Penetration Depth Research Articles

Waste to wealth: development of cladding flux from steel slag for submerged arc welding

A novel methodology has been developed which permits to transform waste slag into welding flux meant for stainless steel cladding. The developed flux has been applied for stainless steel cladding using submerged arc welding process. The claddings prepared using developed flux has been evaluated in terms of bead geometry, mechanical properties and chemical composition. The depth of penetration, weld bead width and height of reinforcement achieved with developed flux are 7.64 mm, 14.01 mm, and 4.07 mm, respectively, which are superior than obtained with fresh flux (8.05 mm, 12.85 mm, and 3.44 mm), as far as cladding is concerned. It observed that the developed flux is capable to produce chemical composition of claddings as per ASME SFA 5.4 standard. The percentage of chromium, nickel and manganese in claddings is 18.1%, 8.56% and 1.04% respectively which satisfy the ASME requirements. The side bend test proves a good bonding strength between substrate and claddings. The hardness of claddings produced with developed flux is also comparable with that of fresh flux. The average hardness of cladding produced with developed flux is 459 Hv, compared with that of fresh flux (435 Hv). The cost of developed flux is 54.86% economical than that of fresh flux. This research advocates that steel slag could be utilized as a raw material for manufacturing welding flux for stainless steel cladding.

Numerical analysis and industrial practice of single-flow post-combustion oxygen lance with high oxygen supply intensity

The oxygen supply process is a vital operation in converter steelmaking, which is to inject oxygen and kinetic energy into the liquid bath with an oxygen lance. Herein, a single-flow post-combustion oxygen lance (SF-PCL) with four primary holes and six secondary holes was designed to increase the oxygen supply intensity of a 60-ton converter in a steel plant. The attenuation and coalescence behaviors of supersonic jets for the conventional four-hole oxygen lance (COL) and the newly designed SF-PCL were studied by numerical simulation. And then, their metallurgical effects were verified by industrial practice. The simulation results indicated that the SF-PCL effectively suppresses the attenuation and coalescence of supersonic jets as well as simultaneously increases both the impact area and penetration depth. In industrial practice, compared with the COL, the newly designed SF-PCL increases the oxygen supply intensity from the original 4.89 m3 (t·min)−1 to 5.43 m3 (t·min)−1, rises the dephosphorization rate by 1.4%, shortens the blowing time by 34 s, reduces the ferrous charges consumption by 7 kg t−1 and decreases the total iron content in final slag by 0.85%.

Thermal Annealing Impact on the Sensitivity of Piezomagnetic Surface Acoustic Waveguide to Applied Magnetic Field

AbstractMagnetostrictive thin films, exhibit significant utility as functionalization materials for Surface acoustic wave sensors designed for magnetic field measurements. This research investigates the influence of annealing under vacuum and magnetic field at various temperatures on the magnetic properties of the FeCo/TbCo2 thin film and therefore on the sensitivity of shear and Rayleigh acoustic waveguides functionalized with these magnetic layers. The observed effects include a reduction in magnetic anisotropy field and an increase in magnetostriction. XPS and TEM coupled with EDS microanalysis provide insights into the variations in the properties of the nanostructured magnetic film. To safeguard the magnetic film, a thin layer of SiO2 is deposited on top, serving as a protective shield. The inclusion of this layer amplifies sensitivity to applied magnetic fields for modes with shear polarization while reducing sensitivity for Rayleigh mode. In ST‐cut Quartz, the shear waves become waveguided upon the incorporation of magnetic thin films, with further enhancement achieved by introducing a SiO2 layer. Rayleigh waves are evanescent modes, the penetration depth is in the order of wavelength, and the addition of SiO2 decrease the wave confinement and therefore the sensitivity. The findings are supported by a theoretical model and experimentally validated results.

