Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart Research Articles

Converting LEA to Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity score in neuro-ophthalmology patients.

The Pelli-Robson and LEA contrast sensitivity charts are commonly used in clinical settings to measure contrast sensitivity. Although the Pelli-Robson chart is considered the gold standard, it is limited by its bulky size. The LEA chart, on the contrary, offers a more practical and portable option that is still reliable. This has led to questions about whether we can predict Pelli-Robson scores based on LEA scores. This study developed a conversion method to help transition from the LEA chart to the Pelli-Robson chart and validate the conversion score. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the relationship between LEA and the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test. Our study examined a total of 120 eyes. We developed a conversion table through the equipercentile equating method. Subsequently, we assessed the reliability and accuracy of this algorithm for converting LEA results into Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity scores. The study used a conversion table to convert LEA scores to Pelli-Robson scores. The conversion table achieved a reliability of 0.91 based on intraclass correlation, and the algorithm had an accuracy of 81.6% within a 1-point difference from the raw score. This study reported a reliable and comparable conversion algorithm for transforming LEA scores into converted estimated Pelli-Robson scores, thereby improving the usefulness of existing data in both clinical and research contexts.

Comparative Validity of LEA Contrast Sensitivity Chart to Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart in Neuroophthalmology Patients

Abstract
 Introduction & Objectives : The Pelli-Robson and LEA contrast sensitivity chart are widely used to measure clinical contrast sensitivity. The Pelli-Robson is a gold standard with the limitation of its bulky size. The LEA contrast sensitivity chart offers a reliable test in a way more practical and portable chart. This condition led to a question of whether we can predict Pelli-Robson score based on the LEA score. This study developed a conversion method to facilitate the transition from the LEA to the Pelli-Robson and validating the conversion score.
 Methods : This study retrospectively examined the relationship between LEA and Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test. There were 120 eyes included in this study. We produced a conversion table using the equipercentile equating method. Then, we evaluated the reliability and accuracy of this algorithm to convert the LEA to the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity score.
 Results : LEA scores were converted to Pelli-Robson scores according to a conversion table that achieved a reliability of 0.91 based on intraclass correlation. The accuracy of this algorithm was 81.6% within 1 point difference from the raw score.
 Conclusion : This study reported a reliable and comparable conversion algorithm for transforming LEA scores into converted estimated Pelli-Robson scores. This method will enhance the utility of existing data in clinical and research settings.

Comparative Validity of LEA Contrast Sensitivity Chart to Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart in Neuroophthalmology Patients

Abstract
 Introduction & Objectives : The Pelli-Robson and LEA contrast sensitivity chart are widely used to measure clinical contrast sensitivity. The Pelli-Robson is a gold standard with the limitation of its bulky size. The LEA contrast sensitivity chart offers a reliable test in a way more practical and portable chart. This condition led to a question of whether we can predict Pelli-Robson score based on the LEA score. This study developed a conversion method to facilitate the transition from the LEA to the Pelli-Robson and validating the conversion score.
 Methods : This study retrospectively examined the relationship between LEA and Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Test. There were 120 eyes included in this study. We produced a conversion table using the equipercentile equating method. Then, we evaluated the reliability and accuracy of this algorithm to convert the LEA to the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity score.
 Results : LEA scores were converted to Pelli-Robson scores according to a conversion table that achieved a reliability of 0.91 based on intraclass correlation. The accuracy of this algorithm was 81.6% within 1 point difference from the raw score.
 Conclusion : This study reported a reliable and comparable conversion algorithm for transforming LEA scores into converted estimated Pelli-Robson scores. This method will enhance the utility of existing data in clinical and research settings.

COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF LEA CONTRAST SENSITIVITY CHART TO PELLI-ROBSON CONTRAST SENSITIVITY CHART IN NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY PATIENTS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVEThe Pelli-Robson and LEA contrast sensitivity chart are widely used to measure clinical contrastsensitivity. The Pelli-Robson is a gold standard with the limitation of its bulky size. The LEAcontrast sensitivity chart offers a reliable test in a way more practical and portable chart. Thiscondition led to a question of whether we can predict Pelli-Robson score based on the LEA score.This study developed a conversion method to facilitate the transition from the LEA to the PelliRobson and validating the conversion score.
 METHODSThis study retrospectively examined the relationship between LEA and Pelli-Robson ContrastSensitivity Test. There were 120 eyes included in this study. We produced a conversion tableusing the equipercentile equating method. Then, we evaluated the reliability and accuracy of thisalgorithm to convert the LEA to the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity score.
 RESULTSLEA scores were converted to Pelli-Robson scores according to a conversion table that achieveda reliability of 0.91 based on intraclass correlation. The accuracy of this algorithm was 81.6%within 1 point difference from the raw score.
 CONCLUSIONSThis study reported a reliable and comparable conversion algorithm for transforming LEA scoresinto converted estimated Pelli-Robson scores. This method will enhance the utility of existing datain clinical and research settings.

Remote Monitoring of Visual Function in Patients with Maculopathy: The Aphelion Study.

Remote monitoring of vision, using tools such as the shape discrimination hyperacuity (SDH) test, can detect disease activity in patients with maculopathy. We determined the in-clinic accuracy and repeatability of three myVisionTrack expanded version (mVTx) tests for self-testing of visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity. Aphelion, a single-arm, prospective study conducted at two sites in the USA, included adults with any maculopathy and a baseline VA of 0.7 log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (Snellen 20/100) or better. Participants completed the mVTx tests (tumblingE, LandoltC, contrast sensitivity, and SDH) and standard clinical tests (near and distance Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] charts and the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart). Test-retest repeatability and agreement between the mVTx tests and the corresponding clinical test were assessed by Bland-Altman analyses. Participants also completed a usability survey. The mean age of the 122 participants was 67years. The most common diagnosis was age-related macular degeneration (42% of patients). The tumblingE test had a test-retest 95% limit of agreement (LoA) of ± 0.18logMAR; the LandoltC test, ± 0.23logMAR; the SDH test, ± 0.24logMAR; and the contrast sensitivity test, ± 0.32 log contrast threshold (logCT). Compared with the distance ETDRS chart, the LoA was ± 0.35logMAR for the tumblingE test (mean difference, - 0.07logMAR) and ± 0.39logMAR for the LandoltC test (mean difference, 0.03logMAR). For the contrast sensitivity test, the LoA compared with the Pelli-Robson chart was ± 0.30 logCT (mean difference, - 0.25logCT). Most participants (85%) reported that they learned the tests quickly. The tumblingE test scored the highest on ease of use. The mVTx tests of VA are accurate and repeatable, supporting their potential use alongside the SDH test to detect disease progression remotely between clinic visits.

Comparison of Contrast Sensitivity and Central Corneal Thickness in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Suspects and Visually Normal Participants

Introduction: Glaucoma causes a reduction of contrast sensitivity (CS) while thinner central corneal thickness is (CCT) associated with the risk of glaucoma. Thus, in glaucoma suspect patients, CS and CCT measurements may better evaluate and monitor the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare CS and CCT between a Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) suspect group and a normal group of similar age. Methods: CS was measured with the Pelli-Robson CS chart, while CCT was measured with a hand-held pachymeter. In total, 115 glaucoma suspects and 102 normal participants were included. Results: There was a significant effect of the clinical condition on CS [F(1,209)=5.409, p=0.02]. The effect of age on CS was also significant [F(3,209)=20.419, p<0.001]. The interaction between age and clinical condition was not statistically significant [F(3,209)=0.815, p=0.49]. CS of POAG suspects was significantly lower than that of the normal group for the younger age groups (40 to 59 years old) but not for the older age groups (50 to 80 years old). There was no significant effect of clinical condition on CCT [F(3,209)=0.754, p=0.39]. However, there was a significant effect of age on CCT [F(3,209)=3.789, p=0.01]. Conclusion: Contrast sensitivity measurement is potentially useful to be integrated with routine investigations for POAG suspect patients, especially those who are younger than 60 years old. Measurements of central corneal thickness alone may not be able to differentiate between POAG suspects and visually normal individuals.

