Pen Shell Research Articles

Herbicide contamination of live armclad rockfish, clam and pen shell by moss-control agents used in aquariums of seafood restaurants in Korea

Determination of simazine and diuron by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) in moss-control agents, seawater and fish in aquariums was investigated and validated. The detection limits are 0.2 (simazine) and 0.4 µg l–1 (diuron) in blank seawater, and 0.20 (simazine) and 0.30 µg kg−1 (diuron) in blank fish homogenate, while the recoveries ranged from 93.9% to 102.4% with a relative standard deviation ≤ 9.8% for simazine and diuron. The method was successfully used in the study of simazine and diuron contamination in live fish stored in seafood restaurant aquaria in Korea. It was found that 0.4–2.3% of simazine and <0.10–3.8% of diuron were included the in moss-control agents tested. Of the 66 sampled aquarium seawaters, simazine was found to be present in four samples (3.8–42 µg l−1) while diuron was detected in two samples (1.3–1.6 µg l−1). For fish homogenates used in a bioconcentration study, simazine content ranges from 0.17 to 1.8 mg kg−1.

The Relationship between Sexual Maturation and Glycogen Contents in Visceral Organs of the Pen Shell Atrina pectinata in Ariake Bay, Japan

The Relationship between Sexual Maturation and Glycogen Contents in Visceral Organs of the Pen Shell Atrina pectinata in Ariake Bay, Japan

Isolation and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers for comb pen shell (Atrina pectinata)

Aquaculture ResearchVolume 41, Issue 10 p. e703-e705 Isolation and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers for comb pen shell (Atrina pectinata) Hongtuo Fu, Hongtuo Fu Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYan Wu, Yan Wu Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYongsheng Gong, Yongsheng Gong Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSufei Jiang, Sufei Jiang Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYiwei Xiong, Yiwei Xiong Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHui Qiao, Hui Qiao Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLei Cheng, Lei Cheng State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJingou Tong, Jingou Tong State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMingshuang Li, Mingshuang Li Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Hongtuo Fu, Hongtuo Fu Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYan Wu, Yan Wu Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYongsheng Gong, Yongsheng Gong Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorSufei Jiang, Sufei Jiang Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYiwei Xiong, Yiwei Xiong Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHui Qiao, Hui Qiao Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLei Cheng, Lei Cheng State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJingou Tong, Jingou Tong State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMingshuang Li, Mingshuang Li Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 16 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02494.xCitations: 2 Correspondence: H Fu, Key and Open Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi 214081, China. E-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume41, Issue10September 2010Pages e703-e705 RelatedInformation

Variation in Properties of Chitosan Prepared at Different Alkali Concentrations from Squid Pen and Shrimp Shell

Chitin from squid pen (Loligo sp.) and kiddi shrimp shell (Parapenaeopsis stylifera) were treated at room temperature (30 ± 2°C) with four different concentrations of sodium hydroxide: 20, 30, 40, and 50% w/w. With 50% sodium hydroxide solution, within 108 h, the chitin from squid pen was deacetylated to give chitosan. But it required 126 h at 40% and 144 h at 30% concentration of sodium hydroxide. In the case of chitin from Parapenaeopsis stylifera, complete deacetylation took place after 120 h and 168 h at 50 and 40% concentrations of sodium hydroxide, respectively. But shrimp shell on treatment with 20 and 30% sodium hydroxide solutions and squid pen kept at 20% sodium hydroxide were not sufficiently deacetylated even after 480 h. Properties like degree of deacetylation, viscosity and molecular weight of the prepared chitosan samples were studied. Minimum alkali concentration required for the formation of chitosan at room temperature was found to be 30% for squid chitin and 40% for shrimp chitin. With the increase in the time of deacetylation, decreases in molecular weight and viscosity were observed in chitosan from both sources. Maximum viscosity was recorded by chitosan prepared from squid pen using 30% sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature.

Maturation Process of Broodstock of the Pen ShellAtrina pectinata(Linnaeus, 1767) in Suspension Culture

ABSTRACT The processes of gametogenesis and maturation in broodstock of the scaly-type pen shell Atrina pectinata, in suspension culture were studied throughout the year. Gametogenesis in both sexes was initiated in February, when the water temperature was lowest. Gonad development and subsequent maturation occurred from March to September as the water temperature and food density increased. Spent gonads were found in October. Analysis of oocyte diameter frequencies in females just after spawning suggested that pen shell females spawn repeatedly during the breeding period. A number (1.6%) of hermaphroditic animals were also identified. Glycogen contents gradually decreased during the vitellogenic and mature stages. These results suggested that gonad development of pen shells in suspension culture was characterized by annual synchronicity in males and females, a spawning period from May to September resulting from monocyclic gametogenesis throughout the year, and an inverse relationship between gonad devel...

