Pelitic Granulites Research Articles

Sapphirine + quartz assemblage from the Irumide Belt, northern Malawi: Implications for Mesoproterozoic ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism related to Rodinia assembly

The Irumide Belt sensu lato situated between the Bangweulu Block to the northwest and the Neoproterozoic Mozambique–Zambezi Belt to the southeast is a Mesoproterozoic orogenic belt that developed probably during the amalgamation of the supercontinent Rodinia. In this study, we present new petrological, geothermobarometric, and geochronological data of pelitic granulites and related rocks from the Jenda area in northern Malawi, and evaluate the timing and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of high-grade metamorphism. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report the occurrence of sapphirine + quartz association in pelitic granulite from the Irumide Belt sl. which provides a robust evidence of peak ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism. The sapphirine occurs as poikiloblastic grains with rounded quartz inclusions in the absence of any retrograde minerals. The mineral phase equilibrium modeling constrains the peak UHT conditions of the pelitic granulites as 950–1000 °C and 7–8.5 kbar for sapphirine-bearing and ∼6 kbar and > 950 °C for sapphirine-free samples. These conditions are consistent with the results of ternary-feldspar geothermometry (900–1000 °C at 8 kbar). From the stability of rutile, we estimate a prograde pressure of >9 kbar, and the occurrence of retrograde cordierite and biotite suggests that the rocks went through P–T conditions of ∼6–7 kbar/∼775–825 °C, indicating a clockwise P–T path and defining high-pressure and UHT conditions. In-situ monazite Th–U–Pbtotal geochronology of the sapphirine-bearing rock yielded a weighted-mean age of 1022 ± 10 Ma which is considered to mark the timing of peak metamorphism. Sapphirine-free granulites also gave consistent ages of 1049 ± 13 Ma and 1048 ± 10 Ma, which are also comparable with published ages. We thus infer that the Irumide Belt sl. underwent regional high-pressure to UHT metamorphism at ca. 1.05 to 1.02 Ga possibly related to the main collisional event of the Bangweulu Block with an unknown craton or magmatic arc during the assembly of Rodinia supercontinent.

Paleoproterozoic ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the Helanshan Complex, North China Craton: New constraints from chloritized sapphirine-bearing pelitic granulites

Identifying ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism in granulite-facies metamorphic terrains and determining its pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths are crucial steps toward elucidating the anomalously hot geodynamic evolution process. This study presents the inaugural identification of chloritized sapphirine-bearing granulites in the Helanshan Complex, located in the western segment of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. Three stages of metamorphic evolution were identified based on petrographic analyses, mineral chemistry, and phase equilibrium modelling: the pre-Tmax stage involves the presence of rutile-stable phase assemblage, wherein rutile is partially substituted by ilmenite; the Tmax stage involves the assemblage of garnet + plagioclase + K-feldspar + sillimanite + spinel ± sapphirine + quartz + ilmenite + melt, as evidenced by microscale (<5 μm) blebs of variably chloritized sapphirine within spinel; and the retrograde cooling stage features the solidus assemblage of garnet + plagioclase + biotite + K-feldspar + sillimanite + cordierite + quartz + ilmenite + melt. Phase equilibrium modelling indicates Tmax conditions of 958–1055 °C and 6.4–7.8 kbar, suggesting UHT conditions accompanied by a high geothermal gradient of approximately 150 °C/kbar. Furthermore, a clockwise P-T trajectory was established, involving pre-Tmax decompression and post-Tmax near-isobaric cooling. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon and monazite U-Pb dating of UHT pelitic granulites produced ages clustering around 1.91 Ga, marking the era of UHT metamorphism within the Helanshan Complex. This discovery broadens the scope of UHT metamorphism and indicates that the entire Khondalite Belt experienced a regional UHT metamorphic event during 1.93–1.91 Ga, which was likely induced by an initial radiogenic heating synergy followed by an augmented mantle heat flux.

The Age of Granulite-Facies Metamorphism in the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (NW Italy) Determined Through In Situ U–Pb Dating of Garnet

Abstract Rates of melt production, extraction and crystallization, as well as scales of melt transfer and interaction with their residuum change continuously in migmatite and granulite, affecting the behavior of monazite and zircon as time capsules. Therefore, accessory mineral chronometers may be ambiguous and incomplete in providing an overview of the temperature–time evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks. In this study, we applied the novel technique of in situ U–Pb dating of garnet to the archetypal lower continental crust of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (IVZ), NW Italy. In the IVZ, the temporal relationship between granulite-facies metamorphism and mafic underplating has long been debated, because of the interplay between tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic and metasomatic processes over a period of more than a hundred million years. Garnet from mafic and pelitic granulites yielded U–Pb ages between 287.4 ± 4.9 Ma and 280.1 ± 12.4 Ma, overlapping within uncertainty the time proposed for the emplacement of the Mafic Complex (286–282 Ma). These results indicate that the thermal climax in granulitic rocks was caused by mafic underplating and concomitant asthenospheric upwelling, rather than being inherited from the post-Variscan Carboniferous evolution. Providing robust dating of garnet with as low as 4 ng/g U, this study demonstrates the strength of garnet petrochronology in resolving complex tectono-metamorphic histories of high-grade terranes. It also represents a further step forward towards establishing garnet as part of the in situ U–Pb geochronology repertoire.

