Penaeus Monodon Research Articles

New distribution record of the rare spiny tiger Shrimp, Phyllognathia Ceratophthalma (Balss, 1913), along the Indian Coast

New distribution record of the rare spiny tiger Shrimp, Phyllognathia Ceratophthalma (Balss, 1913), along the Indian Coast

The Effectiveness of Concentration of Chitosan Extracted from Tiger Shrimp Shells as a Natural Preservative of Kenyar Fish

A study to find the effectiveness of chitosan concentration as a natural preservative on Kenyan fish (Sarda orientalis) has been conducted. The chitosan powder used is extracted from tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) shells, and it is used in the form of a solution with a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. Fresh kenyar fish of 500 g were soaked in those chitosan solutions and named A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively. Two sample groups were prepared as a comparison; they weren’t treated with any chitosan solution; they were A02, 500 g of kenyar fish soaked in 2% acetic acid, and A01, 500 g of kenyar fish without any treatment. The soaking times were varied as 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Storage is carried out at room temperature. The activity of chitosan as a fish preservative was analyzed using various methods, including pH, organoleptic, and antimicrobial tests. The measurements of pH and organoleptic test were made at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The antimicrobial tests were carried out after 24 hours of storage. The study concluded that the effective concentration of chitosan as a preservative agent of fresh kenyar fish is 2.5% (A4) with 40 minutes of soaking time, with the quality parameters are pH 5, an organoleptic score of 9, and the total number of microbes is 1.2 x 105 CFU/g.

Effects of mangrove leaf litter on the water quality, growth, and survival of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) post-larvae

Effects of mangrove leaf litter on the water quality, growth, and survival of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) post-larvae

Combating vibriosis in Penaeus monodon culture system by administration of endophytic Penicillium citrinum SW171 extract that confers better growth and protection

The black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, has been a key species in the development and expansion of intensive shrimp aquaculture worldwide. The problem of disease susceptibility in P. monodon, particularly vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi, poses a significant threat and leads to substantial economic losses. To combat bacterial infections, researchers are exploring the antimicrobial potential of microbes from unique environments, like algicolous endophytes. In this study, we investigated the in vivo exclusion of Vibrio in P. monodon post-larvae using an extract from the endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum SW171 (PCE), evaluating its impact on disease resistance, growth, and survival. Crude endophytic extract was administered both via feed and rearing water for 28 days before the challenge with V. harveyi. Treatment with PCE improved the water quality of rearing water by significantly reducing ammonia and nitrate levels compared to the control. This treatment notably decreased Vibrio colonies without substantial alteration in the overall microbial load of the rearing water. Moreover, the endophytic extract not only inhibited pathogens but also enhanced productivity, as evidenced by improved growth rates (1272 ± 20.8 and 1109.02 ± 28.4mg) compared to the control (1026.02 ± 33.8mg). Transcript levels of the immune-related genes i.e., anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), crustin, penaeidin, prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme (PPA), phagocytosis-activating protein (PAP), lysozyme-like, ferritin, haemocyanin, lectin, and survivin, were assessed in post-larvae using qRT-PCR. Extract treatment led to significant up-regulation of all genes except PPA, survivin and ALF. The cumulative survival rate of the group orally treated with PCE was 66.9%, while that of water treatment was 64.5%, significantly higher than that of the control group. The higher growth rate and post-challenge survival of P. monodon larvae point towards the immunostimulatory and antibacterial properties of endophytic P. citrinum extract which can be exploited in aquaculture for better production.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol as a co-solvent

The study aimed to enhance the extraction of astaxanthin (ASX) from black tiger shrimp shells by combining Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UADE). The DES used in the research consisted of choline chloride (Ch) and citric acid (CA) in a 1:2 molar ratio with 20% water. Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the UADE conditions, considering ultrasound power (200 – 400 W), ethanol concentration in the DES (5 – 65 %), and extraction time (5 – 45 min). The optimal UADE parameters identified by BBD were 330 W ultrasound power, 35% ethanol content, and 33 min of extraction, resulting in the highest ASX content of 47.42 μg/g, closely matching the predicted value of 48.65 μg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed structural alterations in samples treated with DES-based UAE, setting it apart from soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ethanol-based DES extraction. The outcomes indicated that UADE outperformed traditional extraction methods like soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAET) regarding ASX yield and antioxidant activity, while also needing shorter extraction durations. These results underscore UADE as a productive and eco-friendly approach for extracting ASX from shrimp shells.

