Peltier Effect Research Articles

Solar based polio-drop box system with Peltier effect technology: A review

In the current review article, the main usage of thermoelectric effect or Peltier’s effect modules in a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), a compressor less refrigerator is diagnosed and Highlighted. The basic idea is to design and fabricate a refrigerator which gives refrigeration effect without using a compressor. Almost 20 degree drop in the ambient temperature is observed as compared to ambient temperature by various researchers. The work of several researchers is reviewed and showcased. The usage of the energy produced by solar power to promote the sustainable use of Natural energy. Here, the concept of the refrigeration is based on Peltier effect, which states that, whenever the DC current is passed through a thermoelectric module, it creates a heat transfer between the substrate thus creating a temperature difference between them cooling one side and heating the other. The main objective is to use the cooler module to decrease the ambient temperature so that it can be used a refrigerator for our polio drop box. Additional attachment of switching mode power supply is also designed to change disordered Direct current input voltage to a smooth DC output voltage at different voltage levels which is properly regulated to drive the thermoelectric modules used in the refrigerator. An off shelf SMPS power supply system will be used for testing or measurement. A basic temperature controller will also be used for the cooling system. After analyzing the design and size of the thermoelectric module, it can be said that the cooling system will be convenient. Solar based refrigeration technique will be very helpful in Sustainable use of energy for future. Also, the similar efforts are being made to develop a COVID 19 Vaccine box as a future scope of the current findings.

Study Of The Evolutionary Development Of Automated Control Systems For Intelligent Buildings And A Description Of The Main Requirements For Wireless Technologies In ACSIB

The intelligence of a building goes hand in hand with advances in building technology that facilitate the integration of different subsystems within a single building and the information integration of a group of buildings. This is because the deeper the building systems are integrated, the greater the diversity, scope, and speed of data generation, the greater the potential for smart decision making. A modern engineering approach to building an Automated Intelligent Building Management System (ACSIB) aims to protect the building from future risks of scaling and reconfiguration problems by addressing communication and integration issues in advance. All this is done using the latest wireless technologies, open protocols, and ready-to-use Internet products available on the market. In parallel, data storage and archiving standards are being introduced to lay the foundations for a data-rich industry that can be used to increase building productivity. The most important trends in the development of automated building management systems are the miniaturization of sensors to increase their use and installation locations, reduce energy consumption, and ideally — the use of sensors not only wireless but also battery-free. Such sensors are powered by natural effects such as solar energy, Peltier effect, etc. As part of the review article, the author highlights the basic concepts and trends in the development of automated control systems for intelligent buildings (ACSIB), touches on the trend of combining ACSIB and the Internet of Things (BIoT) network. The article provides practical examples of the application of the latest approaches and solutions through protocols and technologies adopted in use. Also, the article presents general requirements for wireless technologies for automated control systems for intelligent buildings.

The Influence of Peltier Effect on the Exergy of Thermoelectric Cooler-Thermoelectric Generator System and Performance Improvement of System

The Influence of Peltier Effect on the Exergy of Thermoelectric Cooler-Thermoelectric Generator System and Performance Improvement of System

Design and analysis of a smart-attachment to jacket and helmet used by two-wheeler riders using Peltier-module

A two-wheeler ride without wearing a helmet is punishable offence in many countries and, it can be irritating to have it around your head owing to heat and sweat generated. People riding over long distances or in harsh-conditions, in addition to a helmet uses a jacket to prevent themselves from the weather. Controlling the temperature that a rider is exposed to is highly-essential for the safety, quality and the ability of the rider to enjoy rides. The smart-attachment to jackets and helmets is an equipment which is capable of imparting an enhanced riding experience by regulating the temperature around a rider’s head and body. The device makes use of the phenomenon of thermoelectric effect, i.e. the Peltier effect to control temperature around the head and the body. In this study a Peltier TEC1-12706 module is used in the design of the smart-attachment to helmets and jackets and the proposed system makes use of the ambient air for the heat transfer process. The ambient-air, when allowed to flow over the Peltier-module gets cooled and hence enables temperature regulation. The design and analysis of a mechanism to control temperature in helmets and jackets is proposed through this study and steady-state thermal analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis are performed on the proposed model making use of commercially available Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, namely ANSYS. The system developed through this study can be used as an attachment to existing helmets and jackets with minor modifications and is designed in such a way as to not interfere with crash-protection capability of the helmet/jacket and can be used under rainy conditions adding to the versatility of the product.