Single‐Stage Synchronous India‐Asia Collision Model Revealed by Himalayan High‐Pressure Metamorphic Rocks

AbstractDespite a half‐century of intense research, the timing and diachroneity of initial collision between India and Asia remain highly debated, largely due to different definitions of “initial collision” and correspondingly different methods adopted. This study focuses on high‐pressure pelitic granulites of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) to elucidate their metamorphic evolution and provide new constraints on the timing of initial India‐Asia collision. Petrological examination and phase equilibria modeling show that high‐pressure pelitic granulites have undergone four metamorphic stages, with the peak assemblage of garnet + K‐feldspar + kyanite + biotite ± plagioclase ± rutile + ilmenite + quartz at P‐T conditions of 13.1–15.7 kbar and 790–850°C. Clockwise P‐T paths suggest that the Indian continent underwent tectonometamorphic processes of initial collision and subsequent continent subduction. Zircon and monazite dating results indicate that the metamorphic ages of pelitic granulites range from 60 to 15 Ma, with the oldest ones clustered at 60–58 Ma. The oldest metamorphic ages of high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure Himalayan metamorphic rocks can provide an upper age limit of the initial collision. Therefore, the initial India‐Asia collision must have occurred before 60–58 Ma in the EHS, roughly consistent with ca. 57 Ma in the western Himalaya and 63–60 Ma in the central Himalaya. Collectively, we conclude that the northern margin of India most likely underwent a single‐stage synchronous collision with the southern margin of Asia initially at around 60 Ma along the entire Yarlung‐Tsangpo suture zone.

Archean UHT metamorphism with counterclockwise P–T path: Insights from pelitic granulites from East Hebei, North China Craton

Archean supracrustal rocks that occur as rafts within tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses can reach ultra-high temperature (UHT) conditions. Their metamorphic P–T paths and geodynamic regimes are debated. Herein, we present detailed analyses of UHT pelitic migmatites (JD1730 and JD1733) from the East Hebei, North China Craton, using petrology, phase equilibria modelling, and zircon dating, to recover the metamorphic history. Sample JD1730 is a sillimanite–orthopyroxene–cordierite migmatite that contains the sillimanite + orthopyroxene (+cordierite) symplectites, which are interpreted to be the pseudomorphs after sapphirine. JD1733 is a corundum-bearing garnet–cordierite–sillimanite migmatite that contains the corundum + spinel ± ilmenite/rutile aggregates, representing a stable mineral association of low pressures in local Si-unsaturated domains. The two rocks record consistent counterclockwise P–T paths involving pre-peak up-P processes to the UHT peak conditions followed by cooling. The pre-peak up-P processes occurred at 5–7 kbar and > 970 °C constrained from the textural relations involving (i) spinel enveloped by sillimanite and cordierite and mantled by the Sil + Opx symplectites in JD1730, and (ii) the inclusion variation in garnet of JD1733 with the Spl + Crn (±Ilm) aggregates embayed by sillimanite in the core and mantle, and worm-like quartz in the rim. The UHT peak conditions can be constrained to be 7–8 kbar, 980–1060 °C based on the stability of the inferred peak mineral assemblages in P–T pseudosections added with the plots of the re-integrated anorthite contents from perthite. The post-peak cooling processes to 5–8 kbar / 820–850 °C are marked by the growth of biotite in leucosomes of both samples. Zircon dating and geothermometry results suggest that the UHT metamorphism might have persisted for more than 20 Myr from ∼ 2.52 Ga to ∼ 2.50 Ga and the post-UHT cooling continued another 20 Myr or even 40 Myr. Considering the geological features in the terrane, a vertical sagduction regime was preferred for the Neoarchean tectonic evolution of the East Hebei terrane.

