Peltier Plate Research Articles

Rice Husk-Based Insulators: Manufacturing Process and Thermal Potential Assessment.

The development of bio-insultation materials has attracted increasing attention in building energy-saving fields. In tropical and hot-humid climates, building envelope insulation is important for an energy efficient and comfortable indoor environment. In this study, several experiments were carried out on a bio-insulation material, which was prepared by using rice husk as a raw material. Square rice husk-based insultation panels were developed, considering the ASTM C-177 dimensions, to perform thermal conductivity coefficient tests. The thermal conductivity coefficient obtained was 0.073 W/(m K), which is in the range of conventional thermal insulators. In a second phase of this study, two experimental enclosures (chambers) were constructed, one with rice husk-based insulation panels and the second one without this insulation. The measures of the temperatures and thermal flows through the chambers were obtained with an electronic module based on the ARDUINO platform. This module consisted of three DS18B20 temperature sensors and four Peltier plates. Daily temperature and heat flux data were collected for the two chambers during the dry season in Panama, specifically between April and May. In the experimental chamber that did not have rice husk panel insulation on the roof, a flow of up to 28.18 W/m2 was observed, while in the chamber that did have rice husk panels, the presence of a flow toward the interior was rarely observed. The rice husk-based insulation panels showed comparable performance with conventional insulators, as a sustainable solution that takes advantage of a local resource to improve thermal comfort and the reduction of the environmental impact.

E-suite for Soldiers based on Photovoltaic Cells

We are urgently attempting to power the technology that surround us with clean energy. However, It never occurs to me to make bulletproof coats intelligent. In addition to a basic Kevlar vest, soldiers who defend our nation should receive an E-Uniform that operates on sustainable energy. This study article suggests such a uniform. The attire improves a soldier's ability to withstand extremes of temperature in adverse weather situations. It has a solar panel installed that charges the battery. The necessary heating and cooling effect is provided by the mounted Peltier plate. Additionally, the soldier's clothing incorporates GPS to track their precise location and GSM to make touch with them. Additionally, it has a metal detector to locate metal objects like bombs and is naturally camouflaged. Keywords—Kevlar, Peltier plate, GPS, GSM, Metal Detector,Camouflage..

Cooling liquid substances Peltier device from the use of exo-thermic pathways application

This work presents the development of an innovative device capable of instantly freezing water. The main objective was to design and build an efficient and practical system to provide chilled water in situations requiring rapid consumption, such as in domestic, commercial, or industrial environments. To achieve this goal, research was conducted on the fundamental principles of refrigeration and ice formation. Based on this information, a device was conceived, consisting of a thermally insulated container and a cooling mechanism. To relate thermodynamics and the Peltier effect, it is necessary to differentiate the relationship between heat, energy, and work in thermodynamics and the thermoelectric phenomenon that involves heat transfer through electric current in a device with semiconductor junctions when referring to the Peltier effect. A practical example of the combination of these two terms is the heat transfer generated by a temperature gradient in a material. In this project, the physical effects of Peltier plates were modeled as the main factor for heat transfer, as well as a brief study on ice banks where it was possible to improve and meet all the expectations of the prototype.

Thermoelectric-Based Low-Cost Water Chiller via Peltier-Plates

This study aims to design and build a water-chilling device for strawberry irrigation in low-land areas in Malaysia. Strawberries possess better growth in a chilled environment. On that note, a chilling thermoelectric device known as the Peltier plate has been used in this project, which follows an open-cycle system. This process is cost-effective and more convenient than the other methods used for strawberry plantation, such as providing an air-conditioner, which is costly, and using a sprinkler, which may rot the strawberries in wet conditions. Therefore, we propose a low-cost chilling device to chill the water with low-temperature water to be applied in strawberry plants. The plant treated with the water chiller showed better growth with 12 cm of height. The thermoelectric effect has been adopted in this study as the source of chilling since it reduces the temperature on one side and increases it on the other side. The heat is to be discharged using two fans to increase the difference in temperature between the two sides of the thermoelectric device. It involved the Peltier effect, which generates the voltage from the power source to heat/temperature differentials. The obtained result revealed a temperature difference of 5.7 °C between the water-in (27 °C) and water-out (21.3 °C), considered the optimum temperature for strawberries to survive well.