Exergoeconomic analysis of a Peltier effect air cooler using experimental data

It is still unreported how the economic factors of Peltier air cooler varies under different real working conditions (specially using experimental data). Exergoeconomic is a required analysis before the commercialization process of any engineering product. That is why economic feature of Peltier module as an air cooler is comprehensively studied in this research through an experimental investigation. Air/water mass flow rate, air/water inlet temperature and input power varies through a wide range to clarify their impacts on economic characteristics of the cooler. The results showed that, for any given air flow rate, the cost of cooling is maximized and then decreased in a critical extremum input power. Besides, before the mentioned extremum point, lower air flow rate obtains lower cooling cost while after the peak point, the sequence is different. In addition, warmer air inlet temperature continuously reduces the cooling cost when the input power in low. However, when the input power is high, warmer air inlet temperature first increases and then decreases the air cooling cost. The water inlet temperature does not need to be colder than the air inlet temperature as the cooling cost is increased under this condition. For a large-scale real cooler with a given total input power, it is recommended to employ more number of modules to reduce the allocated power for any individual module which means higher COP and lower cooling cost. However, the overall size/weight of the cooler remains still a limiter factor that should be considered based on the application of the cooler.

Design of Environmentally Friendly Air Conditioning System Based on Thermo Electric Peltier Tec1-12706

Environmentally friendly problems have been widely studied in scientific journals, one of which is the use of gases that can damage the environment in a variety of cooling devices such as refrigerators and air conditioners (AC). In the past two decades, most of the refrigeration engines were still using Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC) gas, which had been researched in fact could damage the ozone layer. One alternative is to use freon gas to replace CFC gas as a component of air conditioning. Until now, CFC gas has been completely replaced by freon gas in the use of household appliances. But the use of this gas still has a bad side, especially for humans, when it inhaled in a certain amount can cause death. Therefore, in this study an air conditioning device with a main component was designed using thermoelectric TEC1-12706 which utilizes the Peltier effect in producing cold temperatures. This device is able to cooling a room with dimension 12 m2 in the interval of time 120 minutes to a temperature of 28.1 °C.

Design and application of a cooling device based on peltier effect coupled with electrohydrodynamics

Miniaturization has become the development trend of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which results in a significant increase in heat flux production and operating temperature. The accumulated heat should be dissipated effectively to ensure that the chip can work properly. The conventional cooling techniques have now reached their limits in heat removal rates. A new cooling device coupled thermoelectric cooling (TEC) with corona wind cooling (CWC) was proposed and optimized experimentally based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy generation minimization. The results indicate that a better cooling effect and a high coefficient of performance value is obtained by turning on the TEC near the heat source firstly and adjusting the CWC power at the hot side. Increasing the input power of TEC and keeping the total cooling power unchanged, another 4.7% improvement is obtained with the highest heating power of 14 W. The target temperature can be maintained at an acceptable level (＜80 °C) if the TEC and CWC are well coupled. However, the coupling effect between TEC and CWC will be worse when the input power is large. A higher output luminous flux will be obtained when the LED chip works in the constant current mode due to the good coupling between CWC and TEC. The luminescence intensity and chromaticity properties are improved significantly. The principal component analysis (PCA) also indicates excellent comprehensive performance. The results verify the feasibility of a novel cooling device coupled TEC with CWC in cooling high heat flux electronics.

Thermoelectric cooling materials.

Solid-state thermoelectric devices can directly convert electricity into cooling or enable heat pumping through the Peltier effect. The commercialization of thermoelectric cooling technology has been built on the Bi2Te3 alloys, which have had no rival for the past six decades around room temperature. With the discovery and development of more promising materials, it is possible to reshape thermoelectric cooling technology. Here we review the current status of, and future outlook for, thermoelectric cooling materials.