Effectiveness of Ti-in-amphibole thermometry and performance of different thermometers across lower continental crust up to UHT metamorphism

Metabasites are important constituents of deep crustal sections and are the favored rock type for studying lower crustal amphibolite to granulite transitions. However, metapelites may develop a larger number of temperature-sensitive mineral assemblages and are particular useful when extreme ultrahigh temperature (UHT) conditions are envisaged. A recent calibration of the Ti-in-amphibole thermometer by Liao et al. (2021) was supposed to make thermometry on metabasites quick and easy to apply. However, their calibration is based on experiments which were not originally designed to investigate in detail the temperature dependence of Ti in amphibole. In addition, a possible effect of aTiO2 and/or pressure on the Ti content of amphibole was not fully taken into account. This resulted in a calibration uncertainty of ± 70 °C (2σ), much higher than that of other single-mineral thermometers. In this study we firstly test the newly calibrated Ti-in-amphibole thermometer across the mid to lower crustal section of the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (IVZ; NW Italy) and compare the performance of different thermometric techniques across the sequence. Ti-in-amphibole thermometry records increasing peak temperatures from amphibolite (600–700 °C), transition (750–800 °C) and granulite (850–950 °C) zones. Titanium content of amphibole may be modified by retrograde fluid influx returning temperatures c. 200–300 °C lower than in non-altered domains. The comparison reveals that Zr-in-rutile thermometer in pelitic granulites seems to be more prone to post-peak resetting than the Ti-in-amphibole thermometry in nearby mafic rocks. This behavior is also confirmed by amphibole analyses from other UHT localities, where the performance of Ti-in-amphibole thermometry is comparable with that of Al-in-orthopyroxene in pelitic granulites. However, Ti-in-amphibole temperatures are underestimated in rutile-bearing samples and this limitation is not solely restricted to rocks containing high H2O contents as previously thought. Derived constraints on the diffusivity of Ti through amphibole demonstrate the robustness of the Ti-in-amphibole thermometer to later thermal disturbances. However, ad-hoc experiments are still necessary to improve the accuracy and precision of calibration and to extend its applicability. This advance will make mafic granulites routine targets for studies devoted to understanding the regional extent of UHT metamorphism.

Metamorphic P-T-t evolution of ultrahigh-temperature granulite facies metapelites from the Lundazi terrane, Irumide Belt, Eastern Zambia

The Lundazi terrane is part of the Mesoproterozoic Irumide Belt of Central Africa which together with other terranes of similar ages are interpreted to record collisional events relation to the amalgamation of the Rodinia Supercontinent. Pelitic granulites from the area preserve evidence of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and partial melting with complex textures involving garnet + sillimanite + spinel + quartz ± cordierite ± orthopyroxene, rare corundum, and ternary feldspars. Garnet porphyroblasts preserve inclusions of spinel + quartz and sillimanite + feldspar which indicate high temperatures were reached during the metamorphic peak. The metamorphic evolution of these rocks has been investigated using phase equilibria modelling and complemented by ternary feldspar thermometry and garnet-orthopyroxene thermobarometry which indicate peak conditions of up to ∼900–1000 °C and 6–9.5 kbar. The preservation of peak assemblages and textural features of these rocks suggest substantial melt loss during their prograde evolution. Melt-reintegrated pseudosections indicate isobaric heating prior to exhumation and subsequent cooling. Monazite EPMA dating identifies the thermal peak occurred at 1056–1028 ± 8 Ma, followed by retrograde recrystallization at 1003 ± 8–975 ± 7 Ma. The high-grade metamorphism is interpreted in terms of clockwise P-T-t paths with retrograde recrystallization marked by the partial resorption of garnet rims to form plagioclase, the growth of late cordierite around garnet and sillimanite, and alteration of monazite. The absence of a Neoproterozoic overprint in the area indicates the Lundazi terrane is part of the Irumide Belt s.s rather than the Southern Irumide Belt, and a revision of the boundary between the two regions is proposed.

“Geochronology and geochemistry of pelitic granulite from the South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli Delhi Mobile Belt, NW India: implications for petrogenesis and geodynamic model”

AbstractAn attempt has been made to illustrate the evolution of pelitic granulite from south of the Balaram-Abu road, which lies in the South Delhi Terrane (SDT) of the Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB), using geochemistry and geochronology. The current work offers a plausible explanation for the protolith of pelitic granulite, nature of the sediments and its provenance. The elemental geochemistry of the pelitic granulites reveals that the protolith is an arkosic to shaley type. The rare earth elements pattern shows that there is a negative Eu anomaly and a small excess of LREE over HREE. This means that the source of sediments probably has the same elements as the upper crust. However, the amounts of Sr, Nd and Pb vary a lot, which shows that the sediments supplied from two different types of sources (felsic and mafic) in different proportions from a Proterozoic terrain. The monazite geochronology indicates that the metamorphic overprint occurred between 797 Ma and 906 Ma. Additionally, the ages correlate to the debris that was formed between the 1188 Ma and 1324 Ma from magmatic/sedimentary sources for pelitic granulite. The present research provides a more in-depth understanding of the evolutionary history of the pelitic granulite that comprises the SDT in the ADMB region during the Proterozoic era.