Effect of Cataract Extraction with Intraocular Lens Implant on Contrast Sensitivity, Colour Vision and Photostress Recovery Time

A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that can lead to a reduction in vision and visual functions. This study was a clinical study aimed at determining the effect of cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implant on contrast sensitivity, color vision and photostress recovery time. A total of 70 patients who visited Ajeromi General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria were used for the study. Contrast sensitivity was assessed using the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart. The colour vision of the subjects was assessed using Ishihara Pseudochromatic colour vision chart and the photostress recovery time was assessed using a bright ophthalmoscope light. Results showed that the mean contrast sensitivity of the subjects before cataract extraction with IOL implant was 1.04±0.08. After cataract extraction, the mean was 2.19±0.07. The mean colour vision test value before cataract extraction with IOL implant was 14.41±0.53. After cataract extraction, the mean was 16.00±0.00. The mean Photostress Recovery Time before cataract extraction with IOL implant was 55.77±1.81 seconds. After cataract extraction, the mean was 29.11±0.83 seconds. SPSS data analysis with the Paired sample T-Test at 0.05 level of significance showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) in contrast sensitivity, color vision and photostress recovery time before and after cataract extraction with IOL implant. It was recommended that all patients with monocular and bilateral cataract be referred for cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implant. Keywords: Cataract, Intraocular lens, Contrast sensitivity, Color vision, Photostress recovery time

Contrast Sensitivity Measurement Tests and Methods

Contrast is a measure of the amount of lightness or darkness an object has in relationship to its background. Usually, it is described as Contrast Sensitivity (CS), which actually is the inverse of the contrast threshold. More often than not, stimulus set includes grating patterns of various sizes that are presented in a stationary manner or are dynamically presented by reversing the contrast at different rates.
 A variety of tests were developed, in order to asses and evaluate contrast sensitivity, in many different ways. A classical method, to check for contrast sensitivity, is the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart.
 The Bailey-Lovie contrast sensitivity chart is another letter chart that deals with differences in the number of letters read on the high and low contrast charts, with a main drawback, the necessity to follow the size of the letters.
 The Functional Acuity Contrast Test is designed to identify vision loss from a variety of disorders, many of which are not detected by high or low contrast Snellen Acuity tests. The MARS Letter Contrast Sensitivity Test shows good agreement with the Pelli-Robson test and possibly it may be the alternative to the Pelli-Robson chart, in clinical practice and research.

A Unified Rule for Binocular Contrast Summation Applies to Normal Vision and Common Eye Diseases.

PurposeBinocular summation refers to better visual performance with two eyes than with one eye. Little is known about the mechanism underlying binocular contrast summation in patients with common eye diseases who often exhibit binocularly asymmetric vision loss and structural changes along the visual pathway. Here we asked whether the mechanism of binocular contrast summation remains preserved in eye disease.MethodsThis study included 1035 subjects with normal ocular health, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa. Monocular and binocular contrast sensitivity were measured by the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart. Interocular ratio (IOR) was quantified as the ratio between the poorer and better eye contrast sensitivity. Binocular summation ratio (BSR) was quantified as the ratio between binocular and better eye contrast sensitivity.ResultsAll groups showed statistically significant binocular summation, with the BSR ranging from 1.25 [1.20, 1.30] in the glaucoma group to 1.31 [1.27, 1.36] in the normal vision group. There was no significant group difference in the BSR, after accounting for IOR. By fitting a binocular summation model Binocular = (Leftm + Rightm)1/m to the contrast sensitivity data, we found that the same binocular summation rule, reflected by the parameter m, applies across the five groups.ConclusionsCortical binocular contrast summation appears to be preserved in spite of eye diseases that can affect the two eyes differently. This finding supports the importance of assessing both monocular and binocular functions, rather than relying on a monocular assessment in the better eye as a potentially inaccurate surrogate measure.

