Pelleting Conditions Research Articles

On the successful pelletization of a fragile mesoporous material and its mechanical stability mechanism

Mechanical stability is a crucial property for the industrial implementation of heterogeneous catalysts and adsorbents. Both particle size and shape need to be investigated for each application where, typically, a compromise between mass transfer and pressure drop needs to be understood. In this study, we investigate the mechanical stability of a fragile mesostructured cellular foam material, formed of 3D aluminosilicate struts and porous cages, that are connected through windows. Successful pelletization was found at ca. 20 MPa, where the structural and textural properties are either unaltered or minimally modified. This condition is satisfactory for the final application of the pelletized material, though a lower-limit pressure could still be optimized. The use of higher pelletization pressures was observed to increase disorder in the systems. The structure contracts, the cage's size decreases markedly leading to more disordered wormhole-like pores. The decrease in cage/pore size seems to compensate for the structural densification, resulting in relatively constant BET areas. The pore volume's decrease is in agreement with the smaller cage sizes and densification. The damage and the mechanism causing this damage differ from that observed in conventional mesoporous materials. Besides the successful pelletization conditions and identification of damage mechanism, it is also noteworthy to highlight that values for BET area can be misleading when assessing mechanical stability; at high pressures, the BET areas remain fairly constant despite significant changes in pore size and structure are observed.

Optimizing production conditions of innovative bio-pellets developed from flax straw

The increasing global demand for sustainable energy has prompted the utilization of agricultural residues as viable alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. This study specifically focuses on the utilization of flax straw, a substantial by-product in Canadian agriculture, to produce innovative biofuels through the process of pelletization. To enhance the quality of the pellets, lignin extracted from flax straw was introduced as a novel and natural pellet binder. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to analyze effect of various parameters, including flax straw particle size, binder (lignin) content, moisture levels, and pelletization conditions on quality of produced pellets. It was observed that at a compressive force of 4000 N and a die temperature of 95 °C, pellets made from larger flax straw particles (300–355 µm) exhibited a density of 1016 kg/m³ and a mechanical durability of 26.4 %. Subsequently, by reducing the particle size to 75–106 µm, a marked enhancement in both density (1072 kg/m³) and durability (86.1 %, a 2.3-fold increase) was achieved. The incorporation of 10 % lignin into medium-sized flax straw particles (150–212 µm) increased pellet durability by 18.6 % from 73.5 % to 87.2 %. Introducing an optimal moisture content of 14 % to the flax straw resulted in a notable increase in both density (from 1036 to 1154 kg/m³) and durability (from 73.5 % to 90.6 %, a 23.3 % increase). Compressive force and die temperature positively affected pellet quality. Elevating the temperature from 75 to 115 °C in pellets made from 150 to 212 µm flax straw, modified with 10 % lignin and 14 % moisture content, led to a significant improvement in both density (1179 kg/m³) and durability (96.6 %, a 11.9 % increase). Physiochemical characteristics of flax straw, lignin, and the resulting pellets were explored using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. These comprehensive investigations offer valuable insights for optimizing pellet materials and pelletization conditions and promoting the sustainable utilization of agricultural residues for bioenergy production.

Stimulating Mesoporous Characteristics of Activated Carbon through Pyrolysis of Compacted Hydroxyethyl Cellulose—A Showcase for H2S Removal

Stimulating Mesoporous Characteristics of Activated Carbon through Pyrolysis of Compacted Hydroxyethyl Cellulose—A Showcase for H2S Removal

Hydrogen storage and ignition properties of pelletized catalyzed magnesium

Catalyzed magnesium (MgH2+1mol%Nb2O5) can quickly absorb hydrogen even at room temperature, but there is a risk of ignition due to reaction with oxygen when handled in the atmosphere. In this study, we attempted to suppress ignition by pelletizing catalyzed magnesium powder. In addition, the effect of pelletizing conditions on the hydrogen storage properties of catalyzed magnesium was investigated. The pellets were formed at a forming pressure from 140 MPa to 1400 MPa. The higher the pelletizing pressure, the more the particles adhered to each other, and it was confirmed that an adhered layer of about 5 μm was formed on the pellet surface. This is thought to have reduced the pathway for gas molecules to penetrate from the pellet surface to the interior, resulting in a decrease in the hydrogen absorption rate and ignitability.