Comparative Analysis of Interfacial Adaptation and Depth Penetration of Recent HiFlow versus Regular Bioceramic Sealers in Conjunction with BC Gutta-Percha Points Using Two Different Obturation Techniques—A Preliminary Report of an Ex Vivo Study

This study aimed to assess the adaptability and penetration depth capacity of recent bioceramic systems, including regular EndoSequence (BC) versus HiFlow (BCH) sealers in the presence of BC points. A total of 54 single-rooted teeth were instrumented and obturated with either the cold or warm compaction technique (n = 9), using either BC, BCH, or AH Plus (AHP) combined with BC points. The adaptation, film thickness, and gaps/voids were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The sealer/dentin interface was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy, and depth penetration was evaluated by a confocal laser scanning microscope. According to the normality test, the data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests at p < 0.05. BCH sealer showed the significantly thinnest film with the greatest flow (p > 0.001), with further improvement when subjected to the warm compaction technique. Moreover, it exhibited close adaptation with deep penetration into radicular dentin, forming a tag-like structure. The Raman spectra also indicated close contact with the dentin surface. The use of BC sealer with BC points exhibited homogenous, single-unit obturation, either with a cold or warm technique. Furthermore, the use of the warm compaction technique with BCH sealer achieved a gap-free interface associated with tag-like structures, which exhibit the monoblock phenomenon.

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of HPV-associated cervical cancer: mechanisms, challenges and future prospects

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise as a modality for the treatment of cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). This review provides a comprehensive examination of the role of PDT in overcoming the challenges presented by conventional treatments for cervical cancer. Beginning with an overview of the relationship between cervical cancer and HPV infection, the review introduces the principles of PDT, its mechanism of action, and its potential as an innovative treatment strategy. The review highlights preclinical studies in animal models that demonstrate the efficacy of PDT in targeting HPV-infected cervical cells and provide mechanistic insights into its cytotoxic effects. We reviewed clinical studies and case reports highlighting the potential of PDT as an alternative or adjunctive treatment option. Challenges and limitations, including depth of light penetration, photosensitizer specificity, and standardization of protocols, will be discussed in the context of potential side effects and comparison with conventional treatments. Future directions include ongoing research, combination therapies with immunotherapy or targeted agents, advances in photosensitizer development, and personalized approaches. The advancement of PDT promises to change the landscape of HPV-associated cervical cancer treatment by providing a targeted, personalized, and minimally invasive approach.

Multivariate processing of airborne natural source EM data - application to field data from gobabis (Namibia)

Summary As deep-seated ore deposits become increasingly relevant for mineral exploration, the demand for time-efficient and powerful deep-sounding exploration methods rises. A suitable method for efficiently sensing ores at great depth is airborne electromagnetics (EM) using natural signal of atmospheric origin. The method relates airborne magnetic field recordings in the audio-frequency range to reference magnetic field recordings measured at a ground-based site and can achieve greater penetration depths when compared to controlled source airborne EM techniques. However, airborne natural source EM data are prone to noise caused by platform vibrations especially deteriorating data quality at low frequencies and thus narrowing the depth of investigation. Motional noise manifests as coherent noise on all airborne magnetic field components demanding for a powerful processing tool to remove such kind of noise. Unlike the bivariate approach, which is widely used in natural source EM, the multivariate approach is capable of detecting and reducing the effect of coherent noise. We introduce a robust multivariate processing for airborne natural source EM data and present the code implementation. The code was applied to a large-scale data set from the Kalahari-Copper-Belt in Namibia covering over 1, 000 km2. We obtained spatially consistent and smooth sounding curves in a frequency range of 10 to 1, 000 Hz including frequencies with prominent motional noise. Transfer functions are in good agreement with other geophysical and geological information.

Intratubular Penetration Depth of Ultrasound Activated Bioceramic Sealant Cements at the Dentin-Radicular Cement Interface

To evaluate the intratubular penetration depth of ultrasound-activated bioceramic sealant cements into root dentin, specifically at the dentin-cement interface. This in vitro experimental study was conducted with samples that were randomly divided based on the type of sealer used and whether ultrasound activation was applied prior to obturation. This resulted in four experimental groups (n=40). Groups A1 and B1 utilized the Eighteeth Ultra X ultrasonic activator with a blue tip #20 featuring a 2% taper at low power for activation, while groups A2 and B2 did not employ any form of activation. The symbol (+) denotes groups with ultrasonic activation, while (-) represents groups without ultrasonic activation. In the middle third, it was observed that BioC Sealer (+) had a mean sealing value of 0.66±0.17, while MTA Fillapex (+) showed a mean value of 0.38±0.07. It was found that BioC Sealer (-) had a mean sealing value of 0.24±0.04 in the middle third, while MTA Fillapex (-) showed a mean value of 0.16±0.04. These differences were not statistically significant (p=0.569). In the apical third, the BioC Sealer (-) presented a mean sealing value of 0.44±0.17, while the MTA Fillapex (-) obtained a mean value of 0.30±0.04. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.0745), suggesting that both materials can provide a similar seal in the apical third. The results suggest that both BioC Sealer and MTA Fillapex provide a comparable seal in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal system, however, this was not statistically significant. This indicates their potential efficacy in both endodontic sealing procedures.