Association of optical cataract indices with cataract severity and visual function.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between subjective and optical measurements used during cataract evaluation, including the iTrace Dysfunctional Lens Index (DLI), the HD Analyzer Objective Scatter Index (OSI), Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III), Visual Function-14 Questionnaire (VF-14), and the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart (PRCSC). Seventy eyes from 70 patients were enrolled, including all stages of age-related nuclear cataracts. The LOCS III-NO with a cutoff of 3.2 was chosen to divide the population into two groups. Eyes with corneal or retinal pathology were excluded. All patients were evaluated with the iTrace's DLI, HD Analyzer's OSI, LOCS III, VF-14, and the PRCSC during each follow-up visit. Correlation analyses were performed using Stata software, version 14.0, StataCorp. The LOCS III-NO, DLI, OSI, and VF-14 questionnaire each correlated moderately with the BCVA with a Spearman rho value of 0.37, - 0.45, 0.40, and- 0.35, respectively. The DLI correlated moderately with LOCS III-NO with a rho value of - 0.37 and with the VF-14 questionnaire with a rho value of 0.35. The OSI correlated with both the contrast sensitivity and DLI with a rho value of - 0.35 and - 0.55, respectively. The DLI correlated with cataract symptoms (measured by the VF-14 questionnaire) in addition to BCVA. The OSI correlated moderately with contrast sensitivity and BCVA. The highest correlation was between DLI and OSI.

Simulating Visibility and Reading Performance in Low Vision.

PurposeLow vision reduces text visibility and causes difficulties in reading. A valid low-vision simulation could be used to evaluate the accessibility of digital text for readers with low vision. We examined the validity of a digital simulation for replicating the text visibility and reading performance of low-vision individuals.MethodsLow-vision visibility was modeled with contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) with parameters to represent reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity. Digital filtering incorporating these CSFs were applied to digital versions of the Lighthouse Letter Acuity Chart and the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart. Reading performance (reading acuity, critical print size, and maximum reading speed) was assessed with filtered versions of the MNREAD reading acuity Chart. Thirty-six normally sighted young adults completed chart testing under normal and simulated low-vision conditions. Fifty-eight low-vision subjects (thirty with macular pathology and twenty-eight with non-macular pathology) and fifteen normally sighted older subjects completed chart testing with their habitual viewing. We hypothesized that the performance of the normally sighted young adults under simulated low-vision conditions would match the corresponding performance of actual low-vision subjects.ResultsWhen simulating low-vision conditions with visual acuity better than 1.50 logMAR (Snellen 20/630) and contrast sensitivity better than 0.15 log unit, the simulation adequately reduced the acuity and contrast sensitivity in normally sighted young subjects to the desired low-vision levels. When performing the MNREAD test with simulated low vision, the normally sighted young adults had faster maximum reading speed than both the Non-macular and Macular groups, by an average of 0.07 and 0.12 log word per minute, respectively. However, they adequately replicated the reading acuity as well as the critical print size, up to 2.00 logMAR of both low-vision groups.ConclusionA low-vision simulation based on clinical measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity can provide good estimates of reading performance and the accessibility of digital text for a broad range of low-vision conditions.