The effect of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) drying temperature and pelleting on in vitro fermentation characteristics using equine faecal inocula

This study was conducted to determine the effects of drying temperature and pelleting of the tanniniferous forage legume sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) on the in vitro fermentation characteristics by equine faecal inocula. The sainfoin used for the experiment was air dried on the land and oven dried at 30, 70 and 130 °C for 2.5 h. Part of the dried sainfoin samples was left as dried hay, another part was pelleted, resulting in 6 different samples. The hay and pellets were tested for particle size distribution and pellets were tested for their pellet quality in terms of hardness, durability and bulk density. The gas production technique was used to simulate fermentation and faecal samples of eight randomly selected horses were used to create four independent inocula mixtures that were examined in two subsequent gas production runs. Per inocula mixture, the hay and pellet samples were incubated in triplicate as is, or in combination with polyethylene glycol to inactivate the tannins. Cumulative gas production, a proxy for the organic matter (OM) fermentation, was measured for 72 h, whereafter fermentation fluids were sampled and analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and pH. The results of the pellet quality measurements showed that the particle sizes of the sainfoin particles in the pellets were decreased by a higher drying temperature or by the pelleting process, indicating a loss of fibre physical effectiveness, a factor that may be indicative for chewing activity and hence saliva production. The gas production results showed a significant (P < 0.05) effect of drying temperature and the addition of polyethylene glycol on the cumulative gas production, the VFA production and the percentage of branched chain VFA produced. Hay dried at 130 °C had a lower (P < 0.05) gas production compared to hay dried at 30 and 70 °C, which indicates a lower OM fermentability. The addition of polyethylene glycol increased the gas and total VFA production, which indicates that tannins in sainfoin decrease the production of gas and VFA in hay pellets compared to the hay product. The pelleting process had no effect on the fermentation characteristics, but pelleting conditions strongly decreased the level of the amino acid lysine and its reactivity. The results indicate the increase in drying temperature to cause a decrease in the OM hindgut fermentation and the total and reactive lysine contents of sainfoin. The positive effects of the tannins (a higher proportion of propionic acid relative to acetic acid and a lower protein fermentation) remain, despite of technological treatments.

Cross-linked phytase aggregates for improved phytate degradation at low pH in animal feed

Phytases are widely used food and feed enzymes to improve phosphate availability and reduce anti-nutritional factors. Despite the benefits, enzyme usage is restricted by the harsh conditions in a gastrointestinal tract (pH 2–6) and feed pelleting conditions at high temperatures (60–90 °C). The commercially available phytase Quantum® Blue has been immobilized as CLEAs using glutardialdehyde and soy protein resulting in a residual activity of 33%. The influence of the precipitating agent, precipitant concentration, cross-linker concentration and cross-linking time, sodium borohydride as well as the proteic feeders gluten, soy protein and bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been optimized. The best conditions were 90% (v/v) ethyl lactate as precipitating reagent, 100 mM glutardialdehyde and a soy protein concentration of 227 mg/L with a cross-linking time of 1 h. The intrinsically stable phytase remained its high thermal stability and temperature optimum. The phytase-CLEA achieved a 425% increase of residual activity under harsh acidic conditions between pH 2.2 and 3.5 compared to the free enzyme. The free and immobilized phytase were deployed in an in vitro assay simulating the acidic conditions in the gizzard of poultry at pH 2. The hydrolysis of phytate was monitored using a novel high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis and DAD scanner to study the InsPx fingerprint. All lower inositol phosphate pools (InsP1–InsP6) and free phosphate were separated and analyzed. The phytase-CLEA efficiently released 80% of the total phosphate within 180 min, whereas the free enzyme only released 6% in the same time under the same conditions.