Modified Thermoelectric Coolers (TEC) Peltier Plate for Outdoor Activities with Rechargeable Battery using Solar Panel

Thermoelectric cooler box was designed with the purpose of cooling with thermoelectric cooler (TEC) Peltier plate as a cooling medium. The objective of this project was to invent a cooler box that is suitable for outdoor activities. The thermal conductivity which is to measure the ability of the material to conduct heat in each layer inside the thermoelectric cooler box was identified for heat transfer analysis. Thermoelectric cooler box can be operated with a 12V battery or 12V DC power supply. The battery power can be charged using a 20W solar panel (if the battery power is drained out), with the condition that there should be heat radiation to generate electricity. Thus, no additional cost is needed on ice cubes whereby previously it requires more ice cubes to maintain the cold temperature inside the cooler box. By using a Peltier plate, the cooling hours inside can reach up to 100,000 hours with a maximum of 12 can of beverages stored inside the cooling box. Based on literature reviews, conduction and convection resistance between each layer of materials inside the cooler box play an important role to ensure heat is transferred inside the box. The heat sink also helps to ensure heat dissipation before flowing into the cooler box. In this design, a total of 56 kW of heat can be transferred from the box to keep the cooler box cool with the minimum temperature 15.6°C within a period of 35 minutes.

Design of a Microscale Refrigeration System for Optimizing the Usable Space in Compact Refrigerators

This research aims to enter the miniature refrigeration machine sector with the objective of designing a small scale unit while maintaining a competitive coefficient of performance (COP), comparing with a Peltier plates system. To this end, a research of the current technology was carried out in order to obtain indicative values on the scales that were being worked on and their application. After the previous research, a refrigeration cycle was designed in EES (engineering equation solver). From this design, different conclusions were obtained: (1) The correct sizing of the compressor revolutions together with its displacement is crucial for the equipment to be able to provide the desired cooling capacity. (2) In order to obtain the desired cooling capacity in the microscale refrigeration system, the heat exchangers must have fins. (3) Of the analysed refrigerants, R600a is the best choice, as it shows favourable characteristics (high COP and low compression ratio) when working in this type of cycle.

New cost effective design of PCR heating cycler system using Peltier plate without the conventional heating block

New cost effective design of PCR heating cycler system using Peltier plate without the conventional heating block

A high-throughput method for measuring critical thermal limits of leaves by chlorophyll imaging fluorescence.

Plant thermal tolerance is a crucial research area as the climate warms and extreme weather events become more frequent. Leaves exposed to temperature extremes have inhibited photosynthesis and will accumulate damage to PSII if tolerance thresholds are exceeded. Temperature-dependent changes in basal chlorophyll fluorescence (T-F0) can be used to identify the critical temperature at which PSII is inhibited. We developed and tested a high-throughput method for measuring the critical temperatures for PSII at low (CTMIN) and high (CTMAX) temperatures using a Maxi-Imaging fluorimeter and a thermoelectric Peltier plate heating/cooling system. We examined how experimental conditions of wet vs dry surfaces for leaves and heating/cooling rate, affect CTMIN and CTMAX across four species. CTMAX estimates were not different whether measured on wet or dry surfaces, but leaves were apparently less cold tolerant when on wet surfaces. Heating/cooling rate had a strong effect on both CTMAX and CTMIN that was species-specific. We discuss potential mechanisms for these results and recommend settings for researchers to use when measuring T-F0. The approach that we demonstrated here allows the high-throughput measurement of a valuable ecophysiological parameter that estimates the critical temperature thresholds of leaf photosynthetic performance in response to thermal extremes.