Visual field defects due to optic nerve drusen in Afro-Caribbean patients: A case series of 16 eyes

Optic Nerve Head Drusen (ONHD) are very rare among black patients but may cause more severe visual defects in these patients. The goal of our study was to describe the frequency of visual field defects secondary to OND in Afro-Caribbean patients and study the characteristics of their physical examination, color vision and contrast sensitivity. We carried out a prospective study at the Martinique university medical center on patients of African descent with ONHD diagnosed on fundus examination and B-scan ultrasonography. All patients received a complete neuro-ophthalmological examination. The primary study endpoint was the frequency of visual field defects. Secondary study endpoints were the results of ETDRS visual acuity, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart, and 15hue color vision test. Sixteen eyes of 10 patients from 11 to 68 years of age were included. Forteen eyes (87%) had exposed ONHD. Eleven eyes (69%) showed a visual field defect: 9 eyes (69%) had an enlarged blind spot, and 9 eyes (69%) had an arcuate scotoma. 3 eyes (19%) had loss of ETDRS visual acuity, and 12 eyes (75%) showed loss of Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity. Five eyes (31%) had an abnormal color vision test. This is one of the largest case series of ONHD in Black patients. The frequency of visual field defects was high but comparable to that of studies in other ethnic groups. Larger comparative studies are necessary to confirm these results.

EFFECT OF MRIDWEEKADI KASHAYA SEKA IN RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES ASSOCIATED WITH NON-PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY – A CLINICAL STUDY

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of acquired vision loss in middle-aged and elderly people globally. In modern science, other than the meticulous control of diabetes there is no proven non-invasive management for the prevention or cure of Diabetic retinopathy.
 In this study, mild to moderate Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) with retinal haemorrhages is considered as a Timira (symptomatically) and as Abhishyanda (considering etiopathogenesis) with Kapha-pitta predominance. Mridweekadi kashaya, predominantly Kapha Pitta samana, was selected for the study to be used as Seka. 
 Method: The study design was Interventional- pre and post evaluation without control, sample size fixed as 30 eyes. Mridweekadi kashaya was used as Seka for 21 days, twice daily. Fundus photographs were taken prior to commencement of Seka, on the 22nd day and then on 30th and 60th day after completion of the procedure. Change in extent of retinal hemorrhages were assessed as visualized in Fundus photographs and direct ophthalmoscopy. Change in visual acuity was assessed by LogMar Visual acuity chart and change in contrast sensitivity by Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart consecutively, prior to the treatment, on the 10th day, 22nd day and then on 30th and 60th day after completion of procedure. Statistical analysis was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Paired t test according to the variable.
 Result: Control in retinal haemorrhages associated with NPDR and improvement in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity.
 Conclusion: Mridweekadi kashaya seka is effective in controlling retinal haemorrhages associated with NPDR.

Actual Visual Acuity Demands in the Classroom

Purpose: To address the knowledge gap regarding the actual acuity requirements needed in typical kindergarten through grade 12 classrooms by determining an actual logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) and contrast sensitivity requirements in a sample of classrooms for kindergarten through grade 12 in New York City. Methods: Measurements of classroom dimensions with specific attention to viewing distances were made in public and private school classrooms, at various grade levels from kindergarten through grade 12, in New York City. The dimensions of typical text shown to students on classroom smartboards and whiteboards was measured and the mean and range of logMAR values were calculated for various seating locations within the classrooms. Contrast between text and background was estimated by comparing digital images of actual classroom text to Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity charts. Results: Fourteen classrooms in five schools were evaluated. Classroom dimensions varied from 8 × 10 feet to 23 × 23 feet. Mean logMAR values of lower case text on smartboards and whiteboards varied from 0.93 ± 0.29 (range: 0.83 to 1.32) in the center of the front row to 0.46 ± 0.21 (range: 0.10 to 0.79) in the center of the back row ( P < .001). Contrast was also variable, being highest for black markers on whiteboards (0.00) and lowest on smartboards (0.15 to 0.60). Neither logMAR nor contrast sensitivity values varied significantly by grade level or school ( P > .50 for both). Conclusions: The data reveal that logMAR demands and contrast vary substantially from classroom to classroom and within a classroom based on room dimensions and seating. Although generally supporting current acuity-based pediatric vision screening referral guidelines, the data also provide insight into the potential impact of reduced visual acuity and seating location on visual performance in the classroom. These findings suggest the need to develop logMAR and contrast standards that optimize visual content in classrooms while accommodating a wider range of visual capabilities. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2021;58(1):48–54.]