Crystallographic characterization of U2CrN3: A neutron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy approach

In this study, neutron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been implemented to study the crystallographic structure of the ternary phase U2CrN3 from pellet to nano scale respectively. Recently microstructural evaluation of this ternary phase has been performed for the first time in pellet condition, overcoming the Cr evaporation issue during the conventional sintering process. In this work for the first time, the crystallographic structure of the ordered ternary U2CrN3 phase, stabilized in pellet condition, has been obtained by implementing neutron diffraction. For this study, pellets of the composite material UN with 20 vol% CrN were fabricated by powder metallurgy by mixing UN and CrN powders followed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). TEM was used to investigate the nanoscale structure with a thin lamella of the order of 100–140 nm produced by focused ion beam (FIB). The neutron data revealed the phase composition of the pellet to be primarily 54(8) wt.% U2CrN3, in good agreement with the stoichiometry of starting reagents (UN and CrN powder) and metallographic analysis. Neutron data analysis confirms that all the crystallographic sites in U2CrN3 phase are fully occupied reinforcing the fully stoichiometric composition of this phase, however, the position of the N at the 4i site was found to be closer to the Cr than previously thought. TEM and selected area electron diffraction rendered nano-level information and revealed the presence of nano domains along grain boundaries of UN and U2CrN3, indicating a formation mechanism of the ternary phase, where the phase likely nucleates as nano domains in UN grains from migration of Cr.

Analyzing the production, quality, and potential uses of solid recovered fuel from screening waste of municipal wastewater treatment plants

Over time, wastewater management evolves into a circular model, producing energy and moving towards zero waste. The usual screening waste treatment is the elimination, with no energy recovery processes. As an alternative, the production of solid recovered fuel (SRF) from screening has been studied, both non-densified and densified, in pellet form. The densification was developed, taking as variables the input moisture and size of the die, obtaining 20 different samples. The optimum pelletizing conditions are an input moisture content of 10% and dies with a compression ratio of 6/20, 6/24 and 8/32. SRF properties have been evaluated based on a quality proposal presented in this paper, which has been developed given the lack of uniformity in the existing SRF standards. The SRF produced complies with fuel quality requirements, such as lower calorific value, with values between 13.37 and 25.65 MJ/kg; Cl and Hg content, with maximums of 0.066% and 1.0 × 10−5 mg/MJ, respectively; and ash content, between 7.22% and 9.85%. Energy from waste plants could be the destination for all the SRF produced. Its use in cement plants and gasification processes, more restrictive than the previous one, would require manufacturing processes with adequate moisture levels and die size.

Effect of Organic Pellet Binders on Physic and Nutrient Quality as an Eco Feed Product

Environmentally friendly products are currently a concern for the community to consume. The increase in livestock products is also in line with the increasing need for feed. Some chemicals materials are used in producing feed have been prohibited from being used. Organic binder for pellet feed is one of the solutions to replace these non-organic materials. In this study, two dosages of molasses and bentonite as organic pellet binders were tested on the quality of pellet feed with factorial arrangement. The parameter was physic quality pellet such as hardness, durability, friction and density. Chemical component of pellet product such as dry matter, ash, protein, fat and fibre. Organic binder of 5% molasses and 5% bentonite were optimum to obtain better physical pellet condition. In addition, 5% of molasses binder resulted in highest pellet durability index (93.40%). As conclusion, molasses and bentonite are suggested as organic binders for producing good quality pellet feed.

Optimization of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) dehydrogenation system

In this paper, the perhydrodibenzyltoluene dehydrogenation flowsheet has been simulated. Modelling of the dehydrogenation reactor has been performed using the 1-D model. External and internal mass transfer resistances are also considered. Non-isothermal pellet condition has been considered for simulating the dehydrogenation reactor. The flowsheet simulation has been carried out in DW-Sim v 6.5.2 integrated with the reactor model coded in Python. NET. The dehydrogenation reactor is operated at a feed temperature between 523 K −613 K, a wall temperature of 623 K and 653 K, and a reactor pressure maintained at 1.2 atm. The amount of catalyst required for the perhydrodibenzyltoluene (PDBT) dehydrogenation reactor is evaluated such that the conversion reaches 99%. The process flowsheet has been simulated to produce 10 Nm3/hr of industrial-grade hydrogen. The effects of feed temperature, wall temperature, and hydrogen burner efficiency on various system requirements, including catalyst weight, energy supplied to the dehydrogenation reactor, areas of the heat exchanger, and hydrogen production from the reactor, have been discussed. Preliminary cost optimization based on the heat exchangers and catalyst at various feed temperatures, reactor wall temperature, and hydrogen burner efficiency has been carried out.