REFRIGERATOR AND OVEN THAT ARE POWERED BY SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY

Using a thermo electric plate, the project's primary goal is to build a solar and wind-powered refrigerator cum oven. Solar and wind power, which are abundant and cheap, may be used to fuel this endeavour. The cost of this undertaking won't break the freezer. The solar panels and wind turbines in this project are used to recharge a Lead Acid Battery (12V, 1.2 Amp hours), which is then used to power a pelteir thermoelectric device that can provide either a cooling or warming effect, depending on the user's preference. Since this is going in a refrigerator, we need simply the cold setting. The battery is linked to a peltier thermoelectric device, which produces a cooling effect. PIC Microcontroller is being used to show the voltage. The polarity of the peltier plate may be switched by relay and a selection switch exhaust fan PIC microcontroller solar wind LCD battery Thermo electric plate relay.

Chlorella Vulgaris Surface-Mount Photobioreactor with Vision-Based Growth Signature Prediction Optimized by Electromagnetism-Like Mechanism

ndustrial waste disrupts the natural production of microalgae cultures. Cultivation of microalgae in a controlled environment highly results to biomass with lower contamination necessary as high-valued economic product. In response to the emerging challenges of sustainable energy production, the integration of computational intelligence and biosystems engineering is considered as an open research area. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae were cultivated in BG-11 growth medium on three customized surface-mount light bioreactors that are equipped with digital camera for growth monitoring in terms of accumulated biomass surface area and color reflectance intensity via IoT. Feature-based machine learning models predicted microalgae growth area in terms of water temperature, pH level and turbidity, and light intensity. Microalgae cultures were exposed to combinations of white artificial light source of 2000 ± 1000 lux and water temperature of 27 ± 5°C using Peltier plate to discriminate biomass growth within a 30-day cultivation period. A total of nine environmental conditions were employed to clearly discriminate the impacts of environmental stressors to microalgae growth. Combined neighborhood component analysis and ReliefF was used to select high impact color features of C, Ye, M, H, and S with biomass area. Electromagnetism-like mechanism optimized-RBNN bested RNN and generalized processing regression with R2 of 0.985 and RMSE of 6.262. There is also considerable growth in biomass surface area for certain combinations of light intensity and water temperature (2125 ± 625 lux and 28.75 ± 3.25°C), and turbidity and water pH concentrations (3.85 ± 0.15 NTU and 8.025 ± 0.775). However, the photobioreactor with 27°C and 2000 lux exposure is considered having the exact optimum controlled environment condition in cultivating Chlorella vulgaris based on the generated growth in biomass surface area of 38.314%. This developed intelligent system is scalable for seamless microalgae production of any strands for renewable energy resource.

Rheology of Polymethylmethacrylate-Collagen Gel Filler: Physiochemical Properties and Clinical Applications.

Soft tissue fillers are comprised of a range of materials with differing physiochemical and rheologic (ie, flow) properties. These properties can inform treatment selection for specific anatomic areas, planes of injection, and clinical applications. The aim of this study was to characterize the rheologic properties of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-collagen gel for comparison with other available fillers. Commercially available PMMA-collagen gel, hyaluronic acid (HA), and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) fillers were obtained from their respective manufacturers. Measures of complex viscosity (η*) and elastic modulus (G') for each filler were collected at 0.7 Hz in triplicate according to standard procedures on a rotational rheometer fitted with a 40-mm steel plate at 25°C on a Peltier plate (500-μm gap). The measured η* and G' values for HA and CaHA fillers were in agreement with previously published data. The difference in η* between CaHA (mean [standard deviation], 358.9 [21.56] Pa-s) and PMMA-collagen gel (656.41 [68.03] Pa-s) was statistically significant (P < 0.0001), as was the difference between the G' of CaHA (1424.8 [83.3] Pa) and the G' of PMMA-collagen gel (2815.27 [304.07] Pa; P < 0.0001). PMMA-collagen gel exhibited the highest η* and G' of all tested fillers. These properties likely underpin an increased capacity for lifting and support in areas where long-lasting revolumization is appropriate. In practice, PMMA-collagen gel is well suited for treatment of acne scars, as well as injection into the supraperiosteal plane in the temple, chin, mandible, and piriform by a retrograde linear threading technique. Additional clinical considerations are discussed.

