer, with a periodic three-dimensional structure and interlayers polyurea elastomers. We fired a 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary bullet using a ballistic gun to conduct depth-of-penetration (DOP) experiments. We analyzed the damage, fracture morphology, and residual DOP of ceramic/polyurea-staggered composite structures (CPSCS), with a theoretical prediction model for the residual DOP. Using the adaptive FEM-SPH algorithm, we compared the damage morphology of CPSCSs. We analyzed projectile penetration process and summarized four toughening modes using stress wave propagation. Based on simulation fitting and theoretical calculations, we obtained the residual DOP curves at different projectile velocities and analyzed the toughening effect of the CPSCSs through the energy dissipation of each structural component. When the areal density was the same, the residual DOP of the CPSCSs decreased by 33.9 %, and the critical velocity theoretically increased by 32.72 %. The error between the model calculations and experimental results was 11 %. The CPSCSs enabled the ceramic to increase the energy absorption efficiency by 179.70 %. With the same structural form, changing the thickness of only one component did not have the same effect on the structural energy-absorption efficiency as changing the entire form.

Development of Johnson-Cook-Distinct Lattice Spring Model and its application in projectile penetration into metal targets

Projectile penetration into metal targets plays an important role in modern protective structure engineering, damage assessment in terrorist attacks, and car clash accident analysis, etc. The penetration process of metal target has been characterized by large deformation, high temperature, high pressure, and dynamic damage, which can be classified as a continuous-discontinuous dynamical process. To capture the dynamic responses of metal materials subjected to high-speed penetration, Johnson-Cook model has been implemented in a continuum-discrete model, namely, Distinct Lattice Spring Model (DLSM). This is achieved by redefining the constitutive model in DLSM, with plasticity hardening (plastic strain effects), strain rate, temperature, damage evolution, equation of state, etc., being taken into account, thus developing a new numerical model called JC-DLSM model. This model is validated through studying Taylor rod high-speed impact experiments, thin metal plate penetration experiments, and projectile impact experiments on titanium alloy targets. Good agreement between numerical modelling and experimental data has been achieved for all cases considered, thereby demonstrating the capability of JC-DLSM to reproduce the damage characteristics and ballistic limits of metals under high-speed impact/penetration. Then, the impacts of projectile shape, metal target surface configuration on the characteristics of penetration damage patterns have been investigated. This contributes to a better understanding of the damage mechanisms of metal targets upon penetration or impact, facilitating the computational means for analysing and optimizing the penetration resistance of protective engineering structures.

Al(Si)/Al2O3 and NiAl(Si)/Al2O3 co-continuous composites obtained by low temperature Reactive Metal Penetration of dense silica preforms.

Interpenetrating network Al(Si)/Al2O3 composites, obtained by a reactive metal penetration process, where pure aluminum metal reacts with a dense amorphous silica preform, are an interesting class of metal/ceramic composites, with two continuous networks of metal (Al-Si alloy) and ceramic (Al2O3). These composites have high stiffness and hardness, while retaining acceptable toughness and good thermal and electrical conductivity, and can be used in wear or thermal management applications. A second infiltration step with nickel allows to substitute the Al(Si) alloy with an intermetallic, obtaining an interpenetrating network NiAl(Si)/Al2O3 composite, with very high hardness and melting point. While in the standard process the temperature for obtaining the Al(Si)/Al2O3 composites is in the 1100-1200 °C range, in this paper we studied instead the 700-1000 °C temperature range and its effect on the microstructure of the final NiAl(Si)/Al2O3 composite. After the first infiltration step, the microstructure of Al(Si)/Al2O3 composites depends on both temperature and time of the treatment. At 700-800 °C and for reaction time of 1-2 hours, the grain size is completely sub-micrometric. When temperature and time of reaction increase, islands with a coarser microstructure, of micrometric size, form, reaching a fully micrometric coarser microstructure at 1100-1200 °C. The islands formation is due to the transformation from transition aluminas, formed at low temperature and low reaction time, to α-alumina, while at high temperature α-alumina forms directly. In a second step, the Al(Si) metal network was replaced with an intermetallic one, by contacting the composite with liquid nickel, that reacted with the Al(Si) alloy forming an Al-Ni-Si intermetallic. The temperature and duration of the first infiltration step strongly influences not only the microstructure of the Al(Si)/Al2O3 composite but also of the final NiAl(Si)/Al2O3 one, that is finer when the first step (reaction of aluminum with silica) occurs at lower temperature.