Granulite facies metasedimentary rocks: Insight into the formation of the East Kunlun continental arc

The metamorphism and dynamic processes of the Early Paleozoic continental margin arc in the East Kunlun orogen are still unclear. This study investigated the metasedimentary rocks with granulite facies in the Qingshuiquan area in the eastern section of the East Kunlun orogen. The kyanite is not found in the pelitic granulite. The phase equilibrium modeling indicates a middle-pressure type with metamorphic conditions of 0.7 to 0.8 GPa and 800 to 840°Cfor pelitic granulite. UPb dating of zircons from metasedimentary rocks yielded metamorphic ages of 490-480 Ma and detrital zircons ages of 1700-1500 Ma. REE patterns of the metasedimentary rocks are enriched LREEs and distinct negative Eu anomalies, the εNd values vary from −1 to −16. These results imply that the Precambrian supracrustal rocks were buried into the middle-lower crust level and granulite facies metamorphism occurred in Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician.Synchronous (520-480 Ma) magmatic rocks in Qingshuiquan and adjacent areas indicate that subduction of the Proto-Tethyan oceanic crust led to the formation of arc magmatic rocks. Meanwhile, it induced some sedimentary rocks to underthrust or return flows into the middle-lower crust of the upper plate and underwent granulite facies metamorphism.

Metamorphic P–T evolution of the pelitic granulites from the Helanshan in the North China Craton revealed by phase equilibrium modeling and garnet trace elements: Implications for Paleoproterozoic collisional orogenesis

Granulite-facies metamorphic rocks are widely exposed in Paleoproterozoic orogens, and their prograde metamorphic evolution is critical for a better understanding of the Paleoproterozoic collisional orogenic and geodynamic processes. In this paper, we present the results of petrology, trace element geochemistry of garnet, P–T conditions calculated by phase equilibrium modeling and garnet trace element geothermobarometry, for the pelitic granulites of the Helanshan Complex in the western Khondalite Belt of the North China Craton (NCC). These results are used for determination of their metamorphic evolution and tectonic implications. Petrographic observations show that the metamorphic evolution of the pelitic granulites can be divided into four stages (M1–M4), and these metamorphic stages are recorded by the mineral inclusions and reaction textures of garnets. Compared with the nearly flat major-element zoning, the zoning of yttrium (Y) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the garnet cores and mantles show bell-shaped distributions as well as inner-rim troughs and increases on the outer-rims. Different garnets have the same REE patterns in the same textural domain. The bell-shaped distributions of trace elements (Y and HREEs) in the garnets were controlled mainly by Rayleigh fractionation processes under subsolidus conditions, whereas the increases in these elements in the garnet rims were related to the breakdown of major and accessory phases under suprasolidus conditions. By combination of phase equilibrium modeling and garnet trace element geothermobarometry, a complete clockwise P–T path is constructed for the pelitic granulites. This P–T path is characterized by the heating as pressure rising during evolution from early metamorphic stage (M1: 4.2 ± 0.3 kbar/524 ± 17 °C) to peak metamorphic stage (M2-1; 9.8–10.6 kbar /794–815 °C), which is followed by a isothermal decompression (ITD) to the condition of 5.8–6.5 kbar/808–833 °C and later near isobaric cooling (IBC) to subsolidus. As a result, the pelitic granulites revealed that the formation of the Khondalite Belt experienced initially crustal thickening and post collisional extensional uplift. Integrated with previously reported results, the prograde geothermal gradient of the Helanshan pelitic granulites (14 ± 1 °C/km) is similar to that the pelitic schists in the Himalayan Orogen (13 ± 2 °C/km), which suggests that the Paleoproterozoic and present-day orogens have similar geothermal gradient during crustal thickening.

Ultrahigh-Temperature Mafic Granulites in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: Evidence from Conventional Thermobarometry, Phase Equilibria Modeling, and Rare Earth Element Thermometry