High-Performance Thermionic Cooling Devices Based on Tilted-Barrier Semiconductor Heterostructures

Refrigeration at the nanoscale is crucial to overcoming the detrimental self-heating that arises in ultraminiaturized (opto)electronics. To date, most technologies for such cooling have been based on the thermoelectric Peltier effect, the efficiency of which may be limited due to the Joule effect. Therefore, this study considers an approach based on nonequilibrium thermionic emission to reach higher cooling efficiencies. The authors propose a semiconductor heterostructure with a tilted potential barrier and show, based on quantum simulations, that it significantly increases refrigeration performance.

Performance evaluation of novel solar-powered domestic air cooler with Peltier modules

Shifting of air conditioning and ventilation plants from conventional to renewable energy systems is one of the effective ways to save energy and attain sustainability. In this experimental study, an effort has been made to design, fabricate, and evaluate the cooling performance of a solar-powered domestic air cooler with Peltier plates to meet the comfort criteria as per ASHRAE standards. It also investigates the effect of Peltier modules on the performance of conventional room air cooler. The experiments were conducted in a 12×12 room with one, two, three, and four Peltier modules operating at various ambient temperatures. The experiments were repeated three times at specified conditions. Peltier effect was used to decrease water temperature, and subsequently cooled water was used to decrease the temperature of the air after coming in contact with this water. The cooled air was then used to create a comfort zone. The results indicated a decrease in temperature of the experimental zone by 5 %, 13 %, 19 %, and 23 % using one, two, three, and four Peltier modules respectively. The increase in relative humidity was recorded as 5 % at 27 °C temperature of the experimental zone. The results of energy analysis showed a substantial amount of energy savings in this study and suggest that more than 200 MW energy can be saved by replacing conventional electric air coolers all over the country with proposed Peltier based domestic solar powered air cooler.

3D spacer fabrics for thermoelectric textile cooling and energy generation based on aluminum doped zinc oxide

It is demonstrated that spacer fabrics made of polyester can be coated with Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as thermoelectric (TE) material and conductive silver as contact material to enable smart textiles. An atomic layer deposition process was used for the AZO coating and the conductive silver paste was manually applied. A TE generator and cooling based on the Seebeck and Peltier effect can be observed if a temperature difference or direct current is applied, respectively. Both effects were proven to exist and evaluated. The Seebeck coefficient was determined of up to 50 µV · K−1 and a TE power of about 0.2 µW was generated. Without additional active heat dissipation or cooling, a temperature difference between both spacer fabric surfaces of up to 12 K was achieved. By changing the polarity of the electrical contacts it can significantly be shown that the cold-warm side is changed, as expected for a Peltier element. We observed experimentally the Peltier effect using a single element as well as electrically interconnected sample pairs, the latter could be important for the cooling application. Additionally, the heat transport through the spacer fabrics was tested and showed that there is no heat equalization between the surfaces via air and filaments at temperatures up to 50 °C. The Peltier effect as a fundamental TE effect, that enables site-specific and on-demand cooling applications, has not yet been comprehensively investigated using spacer fabrics and AZO as TE material. These investigations predict that AZO on spacer fabrics hold the special potential to enable flexible and textile solid-state cooling applications.

Thermal to electrical closed-loop thermoelectric generator with compact heat sink modules

In this study, a novel compact heat sink module with water as the working fluid in a closed-loop thermal (Peltier effect) to electrical (Seebeck effect) thermoelectric generator (TEG) is presented. The heat sink thermoelectric generator consists of an input system (TEC) that produces a hot and cold liquid and an output system (TEG) that generates output voltage using the thermoelectric model TEC1-12710. The liquid flow rate of the hot side and the cold side ranges from 0.011–0.049 kg/s, and input voltages of 5 V and 7 V are studied. The number of thermoelectric plates in TEC systems with 2TECs and 3TECs, and in a TEG system with 9TEGs are considered. The results demonstrate that an increase in heat transfer in the hot and cold sides results in increased temperature differences in the liquid, which increases the output power. The experiment indicates that a maximum temperature difference of 14.714°C was obtained in the liquid between the hot and cold sides in the TEC system (input system), resulting in a generated output voltage of 5.44 V from the TEG system (output system). Besides, the optimum mass flow rate of the liquid in the hot and cold sides was 0.034 kg/s and 0.016 kg/s for an input voltage of 5 V, and 0.017 kg/s and 0.011 kg/s for an input voltage of 7 V, respectively, producing the maximum temperature difference and total output power. To increase the heating and cooling capacity by obtaining a greater temperature difference, the number of thermoelectric plates and the input voltage of the TEC system should be considered.

Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters: A Review of Recent Developments in Materials and Devices for Different Potential Applications.

The thermoelectric effect encompasses three different effects, i.e. Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect, which are considered as thermally activated materials that alter directions in smart materials. It is currently considered one of the most challenging green energy harvesting mechanisms among researchers. The ability to utilize waste thermal energy that is generated by different applications promotes the use of thermoelectric harvesters across a wide range of applications. This review illustrates the different attempts to fabricate efficient, robust and sustainable thermoelectric harvesters, considering the material selection, characterization, device fabrication and potential applications. Thermoelectric harvesters with a wide range of output power generated reaching the milliwatt range have been considered in this work, with a special focus on the main advantages and disadvantages in these devices. Additionally, this review presents various studies reported in the literature on the design and fabrication of thermoelectric harvesters and highlights their potential applications. In order to increase the efficiency of equipment and processes, the generation of thermoelectricity via thermoelectric materials is achieved through the harvesting of residual energy. The review discusses the main challenges in the fabrication process associated with thermoelectric harvester implementation, as well as the considerable advantages of the proposed devices. The use of thermoelectric harvesters in a wide range of applications where waste thermal energy is used and the impact of the thermoelectric harvesters is also highlighted in this review.

Ultra‐High Thermoelectric Performance in Bulk BiSbTe/Amorphous Boron Composites with Nano‐Defect Architectures

AbstractBased on the Seebeck and Peltier effects, state‐of‐the‐art bismuth telluride‐based thermoelectric materials, which are capable of direct and reversible conversion of thermal to electrical energy, have great potential in energy harvesting and solid‐state refrigerators. However, their widespread use is limited by their low conversion efficiency, which is determined by the dimensionless figure‐of‐merit (ZT). Significant enhancement of ZT is a great challenge owing to the common interdependence of electrical and thermal conductivity. Here, it is demonstrated that by incorporating nanoamorphous boron into the p‐type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3, a record high ZT of 1.6 at 375 K is achieved. It is shown that a high density of nanostructures and dislocations due to the incorporation of the boron inclusions, leads to a significant reduction of thermal conductivity and improved charge transport. The findings represent an important step to further promote the development of thermoelectric technology and its widespread application in solid‐state refrigeration and power generation from waste heat.

Thickness dependence of spin Peltier effect visualized by thermal imaging technique

Magnon propagation length in a ferrimagnetic insulator yttrium iron garnet (YIG) has been investigated by measuring and analyzing the YIG-thickness tYIG dependence of the spin Peltier effect (SPE) in a Pt/YIG junction system. By means of the lock-in thermography technique, we measured the spatial distribution of the SPE-induced temperature modulation in the Pt/YIG system with the tYIG gradation, allowing us to obtain the accurate tYIG dependence of SPE with high tYIG resolution. Based on the tYIG dependence of SPE, we verified the applicability of several phenomenological models to estimate the magnon diffusion length in YIG.