Biomechanics of byssal threads outside the Mytilidae: Atrina rigida and Ctenoides mitis

The byssus is the set of proteinaceous threads widely used by bivalves to attach themselves to the substrate. Previous researchers have focused on a single byssate family, the Mytilidae. However, the properties of byssal threads from species outside this family are of interest - first, because evolutionary patterns are only detectable if species from a range of taxa are examined, and second, because recent biomimetic research efforts would benefit from a wider range of ;mussel glue' exemplars. In the present study, we measured the mechanical properties of the byssal threads of two species outside the Mytilidae, the pen shell Atrina rigida Lightfoot and the flame ;scallop' Ctenoides mitis Lamarck. The mechanical properties of their byssal threads were significantly different from those of mytilids. For instance, the byssal threads of both species were significantly weaker than mytilid threads. Atrina rigida threads were significantly less extensible than mytilid threads, while C. mitis threads exhibited the highest extensibility ever recorded for the distal region of byssal threads. However, there were also interesting similarities in material properties across taxonomic groups. For instance, the threads of A. rigida and Modiolus modiolus Linnaeus both exhibited a prominent double-yield behavior, high stiffness combined with low extensibility, and similar correlations between stiffness and other thread properties. These similarities suggest that the thread properties of some semi-infaunal species may have evolved convergently. Further research on these patterns, along with biochemical analysis of threads which exhibit unusual properties like double-yield behavior, promises to contribute to both evolutionary biology and materials engineering.

Habitat destruction and metacommunity size in pen shell communities

1. In spatially structured communities, habitat destruction can have two effects: first, a main effect that occurs because of the loss of habitat area within a larger region, and a secondary effect due to changes in the spatial arrangement of local communities. Changes to the spatial arrangement can, in turn, affect the migration and extinction rates within local communities. 2. Our study involved the experimental destruction of entire local communities within larger regions in natural marine microcosms. Large and small arrays of dead pen shells were created in a shallow bay in north Florida, and the colonization by both encrusting and motile species on this empty substrate were followed through time. After most species had become established, half of the large arrays were perturbed to create small arrays by removal of half the shells, simulating habitat destruction. 3. After 48 days of further community development, comparisons of the large arrays, reduced arrays and original small arrays suggested that the mechanisms by which habitat destruction affects diversity could depend upon the size of the region affected and the natural history of the species being studied. 4. Habitat destruction reduced the diversity of motile species to a level lower than that found in the undisturbed small arrays, suggesting that the species that assembled in the original large metacommunities negatively influenced the species that occurred ultimately in the converted small arrays. 5. With sessile species, habitat destruction created richness levels that were intermediate to those of small and large arrays. The initial predestruction richness appears to have had a positive effect; because sessile species cannot disperse as adults, they may not respond to significant shifts in metacommunity size later in succession. Initial metacommunity size may be important for allowing individuals to select appropriate habitats before they settle.

Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellite loci in the pen shell Atrina pectinata (Bivalvia: Pinnidae)

The pen shell Atrina pectinata is a commercially important and over-exploited bivalve. In this survey, the first set of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the pen shell was developed and characterized. The number of alleles ranged from 6 to 28 per locus with the observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.640 to 1.000 and from 0.731 to 0.970, respectively. These informative microsatellite markers will be useful in studies of population and conservation genetics for this species.

New Distribution Record of Two Pen Shells (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) from the Seagrass Beds of Sungai Pulai, Johore, Malaysia

Studies on taxonomy of pen shells were conducted at Merambong Shoal (N1° 19’ 55.62? E103° 35’ 57.75? ), Tanjung Adang Shoal (N1° 19’ 48.03? E103° 33’ 59.44? ) and Merambong Island (N1° 18’ 54.83? E103° 36’ 33.37? ) off South Western Johor coast, Peninsular Malaysia from August 2005 to June 2006. One hundred and seven individuals of pen shells were collected from the study areas for taxonomy identification. Pen shells were grouped based on the internal and external surface of the valves. Seven species were clearly identified where Atrina and are dominant. Among these seven species, Pinna deltodes (Menke, 1843) and incurva (Gmelin, 1791) are the new distribution record from the seagrasses bed of Sungai Pulai.