AbstractThe Rauer Group in East Antarctica is a typical high- to ultrahigh-temperature (HT–UHT) granulite-facies terrane. As UHT metamorphism has been recognized only in Mg–Al-rich pelitic granulites from the Mather Paragneiss, the regional extent of UHT metamorphism remains uncertain, which has hindered our understanding of the genesis and tectonic setting of UHT metamorphism in the Rauer Group. In this study, representative samples of mafic granulite were selected from Archean crustal domains to constrain the peak metamorphic conditions and P–T path and to assess the regional extent of UHT metamorphism in the Rauer Group. Integrated results from mineral reaction histories, thermobarometry, and phase equilibria modeling indicate a multi-stage clockwise P–T evolution for mafic granulites involving pre-peak compression, heating to UHT peak conditions, post-peak near-isothermal decompression under UHT conditions, and subsequent decompressional cooling. The pre-peak prograde history is based mainly on the inclusion assemblage of clinopyroxene + plagioclase + amphibole + quartz + ilmenite ± orthopyroxene ± k-feldspar within porphyroblastic garnet and clinopyroxene and records the transformation from a quartz-present to quartz-absent system. The UHT peak conditions are well constrained at 930°C–1030°C and 10.6–12.8 kbar on the basis of the stability field of the observed peak assemblage of (orthopyroxene–quartz)-free garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + amphibole + ilmenite + melt, as well as measured mineral compositions, including the high Ti content in amphibole (Ti = 0.38–0.42 p.f.u.), the anorthite content of coarse-grained plagioclase cores (XAn = 0.35–0.42), and the grossular content in garnet (XGrs = ~0.21) in P–T pseudosections. The peak T conditions are consistent with thermometric estimates in the range of 930°C–1030°C obtained from garnet–clinopyroxene, garnet–orthopyroxene, and Ti-in-amphibole thermometers, and are slightly lower than estimates (1020°C–1120°C) obtained from thermometers based on rare earth elements. The near-isothermal decompression under UHT conditions can be divided into two stages. The early stage is recorded by coronae of orthopyroxene + plagioclase around clinopyroxene and core–mantle/rim anorthite-increasing zoning in plagioclase. The late stage is identified from symplectites of orthopyroxene + plagioclase ± amphibole around porphyroblastic garnet, which were formed at the expense of garnet at 915°C–950°C and 7.6–8.2 kbar as inferred from the amphibole–plagioclase thermometer. The subsequent decompressional cooling to fluid-absent solidus conditions (~875°C and ~6.5 kbar) is indicated by the growth of biotite, which formed at the expense of symplectic minerals, reflecting back-reaction of melt with symplectite minerals. The peak UHT metamorphic conditions and clockwise P–T path of the studied mafic granulites from the Archean crustal domains are similar to those of Mg–Al-rich pelitic UHT granulites from the Mather Paragneiss. The UHT conditions recorded by the mafic granulites, combined with previously identified isolated UHT localities in the Rauer Group, imply that UHT metamorphism in the Rauer Group occurred over a much wider region than previously thought and probably extends over the whole Archean crustal domain. Our findings have general significance in understanding the regional extent of other UHT granulite-facies terranes worldwide.

Constraints of monazite and zircon mineralogy on Paleoproterozoic UHT metamorphism and Triassic anatexis of pelitic granulites in the Sulu UHP belt, East China

Constraints of monazite and zircon mineralogy on Paleoproterozoic UHT metamorphism and Triassic anatexis of pelitic granulites in the Sulu UHP belt, East China

Geochemistry, geochronology and metamorphism of high-pressure mafic granulites in the Huai'an Complex, North China Craton: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic orogeny

The Paleoproterozoic was a critical tectonic transition stage for the North China Craton (NCC), with several collisional orogenic belts identified. However, the tectonic boundaries, temporal-spatial evolution, and geodynamic mechanisms of these orogens remain controversial. In this contribution, we document a newly identified largest high-pressure (HP) mafic granulite outcrop at Xizhaojiayao in the Huai'an Complex, which is composed of metamorphosed supracrustal (volcano-sedimentary) sequences, including HP mafic granulites (metabasalts), marbles (metalimestones), quartzites (metasilicalites), and pelitic granulites (metapelites). They occur as tectonic slices within Neoarchean migmatized tonalitic gneisses. The Xizhaojiayao HP mafic granulites show different field occurrences and rock assemblages from the dike-type HP mafic granulites that are widely documented in the Huai'an and Hengshan Complexes. Microstructural studies, geothermobarometer calculations, and phase equilibrium modeling of the HP mafic granulites defined a clockwise pressure–temperature (P–T) path with prograde evolution from amphibolite-facies (M1, 5.2–5.5 kbar/538–668 °C) to HP granulite-facies (M2, 11.2–12.2 kbar/850–880 °C), followed by a significant near-isothermal decompression to medium-low-pressure granulite-facies (M3-1, 8.4–9.1 kbar/800–900 °C; M3-2, 4.9–5.6 kbar/779–805 °C). Zircon/titanite U–Pb dating constrains peak HP metamorphism, granulite-facies decompression, and amphibolite-facies cooling retrograde at 1902–1909 Ma, ∼1830 Ma, and < 1818 Ma, respectively. Whole-rock major and trace-element compositions, as well as positive εNd(t) (+2.0 to + 4.9) and zircon εHf(t) values (+2.9 to + 8.8) of these HP mafic granulites, indicate a mid-ocean ridge basalt geochemical affinity, whereas an island-arc signature is common for the dike-type HP mafic granulites. The Xizhaojiayao supracrustal sequences, which represent dismembered and metamorphosed upper oceanic crustal fragments, were subducted from the upper crust to depths of 35–40 km, followed by rapid exhumation to the middle-shallow crust and were tectonically involved in the melt-weakened tonalitic crust. These tectono-metamorphic scenarios illustrate the Paleoproterozoic orogenic evolution of a consecutive subduction-collision-exhumation process from 1.95 to 1.80 Ga, which led to the final assembly of the NCC.