Thermal damage to the skin from 8.2 and 95 GHz microwave exposures in swine

A study of burn thresholds from superficially penetrating radio-frequency (RF) energy at 8.2 and 95 GHz for swine skin was conducted. The study determined the thresholds for superficial, partial-thickness, and full-thickness burn severities after 5 seconds of exposure at power densities of 4–30 W/cm2 and 2–15 W/cm2 at 8.2 and 95 GHz, respectively. There were significant differences in he burn thresholds at the different severities between the two frequencies due to the large difference in energy penetration depths. Biopsies were collected from each burn site at 1, 24, 72, and 168 hr post exposure. Each sample was assessed by a burn pathologist against 20 histological factors to characterize the damage resulting from these RF overexposures. A one-dimensional, layered digital phantom that utilized realistic values for dielectric and thermal properties was used to explain some observed thresholds. The results of the heating and cooling response of the animal model and histology scores of each exposure are provided to enhance future efforts at simulation of RF overexposures and to establish damage thresholds.

Excellent Persistent Near-Infrared Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Highly Efficient Host-Guest Systems.

Organic near-infrared (NIR) room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials become a hot topic in bioimaging and biosensing for the large penetration depth and high signal-to-background ratio (SBR). However, it is challenging to achieve persistent NIR phosphorescence for severe nonradiative transitions by energy-gap law. Herein, a universal system with persistent NIR RTP is built by visible (host) and NIR phosphorescence (guest) materials, which can efficiently suppress the nonradiative transitions by rigid environment of crystalline host materials with good matching, and further promote phosphorescence emission by the additional phosphorescence resonance energy transfer (≈100%) between them. The persistent NIR phosphorescence with ten-folds enhancement of RTP lifetimes, compared to those of guest luminogens, can be achieved by modulation of aggregated structures of host-guest systems. This work provides a convenient way to largely prolong the phosphorescence lifetimes of various NIR luminogens, promoting their application in afterglow imaging with deeper penetration and higher SBRs.

Temperature control research for laser-induction hybrid strengthening process

ABSTRACT A comprehensive control methodology has been developed to address challenges such as temperature fluctuations, inconsistent depth penetration, and compositional integrity variations during laser-induction hybrid strengthening performed with consistent power parameters. This approach synergistically integrates a fuzzy controller and a decoupling compensator. In the initial part of this study, a temperature field model was utilized to investigate the effects of different process factors on temperature profiles. The analysis of step response data facilitated the development of mathematical models that delineate the correlation between the input factors and output responses. Subsequently, a decoupling compensation technique was used to reduce the coupling effects between temperature and its rate of change. A fuzzy controller was then developed to reduce the system's reliance on mathematical models, hence improving the accuracy of the control strategy. The results indicate that the application of fuzzy PI control and the implementation of decoupling compensation, the control strategy successfully improves the performance of the controller by minimizing parameter interactions. This strategy also incorporates real-time adjustment of PI parameters. Compared to conventional PI control, this method offers improved response speed and reduced overshoot. The laser-induction hybrid strengthening technique ensures superior temperature control, maintaining steady-state temperature precision within a 1% tolerance.

Penetration depth and critical fields in superconducting NbTi thin films grown by co-sputtering at room temperature