Performance evaluation of novel solar-powered domestic air cooler with Peltier modules

Shifting of air conditioning and ventilation plants from conventional to renewable energy systems is one of the effective ways to save energy and attain sustainability. In this experimental study, an effort has been made to design, fabricate, and evaluate the cooling performance of a solar-powered domestic air cooler with Peltier plates to meet the comfort criteria as per ASHRAE standards. It also investigates the effect of Peltier modules on the performance of conventional room air cooler. The experiments were conducted in a 12×12 room with one, two, three, and four Peltier modules operating at various ambient temperatures. The experiments were repeated three times at specified conditions. Peltier effect was used to decrease water temperature, and subsequently cooled water was used to decrease the temperature of the air after coming in contact with this water. The cooled air was then used to create a comfort zone. The results indicated a decrease in temperature of the experimental zone by 5 %, 13 %, 19 %, and 23 % using one, two, three, and four Peltier modules respectively. The increase in relative humidity was recorded as 5 % at 27 °C temperature of the experimental zone. The results of energy analysis showed a substantial amount of energy savings in this study and suggest that more than 200 MW energy can be saved by replacing conventional electric air coolers all over the country with proposed Peltier based domestic solar powered air cooler.

A conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning in Drosophila.

Sleep loss and aging impair hippocampus-dependent Spatial Learning in mammalian systems. Here we use the fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the relationship between sleep and Spatial Learning in healthy and impaired flies. The Spatial Learning assay is modeled after the Morris Water Maze. The assay uses a "thermal maze" consisting of a 5 × 5 grid of Peltier plates maintained at 36-37°C and a visual panorama. The first trial begins when a single tile that is associated with a specific visual cue is cooled to 25°C. For subsequent trials, the cold tile is heated, the visual panorama is rotated and the flies must find the new cold tile by remembering its association with the visual cue. Significant learning was observed with two different wild-type strains-Cs and 2U, validating our design. Sleep deprivation prior to training impaired Spatial Learning. Learning was also impaired in the classic learning mutant rutabaga (rut); enhancing sleep restored learning to rut mutants. Further, we found that flies exhibited a dramatic age-dependent cognitive decline in Spatial Learning starting at 20-24 days of age. These impairments could be reversed by enhancing sleep. Finally, we find that Spatial Learning requires dopaminergic signaling and that enhancing dopaminergic signaling in aged flies restored learning. Our results are consistent with the impairments seen in rodents and humans. These results thus demonstrate a critical conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning, and suggest potential avenues for therapeutic intervention during aging.

Analysis of macro channel heat exchanger for fever relief cool cap using thermoelectric

Fever is happened when the human having infection or other illness which the body temperature is higher than normal body temperature. The heat load released during the fever cause the uncomfortable condition to the human. Thermoelectric is used in the design of heat exchanger to provide cooling by using electricity which reliefs the fever uncomfortable. The thermal comfort zone for human and the analysis of the heat load from the human head surface are determined. The analysis focuses on the fever teenagers aged range from 15 to 25. The range of the thermal comfort zone is from 20 °C to 25 °C whereas the range for the total heat load from the head surface is from 10.56 W to 16.39 W. The findings from the analysis will be used in the design of heat exchanger that suites the requirement from the analysis result. The fluid flow effect of the working fluid and thermal effect of the heat exchanger are simulated by ANSYS Fluent. In addition, the different types of Peltier plate and fluid as well as the different materials of heat exchanger and tube have applied into heat exchanger design model for observing the effect of the fluid flow in heat exchanger. Using ANSYS Fluent, the temperature contours are compared and found that the combination of alumina Al2O3 nanofluid, copper heat exchanger have better performance due to high heat transfer rate while the tube materials show no effect. The best performance of cooling in the design of the heat exchanger is proposed. These design criteria include the selection of the material of heat exchanger, tube and fluid as well as the selection of the device such as Peltier plate, battery, cooler fan and pump.