Product quality control as a tool of competitive recovery of Lebedinsky GOK

The product quality control takes a critical part in the production management. It ensures the competitive abilities of products and, thus, is an important method and an effective tool to reach the preset objectives and to rule a production process. The theoretic approach to handling problems connected with maximization of supplying metallurgy with primary products of higher quality is being amended. Improvements in the quality control processes have been achieved: first, owing to intensive development of the incoming control of inventories; second, thanks to successful accomplishment of R&amp;D programs; third, as a consequence of innovative equipment installation at chemical laboratories. Production control is effective given the hard and on-line information on the quality factors of a feedstock and the end products. To this effect, an emphasis is laid on introduction of automated sampling and automated analytical control (AAC). The product quality control implementation at all stages of production as well as the laboratory research aimed at the quality improvement is an effective tool of ensuring competitive ability of Lebedinsky GOK. The research of thermal treatment conditions of pellets in burning furnaces is a promising area of work for the Metallurgical Laboratory to adjust pelletizing process conditions. The quality control research strategy, modernization of equipment, as well as the advanced training and motivation of personnel ensure high quality of products and, eventually, competitive ability of Lebedinsky GOK in the global market.

Characterization of Mixed Pellets Made from Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Waste as Pellet Fuel

The objective of this study was to investigate the production and properties of mixed pellets made from rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste with no added binder. Three different conditions of mixed pellets were developed to compare their chemical and physical properties to rubberwood pellets. The produced samples were subjected to both ultimate and proximate analyses. The contents of C, H, N, S, and Cl significantly increased with the increasing amount of refuse-derived fuel in the samples, resulting in reduction of the volatile matter. The mechanical durability of the pellet samples ranged between an average value of 98 and 99%. Mixed pellets containing 50% of rubberwood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel have improved heating values by 22.21% compared to rubberwood pellets. Moreover, mixed pellets having 50% of wood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel had the highest density and the highest energy compared to the other samples. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that the manufactured mixed pellets have the potential to be used as high-energy fuel.

A multi-parameter optimization of the bio-pellet manufacturing process: Effect of different parameters and different feedstocks on pellet characteristics

Biomass pellet fuel is one of the important forms of biomass energy utilization. How to get high quality pellet fuel in the production process is a hot topic of discussion nowadays. Since the quality of biomass pellets is sensitive to the pelletizing conditions, the aim of this research is to investigate the complex relationship between pelletizing conditions, physical quality, and pelletizing energy consumption. In this study, Microalgae, apple tree wood chips, corn cobs and sunflower seed husks were selected for pelletizing in a single pelletization system, with several controlled operating parameters. Subsequently, pellet sample density, durability, and pelletizing energy consumption were tested. A response surface methodology (RSM) multi-objective optimization method was used to develop models for predicting and describing the physical properties of the pellets and the pelletizing energy consumption, and to optimize the operating parameters. The results showed that the optimization results of the four pellet RSM methods corresponded well with the values of the high-quality pellets produced (all ≤5%). Compared to other materials, microalgae can generate high density pellets at lower pressures and thus reduce energy consumption and cost. The microalgal pellet optimal preparation parameters were also obtained via RSM (temperature 108 °C, pressure 76.2 MPa and moisture content 11%). Under the optimal parameters, the pellet durability, density, and pelletizing energy consumption were 96.5%, 1658.4 kg/m3 and 9.19 kJ/kg, respectively. It is clear that raw materials such as microalgae are potential and valuable feedstocks for the production of biomass pellets.

Effect of pelleting on nutrients and energy digestibility in growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diet or diet containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), wheat middlings, and bakery meal

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting and diet type on the apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six pigs were cannulated at the ileum and were assigned to treatments following a crossover design. One diet was a control diet based on corn and soybean meal (CT). Part of it was replaced by corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), wheat middlings, and bakery meal in the second diet (ByP). Diets were in mash (CT-MH and ByP-MH) or pelleted (CT-PT and ByP-PT) form. Results showed that pelleting increased digestibility in all diets with a distinct effect on the CT diet (interaction diet × pelleting, P &lt; 0.05). Pelleting improved the AID of dry matter, crude protein, and energy by 17%, 27%, and 17% in the CT diet and by 10%, 9%, and 17% in the ByP diet (P &lt; 0.01). The AID of amino acids followed the effect observed on crude protein (P &lt; 0.01). Pelleting increased AID of total non-starch polysaccharides for the CT diet by 63% and 42% for the ByP diet (P &lt; 0.01). The pelleting conditions improved the degradability of the compounds in the diets during digestion in pigs.