Long-lived (&amp;gt;100 m.y.) postcollisional exhumation and cooling in the Paleoproterozoic Trans−North China orogen: Evidence from phase equilibria modeling and monazite petrochronology of granulite-facies metapelites in the Fuping Complex

Long-lived collisional orogens that formed over tens to hundreds of millions of years are common in the geologic record. The Trans−North China orogen marks the collision between the Eastern and Western blocks of the North China craton, and it preserves metamorphic rocks with ages between 1.98 Ga and 1.80 Ga. These units allow detailed assessment of the time scale and duration of crustal thickening, exhumation, and cooling associated with a major Proterozoic orogeny. In this study, we present integrated petrography, mineral chemistry, phase equilibria modeling, and texturally controlled in situ mass spectrometry of monazite U-Th-Pb and trace-element analyses performed on a suite of orthopyroxene-bearing pelitic granulites and garnet-biotite gneisses from the Fuping Complex within the Trans−North China orogen. These rocks record clockwise pressure-temperature (P-T) paths involving granulite-facies peak conditions of 9.9−11.0 kbar and 850−880 °C for pelitic granulites, and 10.9−11.6 kbar and 860−880 °C for garnet-biotite gneisses, followed by postpeak decompression to ∼8−9 kbar and later cooling, with final solidification of melt at &amp;lt;840 °C. Four monazite populations were identified in these samples. Group I grains are irregular and elongated and occur in contact with or embay garnet. They have high rare earth element (REE) and Y contents and metamorphic ages of 1.90−1.86 Ga, which correspond to the breakdown of garnet during postpeak decompression. Most monazite grains crystallized from melt are represented by groups II + III + IV and are associated with orthopyroxene, biotite, plagioclase, and quartz in the matrix. They have crystallization ages between 1.86 Ga and 1.76 Ga and relatively low REE and Y concentrations. These data imply a long-lived (&amp;gt;100 m.y.) postcollisional exhumation and cooling involving decompression from 10−12 kbar to ∼9 kbar during 1.90−1.86 Ga, followed by retrograde cooling from 1.86 to 1.76 Ga under prolonged residence in the middle to lower crust. Initial collision and peak metamorphism occurred before 1.90 Ga, ultimately leading to the final cratonization of the North China craton and its incorporation into the Columbia supercontinent.

Repeated metamorphism in the pelitic granulites of the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for the formation of the present‐day trench‐arc‐basin system in NE Asia

AbstractThe timing and mechanism of the tectonic transition from an active continental margin to a trench‐arc‐basin system in NE Asia are debated. In this study, we report the pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path of this transition based on petrographic observations, phase‐equilibrium modelling, and U–Pb ages of zircon and rutile from pelitic granulites in the Hidaka metamorphic belt (Hokkaido, Japan). The granulites contain an early phase mineral assemblage of staurolite + sillimanite + biotite + plagioclase + quartz + rutile/ilmenite, a peak phase granulite assemblage of garnet + biotite + cordierite + plagioclase + quartz + rutile/ilmenite and a symplectic intergrowth of spinel + cordierite ± sillimanite within garnet porphyroblasts. Phase‐equilibrium modelling indicates two phases of metamorphism with P–T conditions, respectively, of ~6 kbar/620–670°C and ~6 kbar/850°C. A clockwise P–T path was thus reconstructed for the granulites, showing a near‐isobaric temperature increase to the peak conditions and a post‐peak cooling. U–Pb dating of zircon and rutile in the granulites yielded two groupings of metamorphic ages at c. 37 Ma and 19 Ma, related to early phase amphibolite facies and late phase granulite facies metamorphism, respectively. The age of magmatism from the previous work at the NE Asian continental margin overlaps with these metamorphic ages, and the two phases of metamorphism in the pelitic granulites is attributed to discrete episodes of supra‐subduction‐zone magmatism (late Eocene, c. 37 Ma) and back‐arc extension (early Miocene, 24–19 Ma). Consequently, we suggest that the Hidaka metamorphic belt has undergone two phases of metamorphism, which represent two pulsed and separated thermal events. Moreover, we relate the granulites facies metamorphism to the underplating of mafic magma and lithospheric thinning during the opening of the Japan Sea at 24–19 Ma, which is attributed to slab rollback and trench retreat processes in NE Asia.