Fundamental design of thermoelectrical nature air conditioning system in small room for living cat (mammalian)

Living mammalian especially European cats will face some problems when traveling from cold ambient in Europe to hot ambient country. Some of the problems are, these cats will become panting when exposed to the high temperature of ambient for a short term. Also, for a long term exposed to high temperature, the cats will experience heat stress and hair loss. The objectives of this study are on cat thermal comfort, cooling load for cat compartment, and analysis of air flow to achieve the desired temperature for the cat compartment using CFD simulation. In this study, three parts of analysis will be considered in CFD simulations which are the thermal distribution for four Peltier plates with aluminium heat sink using ANSYS Transient Thermal, air flow in the ducting to a cold heat sink, and air flow distribution in cat compartment using ANSYS Fluent. The temperature for the Persian cat’s thermal comfort is around 20-25°C. Cooling load gain from designed portable cat compartment with the desired space is 177 W. By ANSYS Transient Thermal, time taken for heat sink change from 22°C to 12°C is around 200-250 seconds. Then, by using ANSYS Fluent, the temperature of initial air temperature in the ducting when flow through a cold heat sink was changed from 27.15°C to 20.93°C by simple cooling. Next, the average air temperature in the cat’s compartment is 23.83°C that achieved average thermal comfort for mammal or Persian cat which is 20-25°C of dry bulb temperature. However, the study only focuses on steady-state dry air simple cooling analysis only with the laminar flow as a preliminary result by CFD simulation before build the actual portable cat compartment. The dry air simulation can be assumed similar as humid air for simple cooling process only proved by the comparison of the same cooling capacities values towards the different value of absolute humidity.

Hybrid human powered power generating unit by using multiple transducers

This paper provides concept of capturing the different kinds of energy conversions that can be in form of motion, physical force, heat energy and solar energy and converting all form of energy into useful electrical energy. It can provide endless supply of energy to electronic device also has attracted large number of researchers and has bought a growing amount of attention to energy harvesting. The hybrid human powered power generating unit is an electronic device, purpose of proposed model is to supply electricity for charging devices when the user is out of reach to the charger or charging port. This device basically transforms many different kind of energies to electricity (direct current) example piezoelectric plate produces electrical energy when mechanical force is applied on it and another we have Peltier plate (thermal electric generator) which transforms temperature differences into electrical energy. The proposed model is very much portable, so any individual easily can carry with them. This device does not need any external power supply to charge it, because this device made up of four energy inducing elements or can say transducers and one buck booster which step up the output voltage of the energy produced or induced by the generating elements assembled with a super-capacitor. This device is very useful in the situation where the person doesn’t have power source around and need to charge any electronic device. This device can replace your heavy power bank with this light weighted device. Anyone can easily use this electronic device simply by squeezing it and shaking horizontally, these all physical movements induces electrical energy and got stored in super capacitor and further consume by the charging devices.

A computer‐controlled system for simulating heat stroke in vitro

Heat stroke (HS) is an important civilian and military medical problem. Characterizing the cellular responses to HS is critical for improved diagnosis and treatment of HS. Commonly used in vitro heat “shock” models inadequately represent the physiological stressors experienced by cells during HS in vivo. The objective of this study was to create a high‐precision in vitro system to dynamically expose cultured cells to core‐temperature (Tc; radiotelemetry) profiles exhibited by mice during HS and recovery. We assembled a system consisting of a Peltier plate, feedback controller, thermistor probe and custom software to expose cultured cells to mouse Tc profiles. HepG2 cells and primary mouse and rat hepatocytes were maintained on the Peltier plate in a CO2 incubator with a thermistor probe immersed in a single well for feedback control. Our system replicated mouse Tc profiles with an average error of ~0.3°C. All cell types tolerated heat stress to 42.7°C, with no differences in cell viability or morphology either immediately or 24 hr after heat exposure compared to untreated cells. Our system will support future studies examining cell responses to the temperature and inflammatory stresses that occur during HS. Supported by the Defense Health Program (DHP) in support of the Department of Army (DOA) Systems Biology Enterprise (SBE). Author views not official US Army or DOD policy.