Heat Dissipation Enhancement of Phosphor-Converted White Laser Diodes by Thermally Self-Managing Phosphor-in-Glass

Laser-driven white lighting has been considered as a next-generation high-brightness white lighting source. Thermally stable color converter is an essential down-conversion material for phosphor-converted white laser diodes (pc-wLDs), which inevitably endures high-density laser excitation and huge heat shock from conversion loss. In this work, we proposed a thermally self-managing phosphor-in-glass (PiG) converter to enhance the heat dissipation of reflective pc-wLDs. The PiG converter was prepared by printing and sintering a phosphor glass film on the cold side of thermoelectric cooler (TEC). By controlling the input current of TEC, the heat generated from phosphors under high-power laser excitation was effectively and initiatively dissipated into the ambient environment due to the Peltier effect of TE materials. As the laser power (LP) increases from 0.73 to 5.6 W, the working temperature of PiG film slowly increases from 2.3°C to 6.1°C. The maximum temperature of PiG film is reduced by 61.1 °(~91%) at the LP of 5.6 W. Furthermore, the PiG-TEC-based pc-wLD achieves a cool white light and stable light quality under various LPs. At the LP of 4.5 W, the correlated color temperature (CCT) of pc-wLD is 6449 K, and the chromaticity coordinate of pc-wLD is (0.3139, 0.3274). The results indicate that the proposed PiG-TEC converter enhances the thermal performance of high-brightness laser-driven white lighting.

Thin-film contact systems for thermocouples operating in a wide temperature range

For thermoelements operating on the Peltier and Seebeck effects, including multisection ones used at temperatures up to 900 K, the physicochemical principles of creating effective thin-film multilayer contact systems obtained by magnetron ion-plasma sputtering have been developed. The formation of contact systems was carried out on thermoelectric materials based on: Bi2Te3; Sb2Te3; PbTe; GeTe with the increased thermoelectric figure of merit.A structure of contact systems consisting of contact layers providing ohmic contact, adhesion, barrier and interconnection properties of contact systems is proposed and justified. The selection criteria for materials of contact layers are substantiated. For multisection thermoelements operating on the Seebeck effect at temperatures above 500 K, the necessity of introducing diffusion-barrier layers into the structure of contact systems providing reliability and invariability of the properties of contact systems is substantiated. Based on the physicochemical analysis, the thermodynamic and kinetic factors of the stability and degradation of diffusion-barrier layers are determined. The influence of methods for preparing the surface of thermoelectric materials on the adhesion, contact resistance, and thermal stability of contact systems is established. Using Auger electron spectroscopy, the analysis of the causes of thermal stability and degradation of contact systems was carried out. The deposition modes were determined. The effective contact systems were obtained and investigated. The respective systems are based on: Ni; Mo/Ni and Ni/(Ta–W–N)/Ni having the adhesive strength of more than 12 MPa; the contact resistance not exceeding 10−9 Ω m2 and thermal stability at temperatures up to 900 K.

A Flexible and Infrared-Transparent Bi2Te3-Carbon Nanotube Thermoelectric Hybrid for both Active and Passive Cooling

On-demand thermal management based on the Peltier effect of thermoelectric (TE) materials has attracted great attention due to its unique advantages of a simple structure, no moving parts, quietnes...

Arduino Controlled Cooling Smart Footwear

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a smart footwear using peltier module. It is developed such a way that it works in various difficult weather conditions. This system works on the principle of peltier effect, which is a reciprocal of seebeck effect. This system is designed to maintain a comfortable temperature inside the footwear. This footwear may help the workers in thermal power plants, cement industries, people working in the hot weather conditions. The peltier cell consists of two surfaces of cold and hot which moves electrons between the surfaces by reversing the direction of the current. Inside the peltier’s module, a P-N junction diode like structure, made of two different metals having a high difference of electron density. The higher density diffused component in cold and hot junctions improves the performance of peltier cell.

A review on thermoelectric cooling technology and its applications

Controlling devices thermally is an important issue to increase the span of any equipment that converts energy and nowadays available latest automation like LED, computer processers and electric battery. Thermoelectric Cooling Technology (TCT) is best option because it has high reliability and also its usage of energy is low for the cooling of devices, which are working on the basis of Peltier effect. TCT have features such as it is not big in size, very light in weight. Also it has no mechanical moving part which results in no or less noise, eco friendly and it does not has any working fluid. This paper presents a comprehensive review of TCT to understand the state of art in the cooling techniques and its applications on heat pipe cooling, sensible air cool warm fan and solar still productivity enhancements. The challenges and opportunities for future research are also highlighted.