Ultrahigh temperature metamorphism recorded in the Lüliang Complex, Trans-North China Orogen: P–T–t evolution and heating mechanism

Identifying ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphism from hot orogens and establishing its pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path will provide notable insights into tectonic evolution and heat source (mantle/mafic magma vs crustal radioactive elements) responsible for the extreme conditions. We report here a combined investigation of petrography, mineral chemistry, phase equilibria modelling, geothermobarometer calculation, geochronology and heat source for mafic and pelitic granulites from the Lüliang Complex, Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO), a representative Paleoproterozoic hot collisional orogen. The rocks record clockwise P–T paths, including granulite-facies peak and post-peak retrograde stages. Garnet + pyroxene + high-Ti hornblende-bearing assemblage in the mafic granulite and garnet + feldspar + sillimanite-bearing assemblage in the pelitic granulite constrain the thermal peaks at 8.2–10 kbar and 880–959 °C, suggesting UHT conditions. Zircon and monazite U–Pb dating, hornblende 40Ar/39Ar dating and Ti-in-zircon thermometer calculation indicate that the rocks may have experienced sluggish retrograde metamorphism from 1.92 to 1.80 Ga, with a cooling rate of 2.0–2.5 °C/Ma. The newly discovered UHT metamorphism, combined with previous geological data, validates a long-lived tectono-thermal evolution from 1.97 to 1.80 Ga in the TNCO. The calculated heat flow produced by the decay of radioactive elements in the thickened crust is 37–77 mW/m2 (with an average of 56 mW/m2), which is high enough to achieve UHT conditions. Therefore, we suggest that radioactive heating can be an important heating mechanism for UHT metamorphism in a long-lived hot orogen like the TNCO.

Garnet: The archive of prograde metamorphic records of granulite-facies terranes

<p indent="0mm">Whether granulite terranes can preserve prograde metamorphic records is a perturbing topic in metamorphic petrology, and related research is rare. This is mainly because the metamorphic records of the granulite terranes have information asymmetry. Generally, the mineral assemblages and compositions of granulite-facies rocks are considered to reflect peak and retrograde metamorphism, rather than prograde metamorphism. However, this assumption must be made with caution. Case studies of granulites from the junction area of Shanxi and Hebei province in the North China Craton suggest that garnet could serve as “temperature and pressure resistant containers” under granulite-facies conditions, and retain the evidence of pre-peak metamorphism. For pelitic granulites, their protoliths are supracrustal rocks, and must have undergone prograde metamorphic processes from the Earth’s surface to the deep crust. Therefore, a confirmatory study seeking prograde metamorphic records for pelitic granulites from the Huai’an-Datong area was conducted. In the studied pelitic granulites, inclusions in garnet display well-preserved microstructural zoning, with radical zonal distribution patterns: Crowded quartz grains in the core, a few K-feldspar-kyanite-bearing assemblages in the mantle, and some sillimanite flakes in the rim. The major element zoning (here, major endmember proportions X_Sps, X_Alm, X_Pyr, and X_Grs are used) of garnet is relatively homogeneous. However, the high rare earth elements (HREEs) exhibit bell-shaped profiles decreasing from the core to the rim. This suggests that even if the major elements of garnet are homogenous due to high-temperature diffusion, microstructural zoning and some trace elements with slow diffusion rates could be protected from peak- and retro-grade high-temperature modification. For garnet mafic granulites, their protoliths are considered as gabbro dykes, and there is no robust evidence of prograde metamorphism from the upper to lower crust; therefore, their tectonic significance is unclear. Here, an exploratory study of prograde metamorphism for garnet mafic granulites from the Huai’an-Hengshan area was conducted based on the study experience of pelitic garnet. In the investigated mafic granulites, garnet also displays a zoned distribution of various mineral assemblages from its center to rim, including quartz- and titanite/ilmenite-bearing assemblages in the core, rutile-bearing assemblages in the outer mantle to the inner rim, and a resorbed rim. Fortunately, garnet of the mafic granulites displays well-preserved compositional growth zoning patterns, with bell-shaped X_Sps, increasing X_Pyr from core to mantle, and a resorbed rim (X_Sps). The HREEs (for example, Yb) show bell-shaped patterns similar to those of the X_Sps. Both textural and compositional zoning patterns in the studied mafic granulites documented multiple generations of garnet growth history from the prograde to peak metamorphic stages. These findings provide robust metamorphic evidence for the Paleoproterozoic subduction and assembly of the Jin-Yu Mobile Belt in the North China Craton. The above two case studies suggest that high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism may not completely reset the multi-generation growth information retained in the garnet. In contrast, minerals in the matrix only record the history of intensive re-equilibration at the peak or rehydration retrogression metamorphism. Thus, garnet is an important archive of prograde metamorphic information. This study further suggests that caution should be exercised when determining the peak<italic> P-T</italic> conditions of granulites using garnet core compositions.