Interventions to reduce porcine epidemic diarrhea virus prevalence in feed in a Chinese swine production system: Acase study.

Research has shown that feed and feed ingredients can be one of the potential routes of transmitting viral pathogens into swine farms. In this short communication, we report two cases of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) in two sow farms located in eastern China. Immediately after the outbreaks, extensive sampling and testing for genetic materials of PEDV was carried out on farms, and at the feed mill, in an effort to identify possible sources of infection based on field observations of local area viral spread and interventions already implemented to lower risk of this spread. Samples collected from personnel or supplies entering the farms were inspected and proved as low risk factors. In contrast, feed and feed ingredient samples collected at the on-farm feed bins, and at the feed mill, tested positive for PEDV RNA. Based on these data, multiple interventions to lower viral spread via feed were implemented including (1) simplification of diet formulation excluding high-risk ingredients, (2) extension of thermal treatment during pellet conditioning and (3) maximising feed quarantine on farm up to 7 days from feed delivery to consumption. Collectively, these interventions appeared to have a positive effect as the prevalence of PED-related disease and the number of PEDV-positive feed or feed ingredient samples decreased considerably following implementation.

The effect of raw material moisture and particle size on agri-pellet production parameters and physical properties: A case study for greenhouse melon residues

There are many agricultural residues that can be considered as biomass raw materials according to the region where it grows. Due to the physical and chemical diversity of agricultural residues, pelleting conditions and pellet properties need to be determined for effective use. Aim of this study is to determine the pelletizing conditions and pellet properties of melon stalks from greenhouse residues that can be biomass raw materials. In this study, the stalks obtained after harvest operations in greenhouse melon cultivation were milled with two different sieve hole diameters as 4 mm (M4) and 6 mm (M6). The ground material was pelleted at two moisture content, 10% (M4-10; M6-10) and 15% (M4-15; M6-15). During the pelletizing process, the highest pellet production capacity (103.86 kg/h) and the lowest specific energy consumption (73.92 kWh/ton) were obtained in M4-15 pellets. Regarding pellet physical properties, the effect of pelletizing moisture on pellet moisture content, bulk density, single pellet density and durability index were statistically significant, while particle size only affected the bulk density (p < 0.05). Pelletizing moisture caused a decrease in durability index and bulk density for both particle sizes. At the end of the study, it was observed that the melon stalk pellets met ENplus pellet standards in terms of pellet moisture, bulk density and durability. Although the pelletizing process is easy and efficient, the high ash content (20.73%) and low calorific value (11.92 MJ/kg) of melon stalks may prevent it from being used as solid fuel in domestic heating systems.

Mechanical Characteristics and Energy Consumption of Solid and Hollow Biomass Pellet Production Using a Statistical Analysis of Operating Parameters

Biomass pelletization technology overcame the poor utilization and handling properties of loose materials. The quality of pellets is sensitive to the pelletization conditions. In this work the impact of the operating parameters as pressure, temperature, and moisture content on the mechanical characteristics as the compression strength ( $${\sigma }_{max}$$ ) and durability ( $$Du$$ ) and energy consumption for both production ( $${E}_{c,p}$$ ) and ejection ( $${E}_{c,ej}$$ ) of rice straw (RS) pellets was studied. Furthermore, the synergic effect of these parameters on the pellet characteristics was evaluated at the optimum conditions. The operating parameters were optimized using a multi-objective optimization approach of Response Surface Method (RSM) based on the predicted significant models that describe the physical characteristics of the pellets. The optimization results showed that high quality pellets could be produced at a pressure of 68.4 MPa, temperature of 110.0 °C, and moisture of 8.2% for solid pellets and 63.6 MPa, 110.0 °C, and 8.7% for hollow pellets. Significant individual and interaction effects of all independent parameters on the pellets characteristics were investigated using statistical analysis results, main plot curves and 2D interaction contour plots. New significant empirical dimensionless relationships that correlate the characteristics of pellets were proposed. These relationships can be generalized for any type of pellets that produced under various operating conditions. Hollow pellets are recommended to be used in the industrial sector due to their enhanced heat transfer which resulted from the high surface to volume ratio besides their ease production at normal operating condition similar to that required for solid pellets.