Assessment of Heavy Metal (Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium) Contamination in Common Edible Shellfish Species of the Hooghly River and Sunderbans, India

The content of four heavy metals (Zinc, Copper, Lead and Cadmium) in muscles of three shell fish species - prawns -Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus and crabs-Scylla serrata, the most prime shellfish food resources of human in the domestic and international market were studied at four stations in the estuarine belt near Bay-of-Bengal which receives wastes of various types from industries and various anthropogenic activities. The samples were digested by acid digestion. The metal contents were quantified using an AAS (Atomic absorption spectrophotometer). The distribution of trace metals accumulated in the muscle tissues of the above mentioned species was in the order- Zn > Cu> Pb> Cd. In the present study, levels of Zinc in the shell fishes ranged from 07.44±0.65 to 128.10 ±2.96 ; Cu ranged from 5 ±0.15 to 99.14 ±1.31; Pb varied from 1.67± 0.14 to 23.99 ± 0.79 and Cd ranged from 1.29± 0.35 to 7.09 ± 0.80.The concentration of the four metals exhibited spatial variation as station 1 >station 2 > station 3 > station 4, which could be a reflection of different bioavailability of metal concentrations in the water body at different stations. The results obtained showed that the metal concentrations in most of the cases were above the threshold value recommended by WHO. Metals such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, can affect various aquatic organisms as well as human being either directly or indirectly as they can enter into the food chain and may be biomagnified at higher trophic levels which is one of the top concerns for human health. Essential heavy metals such as Zinc and Copper are relatively less harmful at low concentration while non-essential metals such as Cd and Pb are highly toxic even at low concentrations.

Evaluating Sustainability: A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Shrimp Aquaculture Practices in Kerala

Kerala is blessed with an abundance of freshwater and brackish water rivers, estuaries, backwaters, and interconnecting backwaters. These bodies of water add to the inland production and make the land lush and fertile. As per the ‘State Wise Area Utilized and Production of Tiger Shrimp 2020-21’ data of MPEDA Kerala has 2813.85ha area under culture in hectares and 1128.98 estimated production in tonnes. In the last decades its development has attracted considerable attention because of its export potential. During the study period (2017-18), Kerala produced an estimated 2,952.56 metric tonnes of farmed shrimp annually, out of which 26.34 percent were produced scientifically and the remaining 73.66 percent were produced traditionally. State fishery sector is also promoting ‘one paddy one shrimp farming’ project as it is suitable for coastal wetland economy like Kerala. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture sector plays a major role in the coastal wetland economy of Kerala, which has 234 prawn filtration fields covering 12873ha and 65213ha of brackish water area. ‘Sustainable blue economy’ states that shrimp aquaculture contributes to food security, social status, livelihood for the poor, women's empowerment through employment, increased family income, and purchasing power to the Kerala economy, it is necessary to question the sustainability of the Kerala shrimp aquaculture sector, particularly in light of the micro plastic pollution caused by current shrimp aquaculture practices. Kerala is a top producer of shrimp raised in aquaculture due to its abundant backwater and estuary water bodies. There are claims that the amount of shrimp consumed domestically is also rising. Exposure to Micro plastics poses a severe risk to the health and well-being of regular shrimp users. Using Soya Bean Meal (SBM), a reasonably priced and sustainable substitute for artificial fish feed becomes necessary. In light of this, this paper conducts a sustainability analysis based on social cost-benefit analysis of the feeding practices currently used by the shrimp aquaculture industry in Kerala.

Potential of integrated multitrophic aquaculture to make prawn farming sustainable in Bangladesh

Farmed freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) comprise a significant portion of Bangladesh’s seafood exports, raising concerns about their environmental impacts. Freshwater prawn farms, which require a relatively high amount of feed supply, release 1.0 MT CO2-equivalents/year, equating to 18.8 kg CO2e/MT prawn, contributing significantly to global warming and climate change risks. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) offers an alternative farming method to conventional prawn farming systems, as it minimizes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change impacts. Systematically reviewing 112 scientific articles on IMTA, this article offers recommendations for adopting IMTA to promote sustainable freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh. IMTA is undergoing extensive experimentation and practice in many parts of the world, offering economic benefits, social acceptability, and environmental sustainability. In addition to native prawn species, various indigenous organic extractive freshwater mollusks, and inorganic extractive plants are available which can seamlessly be used to tailor the IMTA system. Extractive organisms, including aquatic mollusks and plants within prawn farms, can capture blue carbon effectively lowering GHG emissions and helping mitigate climate change impacts. Aquatic mollusks offer feed for fish and livestock, while aquatic plants serve as a dual food source and contribute to compost manure production for crop fields. Research on IMTA in Bangladesh was primarily experimented on finfish in freshwater ponds, with the absence of studies on IMTA in prawn farms. This necessitates conducting research at the prawn farmer level to understand the production of extractive aquatic mollusk and plants alongside prawn in the prawn-producing regions of southwestern Bangladesh.