Deterioration of fire resistance of ultra-high-performance polypropylene-fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPPFRC) under long-term acid rain corrosion action

The application of ultra-high-performance polypropylene-fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPPFRC) has become widespread due to its superior mechanical properties and non-flammable characteristic. Compared to UHPC, the fire resistance of UHPPFRC, which is crucial in ensuring structural integrity and safety during fire incident, has been improved by the addition of PP fibres. In recent years, the escalation of industrial emission has resulted in a more pronounced pollution of acid rain, a major type of sulphate attack on outdoor concrete structures, leading to the aging of UHPPFRC. Given the long service life of civil engineering structures, the fire performance of aging UHPPFRC should be given significant consideration, yet few studies have taken it into account. This study, for the first time, analyses the deterioration of fire resistance of acid-rain-induced aging UHPPFRCs and compares their probability of failure under fire condition across different corrosion durations, providing guidance for the maintenance of UHPPFRC in acid-rain-prone areas. A novel coupled chemo-thermal-mechanical model is developed, which is employed to investigate the sulphate penetration process and internal stress development within UHPPFRC during the corrosion stage, and to predict temperature and internal stress distribution during the subsequent heating stage. The effects of sulphate concentration, heating rate and fibre dosage on the probability of failure of aging UHPPFRC are then studied. The results obtained from the numerical investigation indicate that the aging effect can significantly compromise the fire resistance of UHPPFRC and augment the probability of failure at elevated temperature. Also, the probability of failure of aging UHPPFRC is more sensitive to changes in sulphate concentration than changes in heating rate.

A machine learning framework to measure Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) for soil water repellency analysis

The heat from wildfires volatilizes soil’s organic compounds which form a waxy layer when condensed on cooler soil particles causing soil to repel water. Timely assessment of soil water repellency (SWR) is critical for prediction and prevention of detrimental impacts of hydrophobic soils such as soil erosion, reduced availability of water to plants, and water runoff after rainfalls leading to floods. The Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT), i.e., the time elapsed from a drop landing on the soil surface to its complete absorption is commonly used to assess the SWR level. Its manual measurements have variability based on the used instruments and subjective observations. The goal of this work is to design an automated system to perform standardized WDPT tests and assess the SWR levels. It consists of an electronically controlled mechanism to release a water drop, and a video camera to record the water penetration process. The latter is modeled as an “action” in video and Temporal Action Localization (TAL) analytics is used for predicting the WDPT and assessing the SWR level.

Artificial neural networks in economics: mathematical tool, model or methodology?

The purpose of this article is to assess the current interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and economic science and to identify promising interdisciplinary areas of research that can significantly influence the methodology of understanding economic phenomena. To achieve this goal, the vague and partly even mystical term AI was replaced with а more scientific term «artificial neural networks» (ANN). The article uses methods of scientometric, epistemological and comparative analysis of the processes of ANN penetration into economics and other academic disciplines. The authors reveal the epistemological commonality and difference between AI and ANN and justify the shift in epistemological focus in research from general AI to ANN. The paper systematizes the use of ANN in economics: 1) ANN as a mathematical tool for solving economic problems; 2) ANN as a model of economic phenomena; 3) ANN as a methodology for understanding economic patterns. It shows the interaction of economics with neurosciences which occurs in two significantly different directions: from neurobiology, i.e. real nerve networks in living organisms, and, on the other hand, from ANN theory. The first direction is associated with neuroeconomics, the second has not yet been articulated, but shows an exponential growth in publications and is associated primarily with forming a new economic paradigm. The ANN paradigm in economics (and not only in economics) changes both the subject of cognition, introducing radically new forms/types of evidence and new research methods, and the object of cognition, changing the focus of study from individual economic behavior to the collective economic behavior of mega-subjects.

Hydrogen Bond Network Shaping Proton Penetration Behavior across Two-Dimensional Nanoporous Materials.

In this study, we investigate aqueous proton penetration behavior across four types of two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous materials with similar pore sizes using extensive ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal significant differences in proton penetration energy barriers among the four kinds of 2D materials, despite their comparable pore sizes. Our analysis indicates that these variations in energy barriers stem from differences in the hydrogen bond (HB) network formed between the 2D nanoporous materials and the aqueous environment. The HB network can be classified into two categories: those formed between the surface of the 2D nanoporous materials and the aqueous environment, and those formed between the edge atoms of the nanopores and the water molecules inside the pores. A strong HB network formed between the surface of the 2D nanoporous materials and the aqueous environment induces an orientational preference of water molecules, resulting in an aggregated water layer with high density. This high-density water region traps protons, making it difficult for them to escape and penetrate the nanopores. On the other hand, a strong HB network formed between the edge atoms of the nanopores and the water molecules inside the pores impedes the rotation and migration of water molecules, further inhibiting proton penetration behavior. To facilitate the proton penetration process, in addition to a sufficiently large pore size, a weak HB network between the 2D nanoporous material and the aqueous environment is necessary.