Effect of Yellow Filters and Corrective Lenses on Academic Performance of Primary School Children with Abnormal Contrast Sensitivity

Aim: This study compared the effect of yellow filters and corrective lenses on the academic performance of primary school children with abnormal contrast sensitivity.
 Study Design: The study employed quantitative study design involving the measurement of variables.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria, from February, 2019 to November, 2019.
 Methodology: The study included 34 children between 7-12 years old in private and public schools with abnormal contrast sensitivity comprising 7-9 year-olds (64.7%); 10-12 year-olds (35.3%); Males (52.9%) and Females (47.1%). Using basic optometric procedures and Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart, children with abnormal contrast sensitivity were identified for the study. Academic performance was assessed by comparing the previous midterm summative test result (pre-test) with the current midterm summative test result (post-test).
 Results: Paired sample t-Test showed no significant difference in academic performance of children using corrective lenses (p = .47), and those using corrective lenses with yellow filters (p = .94) respectively at 95% confidence interval. Also, children using corrective lenses compared with those using corrective lenses with yellow filters showed no significant difference (p =.57) in academic performance. Further, no significant age and gender variation in academic performance was identified (7-9 yrs: p =.38; 10-12 yrs: p =.79; Males: p=.38; Females: p =.79).
 Conclusion: Corrective lenses and Corrective lenses with yellow filters had no effect on academic performance of primary school children 7-12 years of age with abnormal contrast sensitivity.

Prospective study to evaluate the effectivity and acceptance of optical low vision AIDS

Prospective study to evaluate the effectivity and acceptance of optical low vision AIDS - IJCEO- Print ISSN No: - 2395-1443 Online ISSN No:- 2395-1451 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijceo.2019.102, Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology-Indian J Clin Exp Ophthalmol

Effects of Monocular Blur on Clinical Measurements of Stereopsis and Binocular Contrast Sensitivity

Visual conditions such as anisometropia, monovision and monocular undercorrection affect the combination of visual input from both eyes. This study investigated the effects of monocular blur, in binocularly normal participants, on stereoacuity and binocular contrast sensitivity. Fifteen young adults (age range between 19 and 23 years old) with normal visual acuity and binocular vision participated in this study. Stereopsis was measured using the TNO test with a series of positive spherical lenses placed before the dominant eye. The procedure was repeated using the Titmus Stereotest on five participants as a control experiment. Monocular and binocular contrast sensitivities were also measured using the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart. Blur was induced monocularly with a series of positive spherical lenses placed before the dominant eye and binocular contrast sensitivity was re-measured. Stereopsis scores decreased significantly when monocular blur was imposed. Across blur levels, absolute stereopsis scores measured with TNO test were worse than those measured with Titmus stereotest (all p < 0.05). However, the ratio of scores obtained without blur and under monocular blur appeared to be similar for both tests. Stereopsis without blur was between 6.82× to 8× better than that obtained with the highest level of imposed monocular blur. Binocular contrast sensitivity score decreased significantly with increasing level of monocular blur (p < 0.01). Binocular contrast sensitivity score without blur was 1.62× better than that obtained under binocular viewing with highest level of imposed blur. Stereopsis tests are more sensitive than measurements of binocular contrast sensitivity as an indicator of interocular acuity discrepancies which could occur in anisometropic or monovision patients. However, the choice of stereopsis test is crucial, as the TNO test appears to be more sensitive to monocular blur than the Titmus stereostest. DOI: http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2017-1501-03

Quantitative visual tests after poorly recovered optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis

BackgroundVisual dysfunction in MS can be quantified using a variety of tests. Many vision tests have not been formally evaluated among MS patients with existing visual dysfunction. ObjectiveEvaluate several versions of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity tests, measures of central and peripheral vision, retina structure, electrophysiologic function, and quality of life among MS patients with moderate/severe visual dysfunction. MethodsCross-sectional study of 46 patients with stable, incompletely recovered optic neuritis. Testing included Snellen eye charts, several Sloan low contrast charts, Pelli Robson (PR) contrast sensitivity charts, optical coherence tomography, visual fields, Farnsworth Munsell 100-hue test, visual evoked potentials (VEP), and visual function quality of life (VFQ-25) testing. Results98% of eyes could read two lines of the PR chart, while only 43% read the 2.5% contrast chart. Low contrast tests correlated strongly with each other and with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, visual fields, and color vision but not with VEPs. For patients with RNFL <75µm, VFQ-25 scores dropped by approximately 2 points for every 1µm decrease in RNFL. ConclusionAmong MS patients with visual impairment due to optic neuritis, PR contrast sensitivity could be utilized as a single chart. Visual quality of life was associated with RNFL thinning below 75µm.

Mesopic Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity and MP-1 microperimetry in healthy ageing and age-related macular degeneration.

To determine whether decreasing illumination of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity (CS) chart and MP-1 microperimeter to low mesopic conditions is more sensitive to vision changes occurring with healthy ageing and in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and whether these mesopic tests can differentiate visual function between healthy older participants with and without AMD risk genotypes. Retinal sensitivity was measured in 98 healthy participants (19-85years) and 21 AMD (AREDS Grade 2/3) patients (73.9±6.5years) using the Pelli-Robson CS chart and MP-1 microperimeter under low mesopic and standard illumination. The effect of ageing and AMD on retinal sensitivity was estimated using regression analysis. Healthy older participants (>50years; n=24) were genotyped for AMD risk genes CFH and/or ARMS2 and retinal sensitivity was compared between genotypes. With healthy ageing, photopic and mesopic Pelli-Robson CS showed a similar decline (-0.004 log CS/year). In AMD, photopic CS showed a similar decline to healthy ageing (-0.004 log CS/year) while mesopic CS was significantly reduced (-0.007 log CS/year). Both standard and low mesopic microperimetry showed a significant decline (-0.51 and -0.73% contrast/year) with healthy ageing and greater decline (-0.73 and -0.99% contrast/year) with AMD onset. Pelli-Robson CS and microperimetry sensitivity did not differ between AMD risk genotypes in healthy participants. Mesopic Pelli-Robson CS detects functional deficits before photopic CS in early and intermediate AMD that can be differentiated from ageing. This test can be easily administered in clinical practice and may provide a means for early detection of retinal dysfunction.

Subthreshold micropulse yellow laser treatment for nonresolving central serous chorioretinopathy.

PurposeTo report the efficacy and safety of micropulse 577 nm yellow laser in the treatment of nonresolving central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) cases.Patients and methodsThe study included 15 eyes with nonresolving CSC lasting more than 3 months. All the patients were subjected to complete ophthalmic examination, in addition to contrast sensitivity measurement, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. All eyes were subjected to 577 nm subthreshold micropulse laser treatment, using the IQ 577 device, and followed up after 4 weeks, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months. The outcome measures were change in best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, subretinal fluid height, and change in macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 36.4 years; eleven were males and four were females. Average duration of the leakage was 4.6 months. The mean best-corrected visual acuity measured 6 months after laser treatment was 0.85±0.097, in comparison to 0.67±0.097 before laser treatment (statistically significant [SS], P<0.05). The mean central macular thickness before laser was 389.6±46.4 µm, in comparison to 263.6±24 µm after 6 months (SS, P<0.05). The mean post-laser log contrast sensitivity measured using the Pelli–Robson contrast sensitivity chart was 1.73±0.14, while the initial log contrast sensitivity was 1.48±0.28 (SS, P<0.05).ConclusionSubthreshold micropulse laser treatment is an effective and safe treatment option for patients with nonresolving CSC.