Determining the rheological behavior of octadecane as phase change material: First approach

Phase change materials (PCM) are capable of storing thermal energy within a small temperature range due to their high latent heat. In simulations of thermal energy storage (TES) systems with PCMs, natural convection is often not considered, possibly resulting in differences between numerical and experimental results. Since natural convection depends on the viscosity of the melting or melted region, it is important to determine this property in PCMs accurately. This paper presents different measurements carried out with octadecane. Both rotational and oscillatory tests have been carried out and the influence of the gap and the heating and cooling rate on the results has been analyzed. A first approach to the measurement methodology for obtaining the viscosity of octadecane during phase transition and melting is proposed, using a plate as geometry and a Peltier plate as temperature controller.

Specific Electromagnetic Effects of Microwave Radiation on Escherichia coli

The present study investigated the effects of microwave (MW) radiation applied under a sublethal temperature on Escherichia coli. The experiments were conducted at a frequency of 18 GHz and at a temperature below 40°C to avoid the thermal degradation of bacterial cells during exposure. The absorbed power was calculated to be 1,500 kW/m(3), and the electric field was determined to be 300 V/m. Both values were theoretically confirmed using CST Microwave Studio 3D Electromagnetic Simulation Software. As a negative control, E. coli cells were also thermally heated to temperatures up to 40°C using Peltier plate heating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis performed immediately after MW exposure revealed that the E. coli cells exhibited a cell morphology significantly different from that of the negative controls. This MW effect, however, appeared to be temporary, as following a further 10-min elapsed period, the cell morphology appeared to revert to a state that was identical to that of the untreated controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran (150 kDa) was taken up by the MW-treated cells, suggesting that pores had formed within the cell membrane. Cell viability experiments revealed that the MW treatment was not bactericidal, since 88% of the cells were recovered after radiation. It is proposed that one of the effects of exposing E. coli cells to MW radiation under sublethal temperature conditions is that the cell surface undergoes a modification that is electrokinetic in nature, resulting in a reversible MW-induced poration of the cell membrane.

Effect of artificial mucus properties on the characteristics of airborne bioaerosol droplets generated during simulated coughing

The effect of viscoelastic properties and surface tension of artificial mucus simulant samples on the size distribution and volume concentration of bioaerosol droplets generated during simulated coughing was investigated through in vitro experiments. The mucus simulant samples had viscoelastic properties in a similar range as those of real human airway mucus. The mucus simulant gels were prepared by mixing various proportions of 0.5–1.7% locust bean gum solution and 0.1 M sodium tetraborate (XLB) solution. Surface tension of one set of samples was varied by adding different amounts of SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) surfactant while the measurement of surface tension was performed using ADSA (axisymmetric drop shape analysis) method. The viscoelastic properties of the samples were measured using a Bohlin Gemini 200 HR (Malvern, UK) nano-rheometer with peltier plate assembly. An artificial cough machine was used to simulate human cough, generating aerosol droplets in a model trachea attached to the front of the cough machine. The size distribution and volume concentration of the droplets generated through simulated cough were measured using a laser diffraction particle sizer (SprayTec, Malvern, USA). The surface tension was found to have negligible effect on the characteristic of generated droplets within the range of this investigation. The experimental results showed a decrease in particle size as the samples changed from a viscous fluid type to a viscoelastic to an elastic solid type sample. The volume concentration also changed significantly as the viscoelasticity of the samples was varied.