Comparison analysis of circulating hemocytes in decapod crustaceans

Hemocytes are the primary immune cells of crustaceans. Few comparison studies have been done among different crustaceans and some key parameters of circulating hemocytes have not been investigated. Here, we compared the circulating hemocytes in six decapod crustaceans, Cherax quadrinatus, Procambarus clarkii, Penaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon, Eriocheir sinensis, and Scylla paramamosain. Although the hemocytes of different species vary in size, they share common morphological characteristics. Based on their morphological features, circulating hemocytes can be basically classified into granular cells (GCs), semi-granular cells (SGCs), and hyaline cells (HCs). In the six decapods analyzed in this study, the proportion of GCs varied from 10 % to 30 %. P. vannamei, P. monodon, and P. clarkii had fewer GCs in circulation than the other three species. Correspondingly, proliferation was detected only in a small portion of cells in P. vannamei, P. monodon, and P. clarkii under physical conditions. The hemocyte renewal rates for P. clarkii, E. sinensis, and C. quadrinatus were 6.1 %, 5.1 %, and 1.5 % per day, while no steady new hemocyte production was found in S. paramamosain within six days. These data give a general picture of the similarities and differences of circulating hemocytes in decapods and provide a base for an in-depth study of their immune system.

Assessing White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) concurrent with Vibrio spp. in various Penaeus monodon aquaculture farms at southwestern region of Bangladesh

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) in giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) aquaculture systems (extensive, improved-extensive, and semi-intensive) in the south-western region of Bangladesh. This research employed real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to quantification cycle (Cq) values for identification of WSSV and AHPND in shrimp samples and Vibrio spp. was identified through biochemical tests on water and soil samples (n=72 for each) from different aquaculture systems. The results of the study indicated significant difference (p < 0.05) in nitrate and ammonia levels across the various aquaculture systems, highlighting the critical need for rigorous water quality monitoring and management. Extensive aquaculture exhibited the highest prevalence of WSSV (40%) and AHPND (33%) positive samples, whereas semi-intensive aquaculture had the lowest prevalence, with 22% WSSV-positive and 20% AHPND-positive samples. Biochemical analysis identified three Vibrio spp. such as V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus - with significantly higher concentrations in extensive aquaculture compared to semi-intensive. Notably, V. vulnificus was more abundant (0.9×103 cfu/ml) in the soil of extensive aquaculture, while it was less prevalent in water. In conclusion, this study underscores that the risk of WSSV and AHPND was greater in extensive aquaculture due to inadequate management.

Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis of the Triploid Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon

Triploidy (3n) induction of Penaeus monodon was performed separately by Australian and Thai groups of researchers 14 years ago, incidentally at the same period. The Australian group employed the chemical induction method, while the Thai group the cold shock one, and both groups obtained 3n P. monodon in their attempts. The success has led to several studies on the physiology of the 3n P. monodon, including growth, survival and reproductive functions. Both groups reported sterility of the 3n shrimp. The Australian group reported defected oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the 3n shrimp examined at subadult stage. Since the evaluation of the reproductive functions should be performed at the adult stage of the animals, we, therefore, performed in-depth studies on oogenesis and spermatogenesis of adult 3n P. monodon induced by cold shock. The studies include gross observation of the ovary, light (LM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy and image analysis of sex cells. The ovary of the 3n P. monodon females could not develop to full-maturation and their gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp. Oogenesis of the 3n females proceeded from oogonia to cortical rod oocytes, but with significantly lower percentage than that of the 2n shrimp. The GSI of the 3n males was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp. Their spermatogenesis, however, proceeded normally from spermatogonia to spermatozoa, but with low density of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubule and vas deferens, and none in the terminal ampoule. The average nuclear area of the 3n spermatozoa was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp as well. Altogether, these results suggest that 3n P. monodon induced by cold shock had defect in both oogenesis and spermatogenesis, probably more in quantity than in quality. HIGHLIGHTS Oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the triploid black tiger shrimp, monodon, induced by cold shock were studied. The study found abnormalities in the spermatogenesis, but not oogenesis, of the triploid P. monodon induced by cold shock. It may be concluded that triploidy condition of P. monodon induced by cold shock affects meiotic, but not mitotic activity of the sex cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Stock assessment of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 from Northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq

Stock assessment of the green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 from Northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq

Corrigendum to: Morphometric relationships and condition factor of the green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 (Decapoda, Penaeidae), from Palk Bay waters of Tamil Nadu (DOI: 10.1163/15685403-bja10358)

Corrigendum to: Morphometric relationships and condition factor of the green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 (Decapoda, Penaeidae), from Palk Bay waters of Tamil Nadu (DOI: 10.1163/15685403-bja10358)

Fishery status of the green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) in Palk Bay, in the southeast coast of India: Local and global perspectives

The green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844), traded as Mandapam flower shrimp internationally, is large-sized shrimp and landed on the coast of Palk Bay, India. This work aimed to describe the status of its fishery and identify challenges for the better management of these resources. The estimated fishery landings of P. semisulcatus in 2022 were 7658 t, with an annual average of 6493 t from 2020 to 2022, contributing to the total penaeid shrimp landings in Palk Bay at 57.6%. The economic value of this fishery was estimated to be around $53 million USDs annually (1 USD = 83.16 INR). Between 2007 and 2022, there was a significant difference between green tiger shrimp and total penaeid shrimp landings in Palk Bay across gears and years. All shrimp from Palk Bay have export markets to Japan, the USA, China, and European countries. The average annual export of P. semisulcatus (2015-16 to 2022–23) was 3532 t ($30.9 million USDs). In 2022–23, the USA was the biggest importer of frozen shrimp, followed by China, the European countries, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Middle-East countries. We formulated a policy guidelines framework for the management and co-management of the green tiger shrimp fishery in Palk Bay based on a precautionary approach.

Enhancing Detection and Mitigation of Toxicity in Marine Biota from Drilling Activities

The growing demand for petroleum-based energy has significantly contributed to environmental pollution, particularly in the oil mining industry. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of oil drilling mud on marine biota, using tiger shrimp (Monodon peneus) as bioindicators. The shrimp were exposed to various mud concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.25%, 1.25%, and 0%) and observed over time intervals of 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The methodology involved direct observation of the shrimp's survival rates at each mud concentration. The results revealed a significant decline in survival rates at higher mud concentrations, with a strong positive correlation (r = 0.81) between mud concentration and toxicity. The pH levels remained stable and alkaline (7.81–8.28), while turbidity at lower concentrations (6.25%) was within acceptable limits after 96 hours, with a strong correlation (r = 0.73). These findings underscore the importance of stringent monitoring and management of drilling mud disposal to safeguard marine ecosystems, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: Life Below Water.

Effects of Fermented Herbal Extract as a Phytobiotic on Growth Indices, Moulting Performance, and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabr.)

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of adding fermented herbal extracts (FHE) derived from mulberry leaf (Morus alba), Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), and fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda) to the diet of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) on their growth, moulting performance, feed efficiency, and nutrient retention. The main feed used in this trial was a commercially manufactured pellet; then, five different doses of FHE supplementation were used: 0 mg/kg feed (P0, control), 50 mg/kg feed (P1), 100 mg/kg feed (P2), 150 mg/kg feed (P3), and 200 mg/kg feed (P4). Weight gain, average daily gain, and length gain of shrimps fed P2 were significantly higher than that of those fed the control diet. A similar result was observed in moulting performance. The application of P2 showed superior results in enhancing the feed efficiency of cultured shrimp. Thus, the protein and energy retention of P. monodon was significantly better in P2 treatment groups. P0 had the lowest crude protein, while shrimp on the P2 and P3 diets had the highest crude protein content of any treatment group. Crude lipid content was lower in shrimp fed diets supplemented with FHE compared to those fed the control diet. In addition, higher energy contents were found in P1 and P2 treatment groups. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the juvenile tiger shrimp diet contain 100 mg/kg of FHE for the best effects.