We present a study on the superconducting properties of 300 nm thick NbTi thin films grown by co-sputtering on silicon substrates at room temperature. The samples exhibit a Nb (50 at%) and Ti (50 at%) chemical composition, revealing a polycrystalline structure textured along the (110) axis of the body-centered cubic structure. The measured superconducting critical temperature (T c ) was 9.65 K, and the upper critical field extrapolated to zero temperature reached approximately 15 T, resulting in a coherence length at zero temperature of approximately 4.7 nm. The penetration depth was determined through local magnetic force microscopy measurements conducted at temperatures from 4.25 to 7 K. The obtained values range from (250 ± 15) nm at 4.25 K to (370 ± 20) nm at 7 K. Extrapolating these measurements to zero temperature, we obtained an estimated value of (230 ± 20) nm. To extend the performance and potential applications of NbTi, we additionally grew a 150 nm thick sample on flexible polyimide. In this case, we observed that the films preserved their superconducting properties, displaying a decrease in T c to 9.2 K and a similar upper critical field compared to samples grown on silicon. The feasibility of growing NbTi alloys at room temperature, with superconducting parameters comparable to or superior to metallic Nb for the upper critical field, renders this system promising for cryogenic applications, particularly in the development of high-performance electronic devices on both rigid and flexible substrates.

Two-Photon Absorption Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen/Paclitaxel Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics.

Multifaceted nanoplatforms integrating fluorescence imaging and chemotherapy have garnered acknowledgment for their potential potency in cancer diagnosis and simultaneous in situ therapy. However, some drawbacks remain for traditional organic photosensitizers, such as poor photostability, short excitation wavelength, and shallow penetration depth, which will greatly lower the chemotherapy treatment efficiency. Herein, we present lipid-encapsulated two-photon active aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen and paclitaxel (PTX) nanoparticles (AIE@PTX NPs) with bright red fluorescence emission, excellent photostability, and good biocompatibility. The AIE@PTX NPs exhibit dual functionality as two-photon probes for visualizing blood vessels and tumor structures, achieving penetration depth up to 186 and 120 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the tumor growth of the HeLa-xenograft model can be effectively prohibited after the fluorescence imaging-guided and PTX-induced chemotherapy, which shows great potential in the clinical application of two-photon cell and tumor fluorescence imaging and cancer treatment.

Enhancing Surface Integrity and Quality through Roller Burnishing: A Comprehensive Review of Parameters Optimization, and Applications.

Surface integrity is a critical aspect in ensuring the quality of components or products, particularly in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and machinery where superior surface finish and prolonged functionality of cylindrical parts are essential. Burnishing, a chip-less cold working finishing process, enhances the surface finish of machined workpieces through plastic deformation. This review paper delves into various aspects of the burnishing process and its impact on surface properties, drawing insights from multiple research projects. It explores topics including residual stresses, surface roughness, microhardness, cooling strategies, and modeling techniques. Key findings underscore the influence of burnishing parameters such as speed, feed rate, penetration depth, and number of passes on surface roughness and microhardness. Moreover, the process induces compressive residual strains on the workpiece surface, with their magnitude varying based on operational parameters. The choice of cooling methods, including kerosene, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cryogenic cooling, and hybrid cooling, significantly affects surface integrity. Various modeling approaches, such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), aid in predicting and optimizing surface characteristics. Despite the extensive discussion on surface roughness, microhardness, residual stresses, cooling methods, and modeling, out-of-roundness in the burnishing process remains understudied and warrants further investigation. This review contributes valuable insights for enhancing surface qualities in manufacturing applications and deepening our understanding of the burnishing process.

Single-molecule localization microscopy at 2.4-fold resolution improvement with optical lattice pattern illumination

Traditional camera-based single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), with its high imaging resolution and localization throughput, has made significant advancements in biological and chemical researches. However, due to the limitation of the fluorescence signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a single molecule, its resolution is difficult to reach to 5 nm. Optical lattice produces a nondiffracting beam pattern that holds the potential to enhance microscope performance through its high contrast and penetration depth. Here, we propose a new method named LatticeFLUX which utilizes the wide-field optical lattice pattern illumination for individual molecule excitation and localization. We calculated the Cramér-Rao lower bound of LatticeFLUX resolution and proved that our method can improve the single molecule localization precision by 2.4 times compared with the traditional SMLM. We propose a scheme using 9-frame localization, which solves the problem of uneven lattice light illumination. Based on the experimental single-molecule fluorescence SNR, we coded the image reconstruction software to further verify the resolution enhancement capability of LatticeFLUX on simulated punctate DNA origami, line pairs, and cytoskeleton. LatticeFLUX confirms the feasibility of using 2D structured light illumination to obtain high single-molecule localization precision under high localization throughput. It paves the way for further implementation of ultra-high resolution full 3D structured-light-illuminated SMLM.