Effect of water temperature on discharge of foreign substances from the mantle cavity in the pen shell Atrina (Servatrina) lischkeana

Effect of water temperature on discharge of foreign substances from the mantle cavity in the pen shell Atrina (Servatrina) lischkeana

The influence of stage-dependent dispersal on the population dynamics of three amphipod species

In metapopulations, the maintenance of local populations can depend on source-sink dynamics, where populations with positive growth rate seed populations with negative growth rate. The pattern and probability of successful dispersal among habitats can therefore be crucial in determining whether local populations will become rare or increase in abundance. We present here data on the dispersal strategy and population dynamics of three marine amphipods living in pen shells (Atrina rigida) in the Gulf of Mexico. The three amphipod species in this study disperse at different life stages. Neomegamphopus hiatus and Melita nitida disperse as adults, while Bemlos unicornis disperses as juveniles. The two species that disperse as adults have the highest initial population sizes when a new shell becomes available, likely caused by the arriving females releasing their brood into these recently occupied shells. This dispersal pattern results in initially higher population growth, but fewer occupied shells, as noted by their clumped distribution. In contrast, the species that disperses as juveniles accumulates more slowly and more evenly across habitats, eventually dominating the other two in terms of numerical abundance. The metapopulation dynamics of the three species seems to be highly dependent on the life history stage involved in dispersal.

Spatial structure of communities on dead pen shells (Atrina rigida) in sea grass beds

Delimiting communities in marine habitats is difficult because co-occurring species often have different life histories and the life stages experience the environment at different spatial scales. The habitat of a particular community is embedded within a larger habitat or ecosystem with many species shared between the focal community and the larger system. Pen shells (Atrina rigida) are large bivalves that, once the mollusk dies, provide shelter for motile species and hard substrate for settling larval invertebrates and egg-laying fishes. In St. Joseph’s Bay, Florida (29°45′N, 85°15′W), pen shells are the most abundant source of hard substrate, especially inside sea grass (Thalassia testudinum) beds, where they reach densities of 0.1–4.0 m−2. This study, which was conducted from May to August 2005, measured the overlap in species densities between dead pen shells and the surrounding sea grass communities at eight sites to determine the discreteness of the pen shell communities. Of the 70-epibenthic taxa recorded, 66% were found on the pen shells but not in the surrounding sea grass habitat. Community structure, which varied among shells within sites and among the eight sites, could be related to sea grass characteristics such as blade density and length either directly (e.g., inhabitants of pen shells directly benefit from the surrounding sea grass) or indirectly (e.g., pen shells and sea grass both benefit from similar factors such as current and nutrients). Pen shells were randomly distributed at several spatial scales within the 15 × 15 m sites as were many motile species. Two exceptions were the shrimp, Palaemon floridanus and the amphipod, Dulichella appendiculata, whose distributions were clumped. Most of the sessile species had clumped distributions, tending to be very abundant when they were present. These pen shell communities provide an opportunity for experimental studies of factors affecting species diversity on small, discrete, naturally occurring habitats.

키조개 (Atrina pectinata)의 생식소 발달과 생식주기

Gonad development and the gametogenic cycle of pen shells, Atrina pectinata, collected from November 2004 to October 2005 in the coastal waters of Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Korea were investigated histologically. The clams are dioecious. The gonads consist of a number of gametogenic follicles. The sex ratio (Female:male) was 1:1.2. The gonad index (GI) reached a maximum in May and a minimum in July. The condition index (CI) reached a maximum in April and a minimum in June. The gonadosomatic index (GSI), GI and CI all increased with gonad development. The gametogenic cycle of the clam could be divided into five stages: the degenerative/inactive (August to October), early active (November to March), late active (December to April), ripe (May to June) and spent (June to July) stage.

Effects of tributyltin on the energy metabolism of pen shell ( Atrina pectinata japonica)

We examined the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism of pen shell ( Atrina pectinata japonica). We exposed pen shells to TBT at nominal concentrations of 0 (control) and 1.0 μg/l for 72 h under aerobic condition. At the end of the exposure, half of the pen shells in each treatment were wrapped in plastic wrap to simulate exposure to hypoxia and held at 25 °C for another 12 h. The concentrations of the products of energy metabolism, namely lactate, pyruvate, fumarate and succinate, in adductor muscle were measured. The exposure to TBT under aerobic condition significantly elevated lactate, pyruvate and fumarate concentrations ( p < 0.001). After subsequent exposure to anaerobic condition, the mean concentration of succinate in the TBT treatment group was 64% of that in the control group, but there were no significant differences. Our results suggest that the energy metabolism of pen shell is disrupted by exposure to TBT.