Clockwise P−T−t paths of late Neoarchean high-pressure pelitic granulites from the Qingyuan terrane, eastern North China Craton

Precambrian high-pressure (HP) granulites provide record for the geodynamic process of ancient continental nuclei. Here we report the newly discovered late Neoarchean HP pelitic granulites in the Qingyuan terrane, eastern North China Craton (NCC). The Neoarchean basement of the Qingyuan terrane comprises meta-supracrustal rocks, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses, and a small amount of charnockites. The HP pelitic granulites were recognized from the meta-supracrustal rocks as fragments within the TTG gneisses. Detailed petrographic observations, mineral chemistry and phase equilibrium modelling results show that the prograde stage (M1) of HP pelitic granulites can be presented by the inclusions of garnet porphyroblasts including kyanite, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and ilmenite. The prograde P−T conditions were constructed via melt-reintegration approach and Ti-in-quartz thermometer (710–745 °C at 8–9.3 kbar). The peak stage (M2) can be represented by the core of garnet porphyroblasts and matrix minerals containing kyanite, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, K-feldspar and rutile with the P−T conditions of 12.2–13.6 kbar and 800–825 °C retrieved by Ti-in-quartz thermometer, garnet-Al2SiO5-plagioclase-quartz (GASP) barometer, garnet barometer and phase equilibria modelling. The peak metamorphic P−T conditions suggest that surficial sediments have been brought to a depth over 40 km. The post-peak stage (M3) is presented by the inner rim of garnet porphyroblasts (recorded in QY01) or the core of garnet (recorded in QY02) with some matrix minerals containing sillimanite, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, K-feldspar and ilmenite, indicating the P−T conditions of 7.8–9.0 kbar and 810 °C combined with Ti-in-quartz thermometer, GASP barometer, garnet barometer and phase equilibria modelling. The final retrograde stage (M4) is presented by the minor matrix sillimanite, plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar, ilmenite and biotite with the absence of melt and the P−T conditions of 668–733 °C at 5–8 kbar using Ti-in-biotite thermometer. Monazite LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating reveals the peak or near peak metamorphic ages ∼2.49 Ga of the HP pelitic granulites. Therefore, the HP pelitic granulites of the Qingyuan terrane record the clockwise P−T−t paths with sequential isothermal decompression (ITD) and isobaric cooling (IBC) segments, suggesting a subduction−collision environment at the late Neoarchean (∼2.49 Ga) in the eastern NCC.

Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Al-rich Pelitic Granulites/Paragneiss from Thana, District-Bhilwara Rajasthan: Implication for Its Origin

Al-rich pelitic granulites/paragneiss are frequently observed in the mediumto high-grade metamorphic rocks of Thana. It is dominantly composed of sillimanite-kyanite-garnet-biotite-plagioclase-k-feldspar and a subordinate amount of quartz. Garnet both xenoblastic as well as idioblastic is wrapped round by flaky minerals. These Al-rich pelitic granulites are the result of the metamorphism of pre-existing sedimentary rocks under medium to high grade P-T conditions and consist essentially of sillimanite-kyanite -staurolite-garnet-biotite bearing Al-rich pelitic granulites/paragneiss. The geochemical data reflect that Thana pelitic granulite is of S-type and peraluminous in nature. Geochemically, the protolith for these Al-rich pelitic granulites/paragneiss are shale or greywacke. Paper records the petrography, geochemical characters and a probable origin of these Al-rich pelitic granulites/paragneiss.

Geochronology and oxygen fugacity of the pelitic granulite from the Diwani hills, NE Gujarat (NW India)

AbstractThe Diwani hills are located SE of Balaram–Abu Road in the Banaskantha district of north Gujarat. The crystalline rocks of the Diwani hill area are a diverse assemblage of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks. These rocks are petrologically more complex and date back to the Aravallis or earlier. The mineralogical assemblages such as grt–sp–opx–qz of these rocks indicate their origin in anhydrous or dry conditions, implying metamorphism under pyroxene granulite facies. These granulitic rocks were subjected to Delhi orogenic deformation and were later intruded by the Erinpura granite. Textural and microstructural relationships, mineral chemistry, P–T–X pseudosection modelling and the oxidation state of pelitic granulites from the Diwani hill area of north Gujarat are all part of the current approach. The winTWQ program and pseudosection modelling in the NCKFMASHTO model system utilizing Perple_X software were used to restrict the P–T evolution of these pelitic granulites. The unification of these estimates shows that the pelitic granulites reached their pressure and temperature maxima at 8.6 kbar and 770 °C, respectively. The oxygen fugacity (log fO2) versus temperature computations at 6.2 kbar revealed log fO2–T values of −13.0 and 765 °C, respectively. The electron microprobe dating of monazite grains separated from the granulites of the Diwani hills yields ages ranging from 769 Ma to 855 Ma. The electron microprobe dating presented here from the Diwani hills provides evidence for a Neoproterozoic (Tonian) metamorphic event in the Aravalli–Delhi Mobile Belt.