Application of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct and quick determination of fuel property of woody biomass pellets

The feasibility of fuel property analysis of the biomass fuel by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated in a previous study. As a further move to apply this quick method to industrial application for direct monitoring of the woody biomass pellets quality, effects of four key parameters during the pelletizing process on the LIBS spectral data have been investigated before applying LIBS directly to the woody biomass pellet. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models were built to evaluate the performance of the LIBS fuel property analyses directly on the wood pellets supplied by different manufacturers, which were produced on different pellet mills, with different pelletization technologies and under various pelletizing conditions. The results showed satisfactory performance using LIBS technique for direct determination of the fuel property of wood pellets without further sample preparation. The coefficient of determination (R2) of calibration models were all above 0.98. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the gross calorific value (GCV), volatile matter (VM) and ash content (AC) were 0.09 MJ/kg, 0.52% and 0.15% respectively, while the average relative error (ARE) were 0.39%, 0.54% and 8.52% respectively, and the average standard deviation (ASD) were 0.14 MJ/kg, 0.52% and 0.18% respectively.

Effect of conditioning temperature and retention time on pellet quality, ileal digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens

Eight broiler chicken diets were produced by using 2 pellet conditioning temperatures (65 and 85°C) and 4 pellet retention times in the conditioner (3, 9, 14, and 20 s). The effect of dietary treatments on pellet physical quality (intact pellet percentage, pellet hardness, pellet durability index, and water activity), growth performance (0 to 21 and 0 to 42 d), apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of dry matter, crude protein and starch, and ileal digestible energy (IDE) was evaluated. 1,536 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments (8 replicates of 24 chickens each). On d 42, 2 chickens per replicate were randomly selected for ileal content collection to evaluate dietary CAID and IDE. The greater conditioning temperature (85°C) improved pellet percentage, durability, and hardness (P < 0.001), and promoted greater feed intake, but also increased feed conversion by 1.2% (0 to 42 d, P < 0.05). The retention time of 20 s enhanced both weight gain and feed conversion (P < 0.05). Multiple interactions were observed for digestibility traits (P < 0.001). At 65°C, CAID of dry matter, crude protein and starch, and IDE increased with longer retention times. However, all digestibility coefficients and IDE decreased when diet was conditioned at 85°C and retained for more than 9 s. In conclusion, conditioning at 85°C with longer retention times improved pellet physical quality, but reduced digestibility traits and growth performance of broiler chickens. However, conditioning at 65°C with retention times shorter than 14 s also had detrimental effects on ileal nutrient digestibility, digestible energy, and growth performance.

Binder-free torrefied biomass pellets: significance of torrefaction temperature and pelletization parameters by multivariate analysis

Torrefaction is a promising technology to improve fuel properties of biomass. However, torrefied char does not show densified energy content compared with coal and typically requires densification such as pelletization. Several key parameters including pelletization and torrefaction conditions were investigated in order to determine the effects on energy density of torrefied char pellets. In this study, multivariate analyses were performed using three independent variables, torrefaction temperature, pelletization temperature, and pelletization pressure; and five dependent variables: mass density, durability, volume expansion, higher heating value (HHV), and energy density (ED). The variation and correlation of the dependent variables were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, multivariate linear regression was performed to correlate independent variables and dependent variable responses using an adjusted sum of squares method and a two-sided, 90% confidence interval for the mean response; the model was fitted with statistically significant linear, quadratic, and interaction terms. The statistical analysis showed that all independent parameters are statistically significant for ED with the largest model variation from experimental data being 1.44%. Response curve of the regression analysis showed that mass density, HHV, and energy density model have the highest output predictability with higher R2 values of 95.3%, 98.1%, and 74.1%, respectively.