Investigating ion irradiation effects for modifying optical properties of CA/PANI films

In this study, flexible CA/PANI films, consisting of polyaniline (PANI) and cellulose acetate (CA), were created via a solution cast production process. Then, these films were irradiated using of handmade cold cathode ion device with argon fluence of 2x1017, 4x1017, and 6x1017 ions/cm2. The SRIM program was used to investigate the ion penetration depth, ion distribution in the composite and the energy stopping loss. Moreover, the FTIR technique was used to identify the changes of the treated CA/PANI. The UV-Vis technique was used to show the impact of argon beam on the optical characteristics of CA/PANI composite film. The oscillation energy (E0) dropped from 8.88 for CA/PANI to 7.83, 6.42, and 5.19 eV after exposed to 2x1017, 4x1017, and 6x1017 ions/cm2. The results showed that the ion altered the optical characteristics of the CA/PANI samples, which allow for applied these irradiated CA/PANI films in optoelectronic devices.

Spray Characterization of Direct Hydrogen Injection as a Green Fuel with Lower Emissions

A viable green energy source for heavy industries and transportation is hydrogen. The internal combustion engine (ICE), when powered by hydrogen, offers an economical and adaptable way to quickly decarbonize the transportation industry. In general, two techniques are used to inject hydrogen into the ICE combustion chamber: port injection and direct injection. The present work examined direct injection technology, highlighting the need to understand and manage hydrogen mixing within an ICE’s combustion chamber. Before combusting hydrogen, it is critical to study its propagation and mixture behavior just immediately before burning. For this purpose, the DI-CHG.2 direct injector model by BorgWarner was used. This injector operated at 35 barG and 20 barG as maximum and minimum upstream pressures, respectively; a 5.8 g/s flow rate; and a maximum tip nozzle temperature of 250 °C. Experiments were performed using a high-pressure and high-temperature visualization vessel available at our facility. The combustion mixture prior to burning (spray) was visually controlled by the single-pass high-speed Schlieren technique. Images were used to study the spray penetration (S) and spray volume (V). Several parameters were considered to perform the experiments, such as the injection pressure (Pinj), chamber temperature (Tch), and the injection energizing time (Tinj). With pressure ratio and injection time being the parameters commonly used in jet characterization, the addition of temperature formed a more comprehensive group of parameters that should generally aid in the characterization of this type of gas jets as well as the understanding of the combined effect of the rate of injection on the overall outcome. It was observed that the increase in injection pressure (Pinj) increased the spray penetration depth and its calculated volume, as well as the amount of mass injected inside the chamber according to the ROI results; furthermore, it was also observed that with a pressure difference of 20 bar (the minimum required for the proper functioning of the injector used), cyclic variability increased. The variation in temperature inside the chamber had less of an impact on the spray shape and its penetration; instead, it determined the velocity at which the spray reached its maximum length. In addition, the injection energizing time had no effect on the spray penetration.

Programmable Singlet Oxygen Battery for Automated Photodynamic Therapy Enabled by Pyridone-Pyridine Tautomer Engineering.

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy is hindered by the hypoxic environment in tumors and limited light penetration depth. The singlet oxygen battery (SOB) has emerged as a promising solution, enabling oxygen- and light-independent 1O2 release. However, conventional SOB systems typically exhibit an "always-ON" 1O2 release, leading to potential 1O2 leakage before and after treatment. This not only compromises therapeutic outcomes but also raises substantial biosafety concerns. In this work, we introduce a programmable singlet oxygen battery, engineered to address all the issues discussed above. The concept is illustrated through the development of a tumor-microenvironment-responsive pyridone-pyridine switch, PyAce, which exists in two tautomeric forms: PyAce-0 (pyridine) and PyAce (pyridone) with different 1O2 storage half-lives. In its native state, PyAce remains in the pyridone form, capable of storing 1O2 (t1/2 = 18.5 h). Upon reaching the tumor microenvironment, PyAce is switched to the pyridine form, facilitating rapid and thorough 1O2 release (t1/2 = 16 min), followed by quenched 1O2 release post-therapy. This mechanism ensures suppressed 1O2 production pre- and post-therapy with selective and rapid 1O2 release at the tumor site, maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. The achieved "OFF-ON-OFF" 1O2 therapy showed high spatiotemporal selectivity and was independent of the oxygen supply and light illumination.