Virus-like particles associated with mass mortalities of the pen shell Atrina pectinata in Japan

Mass mortalities of the pen shell Atrina pectinata occurred in the fishing grounds of Ariake Bay, in southwestern Japan, during late spring and summer in 2003 and 2004. Histological examination revealed extensive necrosis in the epithelial cells of the kidney and gill, and impairment of the endothelial cells of the mantle arteria. Although cestode larvae belonging to the genus Tylocephalum were found in the mantle, adductor muscle, kidney, and digestive gland, their prevalence and the intensity of infection were low. Examinations of moribund pen shells for Haplosporidium spp. infection using PCR analysis and for Perkinsus spp. infection using Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium were negative. Unenveloped virus-like particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy in the cytoplasm of affected kidney and gill cells of moribund pen shells. They were icosahedral spherical and 50 to 55 nm in diameter. These virus-like particles found in moribund pen shells are different from those described in other marine mollusks, and may be the causative agent of the mass mortalities of pen shells.

Tributyltin contamination of bivalves in coastal areas around northern Kyushu, Japan

We determined tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in bivalve samples of blue mussel (Myitlus edulis), Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and pen shell (Atrina pectinata) collected from coastal areas around northern Kyushu in 1998 and 2001. TBT was detected in all bivalve samples collected, ranging in concentration from 0.008 to 0.135 microg/g wet wt. In Hakata Port, which is an industrial area, high TBT concentrations were detected in bivalves (blue mussel, maximum concentration of 0.135 microg/g wet wt). In the Ariake Sea, which is an important bivalve habitat, TBT concentrations in Manila clams ranged from 0.062 to 0.125 microg/g wet wt in 1998 and from 0.008 to 0.033 microg/g wet wt in 2001. In addition, concentrations of TBT in pen shells collected from the Ariake Sea in 2001 ranged from 0.009 to 0.095 microg/g wet wt. These results clearly demonstrate that, despite the regulation of TBT usage since 1990 in Japan, contamination of bivalves by TBT has persisted in coastal areas around northern Kyushu.

Body Size of the Endosymbiotic Pea Crab Tumidotheres maculatus: Larger Hosts Hold Larger Crabs

The endosymbiotic pea crab, Tumidotheres maculatus, uses a broad range of host taxa, including several bivalve species, in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Because shelter size affects the size of other, free-living crab species, we hypothesized that pea crabs living in larger bivalve hosts should attain larger sizes. Crabs and hosts collected from 3 field sites in northern Florida show this trend. We examined crabs living in a large host, the pen shell Atrina rigida, and found them to be larger than pea crabs living in a small host, the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Moreover, this trend was only apparent among female pea crabs, which are lifelong endosymbionts, but not among males, which are free-ranging and move among hosts. Our data support the broader conclusion that shelter size influences adult crab size in brachyuran crabs.

High frequency and severity of breakage-induced shell repair in western Atlantic Pinnidae (Bivalvia)

High frequency and severity of breakage-induced shell repair in western Atlantic Pinnidae (Bivalvia)

Evaluation of Five Microalgae Diets for Juvenile Pen Shells Atrina maura

Abstract–Juvenile pen shells Atrina maura were fed for 21 d with equal daily rations, equivalent to 6.5% of their live weight, of monoalgal cultures of Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros muelleri, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Pen shell survival was 100% in all cases. All microalgae diets produced shell growth, and live and ash‐free dry weight increases. However, the two Chaetoceros strains gave significantly better results, with shell height increases of 4.7 to 2.9 mm, live weight gains of 0.5 to 0.3 g, and final ash‐free dry weights of 0.16 to 0.14 g after 3 wk. These results are not related to the algae gross biochemical composition, suggesting that other factors are involved in their nutritional value for this mollusc species.

Successional patterns on pen shell communities at local and regional scales

Summary I present a successional study of marine organisms on pen shells (Atrina rigida) at different regions of St Joe Bay, Florida. By incorporating measures of relative abundance and assembly time I show how the relationship between local and regional diversity develops through different successional stages. The results showed that, with time, motile species richness increases significantly while evenness indices remain high and constant. Sessile species, on the other hand, increased in both species richness and evenness through time. For the motile species, regions seem to remain different while local saturation is observed. These results suggest that this group is under species‐sorting: species are mobile enough that recruits and adult dispersal within a region maintain differences among regions, while local communities are saturated. For the sessile species, the local–regional relationship was unsaturated at all sampling dates with both untransformed and rarefied data. Regions are initially similar in community structure, then differ through time to become similar again at the last sampling date. This may reflect a priority effect: propagules that arrive at a shell may initially exert influence on the species composition on a shell, so that at intermediate sampling times regions differ in community structure. However, at the last sampling there were no differences detected among regions, suggesting that dispersal distances might be larger for this group of species. These results suggest the following. (1) The degree of species saturation will depend on the successional stage of a community. (2) Incorporating species abundances (i.e. through rarefaction or other techniques) demonstrates the role of species commonness or rarity in determining patterns of community diversity at different scales. (3) Depending on the group of species studied, the size of the region will vary and will influence the local–regional dynamics: the perceived region for sessile species may be larger than for motile species.