Genotypic variation in the white spot syndrome virus detected from giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in North Western and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka

Shrimp farming in Sri Lanka accounting for 70 % of the exports in the field of aquaculture in Sri Lanka. However, it encounters substantial obstacles as a result of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) affecting the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). This study focused on comprehending the current state of the disease and the genetic diversity present in the North Western and Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka. By extracting genomic DNA from the gills and pleopods of suspected infected shrimps and post-larvae, the study identified a high infection rate of at least 83 % (88/106), with varying incidence in sampled farms across regions. The analysis of the genome indicated distinct sizes of PCR products, suggesting the presence of variation in the tandem repeat units within the ORF94 region of the WSSV. Notably, the study discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Sri Lankan WSSV strains, which showed the change between T (Thymine) and G (Guanine) at the 48th site of the RU sequence, which is designated as K (keto) as indicated in the IUPAC code, indicating genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis suggested two distinct origins for Sri Lankan WSSVs, with possible links to North America and Mexico strains, highlighting a potential common source of outbreaks. This study emphasizes the intricate nature of WSSV infections in Sri Lanka and emphasizes the necessity for customized approaches to address this significant risk to the shrimp aquaculture industry.

Capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam: an analysis of resource utilisation and challenges

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the status, resource use, and challenges of the capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (BTS).MethodsData was obtained through the investigation of 15 broodstock fishing boats and 60 capture-based BTS broodstock hatcheries. Resource use index (RUI) of the capture-based BTS hatchery, calculated from 1,000 female brooders to produce 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) (production efficiency of PL15, or PE-PL15), was analysed.ResultsThe results indicated that the fishing boats captured an average of 5,900 brooders.boat-1.year-1, 20,856 kg of by catch.boat-1.year-1, and the PE-PL15 production of 937 million for 1,000 female brooders. In the hatchery stage, the use of larger body weight female brooders had benefits in terms of higher survival rate and better efficiency of labour use, Artemia cyst, and probiotic products, but it reduced the efficiency use of chemicals, pellets, and total tank volume of the hatchery.DiscussionThere is increasing use of domesticated brooder sources, but wild-caught brooders still play an important role in producing low-cost PL15 for traditional shrimp farming systems, accounting for most farmed BTS production. Therefore, the certification of good practices should be implemented to capture-based BTS hatcheries for the reasonable use of this brooder resource to sustain BTS farming in Vietnam.

Current Advances in the Black Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon Culture: A Review

ABSTRACTThe increasing high‐end market demand for the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has brought tremendous industry opportunities. Although the industry has tried its best to increase production, according to the report data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), annual global production has shown no significant upward trend over the past decade. Besides that, newly implemented policies such as seafood safety and food security negatively impacted the industry and reduced production. However, P. monodon cultivation is still promising due to its larger body size and higher market acceptance as a premium product. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to increase the production of P. monodon by optimizing its culture conditions, implementing new culture system, increasing disease resistance to disease such as WSSV, AHPND, WFD, implementation of pre‐ and probiotics in feed, and selective breeding programs to increase genetic diversity and population of P. monodon broodstock. This review provides an overview of the current advances in P. monodon broodstock cultivation, thereby providing an essential baseline for P. monodon aquaculture. Areas needing urgent research focus are also highlighted. Future research should take great strides and take into account the impact of future climate change scenario during P. monodon culture and optimization, and increase biosecurity measures to prevent its introduction as an alien species in wild settings.

Metagenomic Profiling of Bacterial Communities and Functional Genes in Penaeus monodon

Penaeus monodon is one of the world’s most important aquaculture species, with its host-associated microbial community playing a crucial role in its growth, metabolism, immune response, and adaptation. In our study, we utilized Illumina high-throughput sequencing to investigate the composition, structure, and function of the intestinal microbial communities of P. monodon from two different regions in Guangdong. Our results identified 176 phyla across both populations, with Proteobacteria and Firmicutes being predominant. Furthermore, we identified 3095 genera, with Photobacterium, Vibrio, and Aliiroseovarius being the most dominant. Functional gene analysis based on KEGG data indicated that the carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism were significant at the secondary metabolic pathway level. The eggNOG functional annotation revealed that the genes involved in replication, recombination, and repair are of paramount importance. The CAZy annotation results indicated that Glycoside Hydrolases (GH) have the highest abundance. The Pfam annotation analysis showed that the two most prevalent domains are P-loop NTPase and NADP Rossmann. Our investigation provides a reference for species-level and functional-level analyses of the intestinal microbiota of P. monodon, contributing valuable insights into its microbial ecology.