Black Titania Janus Mesoporous Nanomotor for Enhanced Tumor Penetration and Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Photodynamic Therapy.

Thanks to their excellent photoelectric characteristics to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under the light-activation process, TiO2 nanomaterials have shown significant potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for solid tumors. Nevertheless, the limited penetration depth of TiO2-based photosensitizers and excitation sources (UV/visible light) for PDT remains a formidable challenge when confronted with complex tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Here, we present a H2O2-driven black TiO2 mesoporous nanomotor with near-infrared (NIR) light absorption capability and autonomous navigation ability, which effectively enhances solid tumor penetration in NIR light-triggered PDT. The nanomotor was rationally designed and fabricated based on the Janus mesoporous nanostructure, which consists of a NIR light-responsive black TiO2 nanosphere and an enzyme-modified periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) nanorod that wraps around the TiO2 nanosphere. The overexpressed H2O2 can drive the nanomotor in the TME under catalysis of catalase in the PMO domain. By precisely controlling the ratio of TiO2 and PMO compartments in the Janus nanostructure, TiO2&PMO nanomotors can achieve optimal self-propulsive directionality and velocity, enhancing cellular uptake and facilitating deep tumor penetration. Additionally, by the decomposition of endogenous H2O2 within solid tumors, these nanomotors can continuously supply oxygen to enable highly efficient ROS production under the NIR photocatalysis of black TiO2, leading to intensified PDT effects and effective tumor inhibition.

Numerical modeling of ultrasound-triggered microneedle-mediated delivery of drug particles into bacterial biofilms

Ultrasonic microneedle patches, a class of ultrasound-driven transdermal drug delivery systems, are promising in addressing bacterial biofilms. This device has been proven to be more effective in treating Staphylococcus aureus biofilms than drug in free solution. However, there exists a notable gap in understanding how various excitation conditions and material parameters affect drug delivery efficiency. This study aims to fill this void by conducting an comprehensive multi-physics numerical analysis of ultrasonic microneedle patches, with the ultimate goal of enhancing drug delivery. First, we investigate the impact of various ultrasound frequencies on drug penetration depths. The findings reveal that local resonance can accelerate drug release within a shorter time window (first 1.5 h), whereas non-resonant frequencies enable more profound and prolonged diffusion. This information is crucial for medical professionals in selecting the most effective frequency for optimal drug administration. Furthermore, our investigation extends to the effects of applied voltage on temperature distribution, a critical aspect for ensuring medical safety during the application of these patches. Additionally, we examine how particles of different sizes respond to acoustic pressure and streaming fields, providing valuable insights for tailoring drug delivery strategies to specific therapeutic needs. Overall, our findings offer comprehensive guidelines for the effective use of ultrasonic microneedle patches, potentially shifting the paradigm in patient care and enhancing the overall quality of life.

Robust Miniemulsion PhotoATRP Driven by Red and Near-Infrared Light.

Photoinduced polymerization techniques have gathered significant attention due to their mild conditions, spatiotemporal control, and simple setup. In addition to homogeneous media, efforts have been made to implement photopolymerization in emulsions as a practical and greener process. However, previous photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) in heterogeneous media has relied on short-wavelength lights, which have limited penetration depth, resulting in slow polymerization and relatively poor control. In this study, we demonstrate the first example of a highly efficient photoinduced miniemulsion ATRP in the open air driven by red or near-infrared (NIR) light. This was facilitated by the utilization of a water-soluble photocatalyst, methylene blue (MB+). Irradiation by red/NIR light allowed for efficient excitation of MB+ and subsequent photoreduction of the ATRP deactivator in the presence of water-soluble electron donors to initiate and mediate the polymerization process. The NIR light-driven miniemulsion photoATRP provided a successful synthesis of polymers with low dispersity (1.09 ≤ Đ ≤ 1.29) and quantitative conversion within an hour. This study further explored the impact of light penetration on polymerization kinetics in reactors of varying sizes and a large-scale reaction (250 mL), highlighting the advantages of longer-wavelength light, particularly NIR light, for large-scale polymerization in dispersed media owing to its superior penetration. This work opens new avenues for robust emulsion photopolymerization techniques, offering a greener and more practical approach with improved control and efficiency.